"The Application of China Traditional Culture in Modern Management" Experiment

I didn't want to talk about this topic at first, but there are many strange phenomena recently that I have to talk about. With the development of China's traditional culture, many artists and craftsmen are called the inheritors of China's traditional culture. It seems that the traditional culture in China is only wine culture, tea culture, root carving culture, antique culture and even embroidered shoes culture! Is it true that China's traditional culture has only these body cultures? Did the ancients in pre-Qin China only know how to drink, drink tea and embroider shoes? Do modern literati in China only know how to drink, drink tea and embroider shoes?

Then, we must first study the word "culture". Only by understanding the fundamental meaning of the word "culture" can we truly understand what is China's traditional culture. Culture in a broad sense refers to the sum of all material products and spiritual products created by human beings. Culture in a narrow sense refers to spiritual products including language, literature, art and all ideologies. "Wen" refers not only to words, articles and literary talents, but also to the system of rites and music and legal provisions. The ancient word "Wen" refers to the meaning of texture and pattern. Later, it developed into "Wen", including beautiful words, thoughts, behaviors, treating people with things and being human. The word civilization is a continuation of "Wen". "Culture" means "education" and "teaching behavior". Zhou Li Zuo's: "If you want to change it." "Mandarin Today": "Win or lose." "Rites and Music": "Harmony is also precious." "Mencius Gongsun Ugly": "And compare with not kissing." Xunzi Zheng Ming: "There is no difference between the state and reality, and the difference is called transformation." Easy-to-connect biography: "Know the way to change." Shuowen: "Never put off till tomorrow what you can." Xu Hao said: "Bi Hua ancient and modern figures." Used for change, meaning change.

From the perspective of social governance, "culture" refers to educating people with the system of rites and music. Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty said in Shuo Yuan: "Where martial arts flourish, it means that you are not satisfied, your culture will not change, and then you will be punished." The word "culture" here is opposite to "martial arts" and contains the meaning of education. Wang Rong in Southern Qi Dynasty said in the Preface to Qushui Poetry: "Set the spirit to manage the scenery, and apply the culture to be soft and far-reaching". The word "culture" also means enlightenment and education. The word "culture" comes from the Latin culture in the west, which originally meant farming and plant cultivation. It has been gradually used since15th century, and the cultivation of people's morality and ability is also called culture. The Chinese and western sources of the word "culture" reach the same goal by different routes. Now it is used to refer to the spiritual phenomenon of human society, or to refer to the sum of all material products and intangible products created by human beings. History, anthropology and sociology usually use broad cultural concepts.

In modern times, the British anthropologist E.B. Taylor was the first to give a clear definition of the word culture. He published the book Primitive Culture at 187 1. He pointed out: "From the perspective of ethnography, culture or civilization is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, ethics, laws, customs and any other abilities and habits acquired by people as members of a society through study."

British anthropologist B.K. Malinowski developed Taylor's definition of culture and wrote "On Culture" in 1930s, arguing that "culture refers to a group of traditional objects, commodities, technologies, ideas, habits and values, and this concept contains and regulates all social sciences. We will also see that social organizations cannot be understood unless they are regarded as part of culture. " He further divided culture into material and spiritual components, namely "transformed environment and changed human organism".

It is a tradition of British anthropology to study culture from the perspective of structure and function. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, a British anthropologist, believes that culture is a way of thinking, feeling and activity acquired by a social group or social stratum in contact with others. Culture is a process in which people acquire knowledge, skills, experience, thoughts, beliefs and emotions through mutual communication. He emphasized that culture can only be revealed when the social structure works, and culture cannot be observed without the social structure system. For example, the relationship between father and son, the relationship between buying and selling, and the relationship between ruler and ruled can only show a certain culture when they communicate. French anthropologist C Levi-Strauss defined culture from the perspective of behavioral norms and patterns. He put forward: "Culture is a set of behavior patterns, which is popular among a group of people in a certain period of time, … and easily differs from other people's behavior patterns, showing obvious discontinuity". British anthropologist R Firth believes that culture is society. Culture is society. In his book Elements of Social Organization published by 195 1, he pointed out that if a society is composed of a group of people with a specific lifestyle, then culture is a lifestyle. American cultural anthropologists A.L. kroeber and K. colac Hong analyzed more than 65,438+000 cultural definitions in "Culture: An Investigation of a Concept Definition" published in 65,438+0952, and then they gave a comprehensive definition of culture: "Culture exists in various hidden and explicit ways, and can be learned and spread by means of symbols, which constitutes a kind of human group. These achievements include all kinds of specific styles of goods they manufacture. The basic elements of culture are traditional concepts and values (derived from history and obtained through choice), among which values are the most important. " The cultural definitions of Ge Yihao and Clark Hong have been accepted by many modern western scholars.

