The city planning of a dynasty in China history 1000 words, thank you.

Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties —— A Great Masterpiece of Early Capital

At the end of the Han Dynasty, the feudalistic separatist forces ended their scuffle, and after the brief reunification of the Western Jin Dynasty, they experienced the division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties for more than 200 years, and the history of China entered a new stage-Sui and Tang Dynasties (Sui 58 1-6 18, Tang 6 18-907)? -This is an important period for the upward development of feudal economy and national reunification. At this time, the prosperity of the country and culture was unprecedented in the feudal era of China and unique in the world at that time. Its capital Chang 'an is the political and cultural center of the country. The post road centered on Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty not only communicated with the whole country, but also was the hub of east-west transportation. It is the starting point of the famous Silk Road in the East. Therefore, Chang 'an is also a city with prosperous economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and many guests. It was on this political and economic basis that the urban construction at that time flourished and made unique achievements, which was a masterpiece of China's capital in the early feudal period.

(A) the location of the city

Daxing City established in Sui Dynasty laid the foundation for the shape and scale of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty unified China in 582 AD, he built a big city in Guanzhong Plain. At that time, considering the poor water quality and difficult water supply of the old site of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty, especially the land area could not meet the needs of unifying the new capital of the empire, we chose to build a new site in the south of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. Yu Wenkai, a planner and architect who has made great contributions in the architectural history of China, supported the construction work. In order to plan the new city, they visited Luoyang and Yecheng successively, absorbed their advantages, and creatively planned and designed the new site in combination with the natural and geographical conditions. This working method of investigation before planning is a fine tradition in the history of urban construction in China.

The new site has the following characteristics in utilizing natural conditions:

First of all, in the location and layout of the city, the characteristics of the natural environment are fully grasped and utilized. The north pillow is the "Dragon Head Courtyard" (this is a slightly higher platform); South of the Meridian Valley in Zhong Nanshan, there is a water flow (Bashui, Fengshui) on the left and right. Under this general layout, the central axis of the city is determined ([Note]: "The meridian valley is straight ahead, the leading mountain is behind, the embankment is on the left and the geomantic omen is on the right").

In building site selection, we also strive to give full play to favorable natural terrain conditions. There are six ports in Chang 'an area, which were then called "Liupo". The important buildings in the urban area include palaces, yamen, temples and official residences. Try to build them on these commanding heights in order to safeguard the safety of feudal rulers, strive for the natural environment of Gao Shuang, achieve better artistic effects and enrich the three-dimensional outline of the city.

(2) Planning and layout

The planning and layout of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty is very distinctive:

1. The layout is rigorous and the scale is huge.

Chang 'an was a newly-built city in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Its plane is a neat rectangle, with a length of 972 1 m from east to west and 865 1 m from north to south, covering an area of 84 square kilometers, which is 22 square kilometers larger than that of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties and ten times that of Xi 'an in Ming Dynasty.

The walls of Chang 'an are square, which strengthens the rigor of scale layout. Chang 'an * * * has seventeen gates, three gates in the southeast and west, three gates in the general, five gates in the central axis, and towers on each gate. From the architectural shapes depicted in murals found in tombs of the Tang Dynasty in recent years, we can imagine its magnificent appearance.

2. Miyagi is the main city with clear zoning.

Miyagi is located in the center of the north of the city, where the emperor lived and handled state affairs. (2820 meters wide from east to west, north to south 1492 meters wide) The southern part of the city is the imperial city, where the feudal government organs are located. Between Miyagi and the Imperial City, there is a flat square square with a width of 44 1 meter. It was the largest palace square in early China. In the south-central part of the imperial city, Zhuquemen Street runs through the north and south, forming the north-south central axis of Chang 'an City.

Since 634 AD, Daming Palace, originally a summer resort, has been built on the "Dragon Head Hospital" in the north. On this highland, you can overlook Zhong Nanshan from a distance, and a closer look at the city lanes is like being under the railing of a palace ("in the sill"), facing the towering and independent Wild Goose Pagoda. The complex of Hanyuan Temple is the main hall of Daming Palace, with parallel cloisters at the east and west ends, which are connected with the main hall and pavilions, and have a vigorous shape, which embodies the grand architectural style of the heyday of China feudal society.

3. The street system has different levels.

Chang 'an City consists of 14 north-south streets and 1 1 east-west streets, forming a neat grid street network system, which strengthens the rigor of urban plane layout. Among them, there are three north-south avenues facing south, and three east-west avenues across the east and west gates; Known as "Six Streets", it is the main trunk road of Chang 'an City, which is connected with the inter-city traffic tunnel.

