What are the characteristics of ceramic technology in Ming Dynasty?

Characteristics of Ming dynasty porcelain

1, the shape is plump, vigorous and simple, and the lines of the shape are soft and round, giving people a sense of simplicity and solemnity.

2. The matrix and cutter refer to three-dimensional modeling, such as bottles and statues. , are relatively heavy. Round vessels refer to plane shapes, such as plates and bowls, and the carcass is thicker than that in Qing Dynasty.

3. Blue-and-white wares in Ming Dynasty were dizzy in the early stage, beautiful in the middle stage and gray in the later stage.

4. The lining of Yongle and Xuande porcelain is very regular, commonly known as "clean lining". In other periods, the inner walls of plates and bowls are uneven. There are as many as two layers of connection marks on the abdomen of the cutter. Before Hongzhi paid attention to tire repair, the joint trace was not obvious. After Zheng De, during Jiajing, Qin Long, Wanli and the end of Ming Dynasty, especially in folk kilns, the joint trace of carcass was particularly obvious.

5. In the Ming Dynasty, all the exposed parts of porcelain (feet, mouths, etc.). ) There are traces of flint red.

6. The biggest feature of glaze is that enamel is thick and moist. Except for a few artifacts of Chenghua, Hongzhi and Zhengde generations, all blue and white varieties are bluish white, commonly known as "bright blue glaze". This white green glaze runs through the whole Ming Dynasty. There are slight glaze marks on the mouth and feet.

7. The patterns are mostly freehand brushwork, the pictures are bold and vivid, and the dragon patterns are fierce. Mouth like a pig's mouth, commonly known as "pig's mouth dragon", with round claws, three claws, four claws and five claws. Late dragon pattern aging. Like Feng Huangwen painted in the early Yuan Dynasty, there is no hair on his neck, and there are many flame patterns on dragons, lions and beasts. The images of children painted after Jiajing have big heads and prominent foreheads and heads. The patterns of babao are wheels, snails, umbrellas, lids, flowers, fish, cans and intestines. The characters are decorated with palindromes, longevity words and blessings.

8. Foot and foot are mostly sand bottom, while Yongle and Xuande markets are all white sand bottom. There are often * * marks on the bottom of round vessels in the early and late Ming Dynasty, such as bottom collapse, sand sticking, radial scratches, etc., which are more obvious in the late Ming Dynasty. The shape of the foot includes straight circle foot, inward circle foot, lying foot, stepped circle foot, outward oblique circle foot, straight circle foot, wall foot, flat circle foot, deep ridge foot, shallow circle foot, leveling foot and so on.

9, money, before the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain did not pay for books; After Yongle, it began to write the current year number on the official kiln utensils, and there were pictures, auspicious words and personal names on the folk kiln utensils. Most of the characters are written in blue and white, and there are also dark engravings, embossed prints and bamboo books. Except for the seal scripts of Yongle, Xuande, Hongzhi and Wanli, most of them are regular script, mainly with six-character double lines and four-character double lines, and a few are single-line horizontal, round and vertical. The general format is "Da Ming ×× Year System", and in Qin Long period it was mostly "Da Qin and Ming Years System". The writing position is generally written on the edge of the sole of the device or on the device. All the words and colors written in blue and white are deep and have no sense of floating.

Identification points of porcelain in Hongwu period

1, the bottom of Yuanming porcelain sand, stars or red spots of fire stone can be seen in the exposed tire. This kind of flint erythema began to appear in the Yuan Dynasty, and completely disappeared after Qianlong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

2. The glaze color is mostly bluish white, and the color is elegant and soft, which is pleasing to the eye.

3. The dragon patterns painted are not as fierce as those of the Yuan Dynasty, and most of them are five-claw dragons. The broken branches or bound branches and leaves of Yuan Dynasty paintings have large lines, which are big flowers and big leaves, but they are obviously reduced during the Hongwu period.

4. The papillae in the center of porcelain foot inherited the organ foot of Yuan Dynasty.

5. Most of the decorative patterns in the early Ming Dynasty are concise and ingenious, bold and vivid. The decorative pattern of official kiln porcelain is exquisite, which more or less reveals the style of Yuan Dynasty.

Identification of porcelain in Yongle period;

1. In the history of ceramic technology in China, red glaze, sweet white glaze and blue-and-white porcelain at this time were unique, occupying a special position and becoming typical in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

2. Yongle porcelain is delicate, round and dexterous.

3. In Yongle, the tire soil was refined and the carcass weight was moderate, especially the delicate white sand bottom.

4, the glaze is thick, bright and smooth, and there is no orange peel. The mouth, bottom, corner and thin glaze of white glaze ware are mostly white or yellow, and the thick glaze juice is light and shrimp green.

5. Blue-and-white wares are neat and exquisite in shape, dignified and quaint in tone, gorgeous and bright, and beautiful and handsome in posture. Made of imported "Sunibo green material", it has a natural halo when fired, forming dense condensed crystal spots, which are skinny as wood.

6. The edge of the mouth in the circular device is sharp by hand. Then the imitation of the mouth is round and has no edges and corners. This mouth feature is one of the main basis for us to determine the age and distinguish the authenticity.

7. The trace of the blade is slightly exposed, which is not as obvious as that in Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

8. Common devices are: straight-in and straight-out round foot, even round foot, deep round foot to the left, and there are many flint red spots at the exposed tire of round foot. Dishes and bowls, the center of the utensils is slightly concave, and the bottom is convex, showing a collapsed bottom.

9. When he arrived in Yongle, he began to write the year number of the emperor, all of which were four-character seal scripts.

Key points of porcelain appraisal in Xuande period

1, Yongle is the germination and development period of Ming porcelain, and Xuande is the heyday. There is a saying in ceramics that blue and white flowers advocate morality. Xuande blue and white is famous for its fine tire soil, clear glaze juice, neat shape, dignified and vigorous, delicate tire quality, sandy bottom, diverse shapes, rich colors and beautiful patterns. The blade surface is rare, and the carcass is thicker and stronger than Yongle.

2. Glaze is characterized by orange peel. The glaze color of blue-and-white ware is bright blue, slightly white in the early and late stages, bluish white in the middle stage, and the glaze color is delicate and moist.

3. There are three kinds of blue and white pigments: ① imported Sunibo green material, ② domestic material, ③ imported and domestic mixture. Blue and white flowers naturally faint, forming dense condensed crystal spots and penetrating into fetal bones. Xuande blue and white can be described as the crown of blue and white.

4. Ji began in Xuande, and porcelain glaze is one of Xuande's innovative varieties. The imitation elder glaze also began in Xuande, where the yellow glaze was successfully fired, and the green Jin Lan glaze, also known as "snowflake orchid" or "sprinkling orchid", is another masterpiece of Jingdezhen craftsmen in Xuande.

5. The ornamentation changed the slender style of Yongle, which made it look rough and bold, and the brushwork was vigorous. Especially the dragon pattern, ferocious and fierce, can be the best in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

6. The number of years of Xuande porcelain department is obviously higher than Yongle. Generally, it is a six-character regular script, and there are also four characters. The writing position is uncertain, and the whole body can write, and seal script is also used. There was a saying that Xuande was full of things.

7. The word "De" in colored porcelain regular script has no horizontal line on the word "heart", while the word "De" in seal script has a horizontal line on the word "heart".

8. Foot and chisel have fine sand bottom, no glaze, no spin marks, and red spot on flint. The center of the disc is slightly concave. Yongzheng imitated the bottom of the slope plate, and the foot ridge was round, like a "mud back".