To sum up, we know that culture has several elements, mainly including: ① spiritual elements, that is, spiritual culture. Mainly refers to philosophy and other specific science, religion, art, ethics and values, of which values are the most important and the core of spiritual culture. Spiritual culture is the most dynamic part of cultural elements and the motive force of human creative activities. Without spiritual culture, human beings cannot be distinguished from animals. Values are the criteria for social members to evaluate behaviors and things and choose desirable goals from various possible goals. This standard exists in people's hearts and is expressed through attitudes and behaviors. It determines what people advocate, pursue and choose what life goals and lifestyles. At the same time, the value is also reflected in all the material and intangible products created by human beings. The types, uses and styles of products all reflect the values of the creators.

② Language and symbols. Both of them have the same nature, that is, ideographic, and they both play the role of communication in human communication activities. Language and symbols are also the means of cultural accumulation and storage. Humans can only communicate by means of language and symbols, and only communication and interaction can create culture. And all aspects of culture can only be embodied and taught through language and symbols. Being able to use language and symbols to engage in production and social activities and create rich and colorful culture is a unique attribute of human beings.

③ Standard system. Social behavior norms are the norms of people's behavior, which are established by convention, such as customs, and also expressly stipulated, such as legal provisions, rules and regulations of organizations, etc. Various norms are interrelated, permeated and supplemented with each other, and * * * regulates people's various social relations. Social behavior norms stipulate the direction, way and style of people's activities, as well as the objects and methods of language and symbols. Norms are established or naturally formed by human beings to meet their own needs, and they are the concretization of values. The normative system is dominant, and understanding the culture of a society or group often begins with understanding the norms of social behavior.

④ Social relations and social organizations. Social relations are the basis of the above cultural elements. The relations of production are the basis of various social relations. On the basis of production relations, various social relations have emerged. These social relations are not only a part of culture, but also the basis of creating culture. The determination of social relations depends on the organization. Social organizations are entities that realize social relations. A society should establish many social organizations to ensure the realization and operation of various social relations. Family, factory, company, school, church, government, army, etc. Are entities that ensure the operation of various social relations. Social organizations include goals, articles of association, a certain number of members and corresponding material equipment, including both material factors and spiritual factors. Social relations and social organizations are closely linked and become an important part of culture. Culture has the characteristics of times, regionality, nationality and class. Since the formation of a nation, culture has often appeared in the form of a nation. A nation uses the same language, observes the same customs and habits, and develops the same psychological quality and character, which is the expression of national culture. In a stratified society, due to the different material living conditions and social status of each class, their values, beliefs, habits and lifestyles are also different, thus resulting in cultural differences between classes.

⑤ Material products. The natural environment transformed by human beings and everything created by human beings, such as tools, utensils, costumes, buildings, dams, parks, etc. Are all tangible parts of culture. People's ideas, needs and abilities are condensed on them. Each generation was born in a certain cultural environment and naturally inherited the traditional culture of the previous generation. At the same time, each generation transforms traditional culture according to its own experience and needs, injects new content into traditional culture and abandons those outdated and undesirable parts.

⑤ Culture has nationality and specific class nature. General culture is abstract, but there are only concrete cultures in the real society, such as ancient Greek culture, Roman culture, ancient China culture and modern China culture.

So, what is the traditional culture of China? That is, Confucianism in the pre-Qin period represented the understanding of people and society and the pursuit of social behavior norms, that is, "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith." Confucianism emphasizes "courtesy" and pursues "courtesy", that is, establishing the same values in human society to adjust and restrain people's social behavior, because "law" is only used to punish serious violations of social behavior norms and cannot play an educational role. If we can abide by the norms of social behavior and choose the best way of behavior with integrity and wisdom, we can make people not break the law. The law forces people's social behavior, while the code of conduct is only an education and constraint. There are various social behavior norms, such as those of rulers and ordinary people, and all regions, nationalities and even families have their own social behavior norms. The code of conduct does not require aristocrats to have exactly the same social behavior as ordinary people, but requires people to be good at choosing the best behavior to achieve their goals. However, the best way to behave is to abide by certain social behavior norms. If you don't choose the best behavior, the rulers will fall, the rich will lose everything, and ordinary people will break the law, thus failing to achieve their goals. Therefore, wisdom should be used to choose the best behavior, and wisdom comes from learning, from the values formed in adolescent environment, that is, it is necessary to spend more time learning the social behavior norms in the family, in the family and around the neighborhood, that is, to learn more social behavior norms and social axiom interpretation systems, in order to choose the best behavior model among various social behavior norms. This is the essence of China's traditional culture and the real quality education.

