An article to read the Hundred Schools of Thought

The famous "Axial Age" by German philosopher Jaspers defines the period from 600 to 300 BC, between 25 and 35 degrees north latitude, when human spiritual civilization reached its peak in the whole world at the same time, and each civilization had its own great spiritual teacher, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle in ancient Greece, Jewish prophets in Israel, Sakyamuni in ancient India, and Confucius in China. There were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in Ancient Greece, Jewish prophets in Israel, Siddhartha Gautama in Ancient India, and Confucius and Laozi in China. Almost all modern civilizations have developed on the basis of the Axial Age.

The ancient times were free of action, the Middle Ages were selfless; the ancient times were the most moral, the Middle Ages were the most virtuous. The pre-Qin Dynasty is the ideal country where the Chinese culture really grows freely, giving birth to the hundred schools of thought that have been around for ages, represented by Confucius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Mencius, Mozi, Guigu Zi, Sunzi, etc., and the hundred schools of thought represented by Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, Zongheng and Hengjiao, and Bingjiao.

The development of China's pre-Qin ideology and culture roughly experienced three periods, the ancient three emperors Yao and Shun period is the era of Chinese cultural enlightenment, Xia, Shang, Zhou is the era of prosperity, the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States is the era of the heyday. From the Fuxi view of the tortoise back to create gossip, to Xia Lianshan, Yin Guizang, Zhou Yi biography, and then to the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States of the blossoming of flowers, the achievement of Chinese civilization's most brilliant and brilliant cultural prosperity. The most important feature of pre-Qin ideology is the integration of social and cultural aspects, literature, history, books, rituals and music, the harmony of heaven and earth and human beings, which is the real root of Chinese traditional culture. Qin after the mainstream social ideology, gradually reduced to the subordinate body politic, lost the free will of thought, more of a political tool, not to repeat.

Second, the representatives of the Hundred Schools of Thought and their ideas

Taoism

Laozi (580 ~ 500 years ago), the end of the Spring and Autumn period in the State of Chu, the bitter county of Quren Li people, the founder of Taoism.

Lao Zi's ideology centers on the "Tao", and his political ideal is to "rule by doing nothing". All things are made without beginning, born without being. The two are born together, the difficult and the easy are formed together, the long and the short are shaped together, the high and the low are tilted together, and the sound and the voice are harmonized together. The "Law of Nature" has influenced the development of the whole history of Chinese philosophy. To find a path of self-salvation from nature, to pursue the law of motion of all things in the world, and to let all things develop on their own, this is the mystery of the Tao.

Zhuang Zi (ca. 369 BC - 286 BC) was born in the middle of the Warring States period, around the same time as Mencius.

Chuang Tzu advocated that one should take the Tao as his teacher and follow the creation. Qi things and I, Qi right and wrong, Qi life and death, Qi noble and lowly, peaceful time and obedience, free and comfortable, Zhuang Zi's outlook on life is full of dissection of reality, escape from contradictions, and interpretation of human nature. His masterpiece, Zhuangzi, has a strong artistic expression, and is a treasure of high value in the history of ancient Chinese literature.

Confucianism

Confucius (551 ~ 479 years ago), at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, was a native of Zuoyi, Lu. The creator of Confucianism.

Confucius' educational ideology centered on the principle of "teaching without prejudice, teaching according to one's aptitude", and his political ideology centered on the principle of "benevolence", and he advocated that "governance should be based on virtues", and that the use of morality and propriety to govern a country is the noblest form of governance. Confucius advocated "governing by virtue", and that it is the noblest way to govern a country by means of morality and propriety, and to govern by virtue means is to advocate the use of morality to sensitize and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter whether human nature is good or bad, we can use morality to sensitize and educate people. The "benevolence" proposed by Confucius does not simply refer to benevolence and benevolence, but is a comprehensive embodiment of all the best moral standards of mankind, a basic principle of living in the world, and a guideline for complying with the Great Way. What is most criticized by later generations is the "rule of etiquette", i.e., the observance of a strict hierarchical system, with strict distinctions between ruler and subject, father and son, noble and lowly, superior and inferior, which had the limitations of that particular era. Confucianism, founded by Confucius, was the cornerstone of our ancient social and cultural system.

Mencius (372 ～ 289 years ago), in the middle of the Warring States period, was a native of Zou, descended from the nobility of the state of Lu.

Mengzi's thought is in the same lineage with that of Confucius, and was honored as "Sage of Asia" by the later generations, most notably for his "goodness of nature"; Mencius preached "people-oriented thinking", which emphasized the importance of the people, and the importance of the people's rights. Mencius advocated "people-oriented thinking", the people are the most important thing, the altars of earth and grain are the second, the ruler is light, Mencius upholds the political view of righteousness and profitability, righteousness first, the concept of living in accordance with etiquette and righteousness, the concept of treating profit with righteousness, and the concept of life of revering righteousness, giving up one's life to gain righteousness, Mencius's thoughts are more realistic, Mencius advocated that people should pursue and realize the ideal personality, and 'raise my lofty spirit! '.

