Analysis of water-saving measures for agricultural water conservancy irrigation?

To give full play to the benefits of farmland water conservancy projects, we must work hard on water-saving irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary to explore various irrigation technologies and related technical measures to further reduce agricultural production costs, realize rational allocation of water resources and protect the ecological environment. This paper mainly analyzes the effective measures of water saving in agricultural irrigation.

1.

(1) Water-saving agricultural technology system is a technical measure to make full use of agricultural water resources, improve the utilization rate and efficiency of irrigation water, and make crops achieve high yield and high efficiency. It is a comprehensive technical system composed of water resources saving technology, engineering saving technology, agricultural saving technology and management saving technology. The scientific application of this technical system can effectively improve the comprehensive utilization rate of agricultural water resources, increase the output per unit area and total area of crops, improve the comprehensive benefits and promote the sustained and stable development of agricultural economy.

(2) Technical system for rational development and utilization of water resources. Agricultural water resources include surface water, groundwater, soil water and purified wastewater. Its rational development and utilization need to take a number of engineering measures, such as the rational development and utilization technology of surface water and groundwater, the testing and transformation technology of motor wells, and the comprehensive utilization technology of multiple water sources. Water-saving technical system of irrigation engineering. Water-saving technology of irrigation project is the core content of water-saving agricultural technology system, and it is also the most remarkable technical measure of water-saving effect. It mainly includes low-pressure pipeline irrigation technology, sprinkler irrigation technology, micro-irrigation technology, canal seepage prevention technology, film irrigation technology and improved furrow irrigation technology.

2. Analysis of agricultural irrigation mode

Technical system of agricultural water saving. Agricultural water-saving technology system mainly includes water storage and moisture conservation tillage technology, cultivation technology of improving crop drought resistance by planting in suitable rain, moisture conservation technology by straw mulching or plastic film mulching, application technology of chemicals for early moisture conservation and water-retaining agent, limited irrigation and breeding technology of water-saving and early-tolerant crop varieties. Technical system of water saving management. It is mainly to establish and improve various water management organizations, formulate project management and operation management systems, realize planned water use, optimize water distribution, and collect water charges reasonably.

2. 1 canal seepage control technology.

Channel is the main way of water delivery for farmland irrigation in China. However, the leakage loss of traditional soil canal water transmission accounts for about 50% ~ 60% of the water volume. Therefore, canal seepage control has always been the main technical measure to develop water-saving irrigation in China. According to impervious materials, it can be divided into soil compaction, concrete pavement, brick lining, concrete lining, plastic film impervious and asphalt pavement impervious. The water-saving characteristics of canal seepage control technology are: reducing the water leakage loss in the process of canal water delivery, improving the water utilization coefficient of canal system, improving the safety guarantee rate of canal water delivery, improving the scour resistance of canal and increasing the water delivery capacity.

2.2 sprinkler irrigation technology.

Sprinkler irrigation is short for sprinkler irrigation. It uses special equipment (power machine, water pump, pipeline, etc.). ) to add water, or use the natural drip of water to send the water to the irrigation area, and then spray it into the air through the nozzle (nozzle), disperse it into tiny water droplets and distribute it evenly for irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation system generally includes water source engineering, power machine, water pump, various pipes, nozzles and control equipment. Sprinkler irrigation system can be divided into three types: fixed, semi-fixed and mobile: all components of fixed sprinkler irrigation system are fixed or other components except nozzles are fixed; The semi-fixed sprinkler irrigation system is fixed except that the sprinkler and the branch pipe with sprinkler can move on the ground, and the rest are connected by water plugs in sections; Except for fixed water sources (ponds, wells, roads, etc.). ), mobile sprinkler system can move power machine, water pump, pipeline and nozzle.

3. Water saving in agricultural irrigation

(1) The promotion of new technologies and equipment for water-saving irrigation is weak. At present, high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technologies such as spray drip irrigation are only used for cash crops, which are only demonstration projects and need to be promoted on a larger scale.

(2) There are some problems in irrigation areas and water-saving irrigation projects, such as unclear property rights, unclear management responsibilities, separation of government from enterprise, lack of supervision and incentive mechanism, extensive management and inflexible scheduling.

(3) Affected by economic benefits, farmers in places with relatively rich water resources are not enthusiastic about water-saving irrigation.