Due to the "cultural gap", most modern people don't understand or pay attention to social behavior norms, or just think that social behavior norms are just things like not spitting, urinating, being polite and being moral. These abstract moral concepts can't convince modern young people, but only make them work harder to publicize themselves and their personality, sacrifice the interests of others at the expense of their own wishes, and sacrifice certain social behavior norms in order to satisfy their own desires. Because we don't know how to choose the best behavior, modern people's behavior often leaves behind future troubles, which in turn makes them suffer. People, since they want to live and work, must make a difference; And every time people do something, they will always face the problem of choice. What kind of behavior to choose is something that many people feel confused and painful. When they can't decide what to choose, many people make a mess and regret it afterwards.

The "cultural fault" marks the collapse of the axiomatic interpretation system of human society, so people, every living thing on the earth, will only worship "God" (the mysterious phenomenon in the unknown field) (the religious reasoning system), will only close themselves up with limited explanations, build their own "fortress" of mind, and then treat others, other things and unknown things with limited knowledge and narrow world outlook and outlook on life. Faced with a series of life and death problems in real life, people naturally form various interpretation rules based on villages, regions, customs and habits, and specific cultural atmosphere. In an independent production unit with one household and limited school education, ordinary people "enjoy themselves" according to the natural social and natural economic model, build their own narrow self-centered reasoning system and lifestyle on the basis of their own narrow self-centeredness, and dream of a bright future.

Since the Han Dynasty, literature and art have occupied the position of culture from Tang poetry to Song poetry, from Yuan opera to Ming opera, and then to the hodgepodge of Manchu dynasty, so that people think that it is Tang poetry and Song poetry, Yuan opera and Ming opera when it comes to culture, and the real culture is forgotten by people. Aren't you sad?

Growing up, we are proud of the 5,000-year-old civilization and saddened by the backward status quo. Culture is a collection of civilization and ignorance. In us, there are the essence of 5,000 years of civilization history and the dregs of long-term stagnation. It is the historical responsibility of our contemporary people and the inevitable law of human development to preserve the essence, discard its dross and create a new road of civilization. History has given us knowledge and strength, and history has also given us pain and confusion. Either for various purposes or because of the limitation of ability, many people "solemnly" distort history and civilization. As a post-world, we are fooled, and at the same time we are unconsciously fooling others. The price of all this is too heavy. It's time to end it! Without cultural giants, there would be no powerful nation; Without the great ship of civilization, there would be no prosperous country. Unfortunately, many generations can't understand and use all this well, which has caused great twists and turns in historical development. Therefore, it is our bounden duty to inherit and carry forward the true traditional culture of China. May we advance hand in hand!

April 3(rd), 2005

Attached:

Wenhua function

Cultural function

Cultural function

The role of culture at different levels, such as individuals, groups and society. Sometimes it is also called cultural value. As far as individuals are concerned, culture plays a role in shaping individual personality and realizing socialization; As far as groups are concerned, culture plays the role of integrating goals, norms, opinions and behaviors; For the whole society, culture plays the role of social integration and social orientation. The functions of the above three levels are interrelated.

The functions of social integration mainly include: ① value integration. This is the most basic and important function in integral function. Only when the values are consistent can the structure and behavior be coordinated and there will be a harmonious social life. People in any society will have different values, but under the influence of the unified culture, they will inevitably have the same concept in the basic aspects of social life. For example, things and behaviors affirmed by a social culture must be pursued by the vast majority of members of society; Things and behaviors denied by social culture are despised by most people. ② Normative integration. Norms arise from the need of value, and are systematized and coordinated due to cultural integration. The integration function internalizes norms into personal codes of conduct, and then brings the behaviors of social members into a certain track and mode to maintain a certain social order. ③ Structural integration. Society is a system with multiple structures. The stronger the heterogeneity of society, the higher the degree of differentiation; The more complex the pluralistic structure, the more important the functional integration. A complex pluralistic society is composed of many separated and interrelated parts and units, and each part and unit has its own function. This function can only be realized by combining with other functions, and it can also play a role in the operation of the whole society, which is called functional complementarity. Due to the unity of culture, social structure has become a coordinated functional system.