Xunzi (313 - 238 BC) was a native of Song in the late Warring States period.

Xunzi stood on the position of Confucianism, and widely absorbed the ideas of Taoism, law, name, yin and yang, etc. He inherited and developed the idea of "rites and music" of early Confucianism, and absorbed the rule of law ideas of Legalism. Xunzi advocated the equal importance of rites and laws, and the practice of both king and hegemony. Xunzi was the transition from Confucianism to Legalism. On the issue of human nature, Xunzi advocated the theory of sexual evil, claiming that human nature is evil, denying the concept of natural morality, and emphasizing the influence of acquired environment and education on human beings. Xunzi's spirit of academic criticism, his sense of inclusiveness, and his leaning between politics and academia, as well as the pragmatic spirit embodied by Xunzi, contributed to the adaptation of Confucianism to the environment of the times and the search for new developments. It embodies the historical trend of the Warring States period towards academic integration of the hundred schools of thought.

The Mohists

Mo Zi (468-390 BC) was a native of the state of Xiaozhu in the early Warring States period.

Mozi was the only philosopher of peasant origin in Chinese history and the founder of the Mohist school.

The core of Mozi's ideology is "love and love", and the ten main ideas of Mozi are "love and love", "love and love", "love and love", and "love and love". The core of the ideology is "concurrent love", the ten ideas of Mohism, namely, "concurrent love", "non-attack", "respect for virtue", "respect for the sky", "respect for the world", "respect for the world", "respect for the world", "respect for the world". Honor Heaven", "Serving the Devil", "Non-Leisure", "Non-Life", "Saving the Use of Money ", and "Saving on Burial".

In addition to being a thinker and a philosopher, Mozi was highly accomplished in many fields such as science, cosmology, mathematics, physics, mechanical engineering, and military science. Mr. Yang Xiangkui, a famous scholar, once said, "Mozi's achievements in natural science are by no means lower than those of the scientists and philosophers of ancient Greece, or even higher than them. His personal achievement is equal to the whole of Greece." It can be said that Mozi assumed the role of the mainstay of the Chinese Axial Age in the field of natural science.

Legalists

Han Fei Zi (280-233 BC) was a native of Zhao and an aristocrat of Korea at the end of the Warring States period.

Advocating for reform and the rule of law, Han Fei compatibly absorbed the essence of the three schools of Legalism, namely, Shang Yang's "Law", Shen Zhi's "Potential", and Shen Buhai's "Technique", and was a master of Legalism. Han Fei paid great attention to the ideas of materialism and efficiency, and actively advocated the theory of monarchical absolutism, which provided the theoretical basis for the birth of China's first unified, authoritarian and centralized state.

Regrettably, the representatives of the Legalists had a tragic ending: Shang Yang was killed by a car, Wu Qi was shot, Han Fei Zi was forced to take poison, and Li Si was beheaded. But the thousands of years of Confucianism since the Qin and Han dynasties, all the class society, the political nature of its ruling class, are outside Confucianism and inside the law.

Columnists

Guigu Zi (鬼谷子) (390~320 BC) was surnamed Wang Yan (王诩), also known as Wang Zen (王禅), and known as Xuanwei Zi (玄微子).

Famous strategist, the originator of the Zongheng family, the Zongheng family knows the big picture, good at speculation, through the rhetoric, will change, all wisdom and courage, long strategy, decision-making. They are all wise and courageous, long on strategy, and capable of making decisions. They are omnipresent, omnipresent, and omnipotent. Zongheng faction was born in the political situation of the rapid chaos of the Warring States, is the inevitable product of this special historical era, Ghost Valley Zi disciples are not many, but each is a world of talent, such as Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, etc., see Ghost Valley Zi's knowledge of the people, the ability to educate people.

Military

Sun Zi (545 ~ 470), the word Changqing, the end of the Spring and Autumn period of the State of Qi Le'an.

Sun Zi (545 BC~470 BC) was a famous Chinese militarist and statesman during the Spring and Autumn Period, and his juxtaposition with Confucius and Lao Zi is known as the three bright stars over the ideological world at the end of Spring and Autumn Period. His book "The Art of War" occupies an extremely important position in China and even in the world's military history, military academic history and the history of philosophical thought, and is regarded as the "Canon of Military Science".

In modern society, Sun Tzu's The Art of War has been comprehensively applied in business competition and other broader fields. Sun Tzu's Art of War, the most valuable is that it is very universal strategic thinking, business competition, political games, national defense construction, social, economic, cultural and other fields have a guiding significance. To improve our strategic thinking, innovative thinking, dialectical thinking ability, has an important reference value.

Third, the hundred schools of thought in the order of the year

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