(4) Insufficient capital investment, insufficient maintenance funds for existing irrigation projects, aging and disrepair, decreased irrigation area and irrigation efficiency, and insufficient funds for new water-saving irrigation projects, especially supporting funds, often fail to reach the due scale of development.

(5) In the process of popularizing advanced water-saving technologies, some localities can't make plans according to local conditions, and the feasibility demonstration is not enough, which leads to poor pertinence and some water-saving projects can't play their benefits normally.

(6) The quality of water-saving irrigation equipment is uneven, the equipment is not matched, the degree of standardization and serialization is poor, and the maintenance service can't keep up. Many engineering equipment have short service life and high damage rate due to quality problems or untimely maintenance, which affects the popularization of water-saving irrigation technology.

4. Measures to accelerate the development of water-saving irrigation

4. 1 From the perspective of sustainable development, make overall consideration of agricultural water saving.

The current agricultural water-saving methods can not fundamentally improve the water shortage. In order to fight drought, ensure bumper harvest and increase grain output, people are digging more and deeper wells on the one hand, and using the water saved by water-saving irrigation to expand the irrigation area on the other hand, which is not a real resource-based water saving. To this end, we should stand at the height of sustainable development and consider agricultural water conservation from a more macro perspective. Because agricultural water saving is not only an engineering and technical problem, but also a social and economic problem. It involves the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, the management mode of rural household contract responsibility system, the adjustment of industrial structure, the benefit of growing grain and the vital interests of farmers. None of these problems can be solved by one department. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate closely with many departments, consider all kinds of factors that restrict the development of agricultural water saving, and formulate a complete and feasible water-saving agricultural technology system according to the actual situation.

4.2 Reasonable planning.

The utilization of surface water in irrigation area includes internal storage and external water diversion system. Through the analysis, we can get the process of water supply resources for many years. The groundwater level in the irrigation area can be regarded as a regulating reservoir, and its recharge includes rainfall recharge, leakage recharge of channels and drains, lateral recharge of groundwater outside the area, over-layer recharge of groundwater in the area and artificial recharge. Its consumption includes evaporation, outflow and exploitation. The unified operation of two kinds of water sources can be analyzed by regional balance method or groundwater unsteady flow method; Under certain mining layout conditions, reasonable mining intensity can be determined, or the recharge amount of surface water to groundwater and the corresponding recharge area can be determined under certain mining intensity, or the mining layout in the area can be determined according to the recharge method and mining intensity. In the middle and lower reaches of alluvial plains or rivers, when the groundwater level is high and the reliability of external water sources is low, it is of course necessary to develop well irrigation to supplement the canal; If groundwater is seriously over-exploited, it is necessary to reduce water consumption or uniformly control upstream water transfer, build local water storage projects, and use river water sources to store or recharge groundwater. Even in an irrigation area, the dynamic laws of surface water and groundwater are different, or the combination of upstream wells and canals is mainly canal, and the combination of downstream wells and canals is mainly well.

4.3 Establish agricultural water-saving subsidy fund system and increase investment in agricultural water-saving.

At present, the investment in agricultural water-saving projects mainly depends on collective investment, farmers' financing and state subsidies. The one-time investment of the project is large, but the state subsidy funds are small, and most of the funds need to be solved by farmers themselves. But most local people are not rich, so it is difficult to spend more money on agricultural water-saving projects. Therefore, governments at all levels should put agricultural water-saving work on an important agenda, form a system, increase policy and financial support, establish the importance of agricultural water-saving, and guide the whole society to care for, cherish and protect water resources.

4.4 Do a good job of water-saving irrigation in low-and medium-yield fields.

Choose appropriate water-saving irrigation technology, formulate development plans according to local conditions, and avoid blindly introducing and blindly engaging in "model projects" that are not suitable for local promotion. The transformation of low-and medium-yield fields has been listed as the main direction of agriculture in the future, which should benefit low-and medium-yield fields and expand the area of water-saving irrigation. Do a good job of flushing salt with water, pressing alkali with water and improving soil in saline-alkali land, and study and formulate appropriate irrigation quota and water-saving technical measures.

In a word, the water-saving agricultural technology system is a comprehensive system, involving multi-disciplinary technical fields, and its essence is to solve the problems of agricultural water and crop water demand, as well as the problems of grain yield and value generated by unit water use. The system takes agricultural water saving as the center, and aims to make full use of limited water resources, improve water utilization and efficiency, and achieve high yield and high efficiency of crops.

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