The function of cultural integration is the foundation of national unity and social order. Functionalism and structural functionalism in sociology both emphasize the integration function of culture. If a society lacks integration, it will fall apart. A nation, because * * * enjoys a culture, whether living together or under the same social system, will have the characteristics of national identity and consistent psychological behavior. For example, the culture of the Chinese nation supports hundreds of millions of China people all over the world.

The integration function of guiding function maintains social order, and the guiding function promotes social progress. Every society has its own guiding system, such as education system, scientific research system, decision-making system, planning system, management system, medical and health system, etc. The role of culture in social orientation is: ① to provide knowledge. Social orientation should be driven by new knowledge, which includes new theories, science and technology and depends on cultural inventions and discoveries. ② Coordinate social engineering management. Promoting social progress in a planned way is a huge social system project, including decision-making, planning, organization and implementation. In the whole system engineering, there are many subsystems. The coordination of each stage and subsystem depends on the adjustment of culture. The first is goal adjustment, so that all members of society can recognize the overall goal and stage goal of social orientation, and make individual and group goals consistent with the overall goal of social orientation. Secondly, the adjustment of institutions and systems. In order to achieve the goal of social orientation, we must establish effective institutions and systems, and adjust and reform the old institutions and systems. Third, behavior adjustment. It enables members of society to coordinate their behaviors and set the same social-oriented goals. ③ Consolidate the results of social orientation. Culture is a gradually accumulated social heritage. The achievement of every social reform and social progress depends on the consolidation of the new system. Culture plays a coordinating and integrating role during and after the construction of the new system, so as to maintain the order and stability of the new system.

Negative function culture not only has positive function, but also has negative function. American sociologist R.K. Merton believes that society is not always in a state of integration, and non-integration often exists. Individuals or groups do not always abide by social norms, and violations of norms occur from time to time. This non-integrated state and illegal behavior are not accidental, but a manifestation of cultural functions. For example, the opportunity structure of society is a cultural arrangement, which enables some people to pursue their goals in a legal way, while others pursue their goals in an illegal way. The former is the expression of positive cultural integration function, while the latter is the expression of negative non-integration function. Positive function maintains the balance of social system, while negative function destroys this balance.

The negative function of culture occurs in two situations: one is cultural lag, and the other is negative culture. In the process of cultural change, the speed of each part is different. In general, intangible culture lags behind the development of material culture, resulting in cultural lag. When this happens, the backward part of culture plays a negative role of non-integration. Ideology, social system, etc. Often fall behind. In addition, there are many sub-cultures in the whole culture, some of which are negative cultures, such as criminal gangs. The functions played by these negative cultures are also antagonistic and non-integrated for the whole culture.

-from the encyclopedia of China.

The spread and influence of China's traditional culture abroad

Overseas Chinese Network (Australia) (2006-05-3 1)

After the Han and Tang Dynasties, China's traditional culture included Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, literature, painting, architecture and sculpture. , introduced to Japan. For example, the spread of Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism formed Zhu and Yang Ming. In the Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist culture and sculptures of Jian Zhen and China spread to Japan. A large number of Japanese envoys in Tang Dynasty, such as Kibi No Asomi Makibi, Konghai monk, Abe Tadao Ma Lu, were sent to China to study China culture. In this way, Japanese writing and architecture are deeply influenced by China culture. The Cross Pavilion, which is hard to find in China now, is still well preserved in Japan. In South Korea, the most influential is China culture, especially Confucianism and practical learning after Ming and Qing Dynasties. If people don't know that Li Tuixi, Cao Nanming, Li, Hong, Ding Ruoyong and others are Korean philosophers, it is difficult to judge the nationality of the authors only by their works. The content of China's ethics has long been lost in China, but it is still quite complete in South Korea. Therefore, South Korea is called a living fossil of Confucian countries by western countries.

China culture not only had a far-reaching influence on South Korea and Japan, but also on some countries in Southeast Asia and South Asia, such as the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam and other countries and regions, and Zheng He's seven voyages to the West deepened this influence. As a result, the East Asian cultural circle with China culture as the core has been recognized by the world, especially the economic take-off and rise of the four Asian Little Dragons, with the focus on their relationship with China culture.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's traditional culture spread to some European countries through Jesuits in the west and learning from the East to the West. China's four great inventions (gunpowder, compass, printing and papermaking) first spread to the west, which played an important role in promoting the formation and development of western capitalist society. China's traditional culture had the greatest influence on France, and France became the center of China culture craze in Europe at that time. From the17th century, some Confucian classics of China, such as The Analects of Confucius and Daxue, spread to other European countries through France. /kloc-Few French enlightenment thinkers in the 0/8th century were not influenced by China culture. Such as Descartes, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, Holbach and so on, whose admiration for China culture has shocked us so far. Voltaire enshrined the portrait of Confucius in the chapel and regarded Confucius as a model of human morality. German philosophers Leibniz, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Feuerbach and the great writer Goethe all studied China's philosophy and were influenced by China culture to varying degrees. Leibniz, for example, thinks that China's discovery made Europeans wake up from religious confusion. This influence directly or indirectly influenced the Enlightenment in France and the dialectical thought in Germany.

Then, what is the relationship between the influence of China culture on the French Enlightenment in the18th century and the western modernization? Since the second half of the 20th century, western academic circles have made a comprehensive reflection on western modern culture, and gained such a * * understanding in the reflection, that is, modernization, as a way of life and thinking, is neither a scientific revolution that began in16th century nor an industrial revolution that began in17th century, but an enlightenment that began in18th century; Because the enlightenment thought embodies the basic characteristics of modern culture, two basic propositions and conclusions are drawn: the first proposition is that China culture has had an important influence on European enlightenment thought; The second proposition is "Enlightenment is a necessary condition in the process of western social modernization". The conclusion is that the modernization process in the West has been influenced by the traditional culture of China.

With the prosperity of China's national strength and the improvement of its international status, some countries in the world, including Asia and Europe, have highly recognized and attached importance to China culture.

We know that Korea, as one of the four little dragons in Asia, has a high degree of modernization, but its modernization is not based on denying and abandoning traditional culture, but on respecting, inheriting and developing traditional culture. People who have been to Korea are deeply touched by Koreans' patriotism and pride in their national culture. For example, Sungkyunkwan University, the most famous university in Korea, still takes Confucianism as its purpose and benevolence, courtesy and wisdom as its motto. Every February and August, Koreans go to the Confucian Temple to worship Confucius in a traditional way, and there are also colleges that teach in full accordance with the traditional Confucian teaching methods. The main course taught is the Confucian classic "Four Books and Five Classics". There are more than 300 traditional county schools and academies that have almost disappeared in China. The first Confucius Institute in the world was established in the Korean capital at the end of 2004. South Korea also widely publicizes the spirit of Confucian culture to the whole society through movies, television and various media. It can be said that South Korea is a successful example of building a country and educating people with Confucian culture, and is called "a living fossil of Confucian country" and "a typical Confucian country" by many western scholars. South Korea has not abandoned and denied traditional culture, but organically integrated traditional culture into modern society and life.

From the1980s, Singaporeans began to carry out the "cultural regeneration" movement centered on traditional Confucian culture in China. 1982 During the Spring Festival, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew called on the people of Singapore to maintain and carry forward the traditional Confucian morality of the Chinese nation and regard "loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, courtesy, honesty and shame" as the "way of governing the country" that the government must resolutely implement. 1988 10 first deputy prime minister Goh chok tong proposed to upgrade Confucian oriental values to national consciousness and make it a guide for every citizen. 1990 In February, the Singapore government published the White Paper of Equal Value, which was full of Confucian ethics. The book puts forward five common values: (1) the country is supreme and society is the first; (2) Family is the root and society is the foundation; (3) care and support, help each other in the same boat; (4) Seeking common ground while reserving differences and reaching consensus through consultation; (5) Racial harmony and religious tolerance.

South Korea, Singapore and other countries and regions attach importance to traditional culture and tell us:

First, these countries attach importance to China's traditional culture because some values and ethics in Confucian traditional culture have accumulated in their national moral norms and national psychology. For example, Lee Kuan Yew said in his National Day speech at 1978: "Maybe my English is better than Chinese, because I learned English in my early years; But even after another thousand generations, I won't become an Englishman. What I keep in my heart is not the western value system, but the eastern value system. "

Second, South Korea's experience tells us: to realize modernization, traditional culture does not have to be sacrificed; Traditional culture and modernization are not contradictory, but can complement each other and go hand in hand.

Wang Jie/Source: study times