Streets have distinct grades: the first grade is the main street width of 100- 155 meters; The second level is ordinary Fangli Street, with a width of 39-68 meters; The third floor is Shuncheng Street, which is 20-25m wide. Among them, Zhuquemen Street on the central axis is the widest, which is 155 meters. There are ditches beside the street, and street trees (such as Sophora japonica and elm) are planted on both sides. At that time, riding was an important means of transportation, and women could ride horses, as evidenced by "Mrs. You Chuntu of Guo Guo". The wide street is convenient for cavalry to gallop, and it is also conducive to the large ceremonial team of aristocratic officials to patrol the streets. Therefore, this street network system is the product of adapting to the needs of urban life at that time.

4. The house is complete and relatively independent, and it is the basic unit of urban life.

Because the streets are neatly divided, the layout of the square is symmetrical. There are *** 1 10 neighborhoods in Chang 'an, with different sizes. The smallest adjacent area is 27.9 hectares (500-590 meters from north to south and 558-700 meters from east to west). The second small neighborhood covers an area of more than 50 hectares (500-590 meters north and south, east and west1020-125 meters), and the largest neighborhood covers an area of more than 90 hectares, located on both sides of the imperial city. (The length from north to south is 660-830m and the width from east to west is1020-1125m). There is rammed earth nearby. There are two kinds of roads in the community: one is only a crosswalk, and the other is a cross street. Crossstreet block is divided into 16 communities, and most citizens live in this block. Only dignitaries and big temples have the privilege to open the door from the neighborhood to Lincheng Avenue. The management in the workshop is strict, and the doors of the workshop are regularly opened and closed. The population of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty may be nearly one million in its heyday. In fact, Fangli is a relatively independent small city, which can accommodate tens of thousands of people-a city within a city. The "Huayan City" on Dunhuang murals may be a reflection of this kind of workshop.

[Note] Dunhuang .....

5. The east and west markets are concentrated and the location is suitable.

Chang 'an not only develops domestic commercial trade, but also has many international commercial exchanges. East and west cities are the economic activity centers of the whole city, each occupying a square. Around the market square, it is reasonable to retreat a little. The city is "four streets and eight doors". The city street divides the market into nine pieces on average, and the organization that manages the market is located in the middle. Around the shops, there are 220 industries in each city, which not only operate private transactions, but also rely on it to meet the needs of the palace. Looking around these two cities, there are still many vendors and various government and folk handicrafts. In addition, there are tea shops, pubs and hotels in the city. Ethnic minorities and Asian countries, especially Persians and cannibals, also come here to trade. But the city's industry and commerce are out of touch with the needs of the vast rural areas. Due to the continuous development of handicraft industry and the prosperity of commodity economy, the rule that industry and commerce are concentrated in two cities has been gradually broken. Industry and commerce gradually appeared around the important traffic lines and near the city gates, and the night market appeared in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, breaking through the time and space restrictions of industry and commerce.

6. There are many temples and gardens.

Because the government advocates religion and paralyzes the people, there are many temples in Chang 'an. According to records, there are more than 150 kinds of temples, in fact, there are more than these, among which the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and the Small Wild Goose Pagoda still exist today. To a certain extent, a temple is a place for public activities, such as "Jionji" with a theater. At that time, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was a scenic spot to climb and overlook.

At that time, these religious buildings were very poor and gorgeous, and their architectural styles had an impact on the whole country and Japan. At the same time, the spread of religion is accompanied by frequent cultural exchanges, which enriches the content of urban cultural life.

There were many large and small gardens in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. Among the royal gardens, there is a very large-scale forbidden garden, which not only serves as a playground, but also protects Miyagi and plays a certain role in production. There are gardens combined with the palace, such as Taiye Pool behind Daming Palace and Longchi in Xingqing Palace. In addition, there are temple gardens, yamen gardens and house gardens in the residence of dignitaries.

The construction of Chang 'an Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties was mainly used to solve the problem of urban domestic water, which was partly beneficial to the transportation of goods by ships, and also could be used as garden water for the entertainment of rulers. Huang Qu, a famous Qujiang Lake, has become the biggest scenic spot in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. Banquets in Qujiang were very popular in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Because there are many hibiscus flowers there, it is also called "Hibiscus Garden". In addition, there are scenic spots dedicated to the royal family such as Lishan Hot Spring, private gardens such as Duqu and Qu Wei, and Wang Wei's Wangchuan Bie Ye. Most private gardens are dominated by natural scenery with elegant design style. The gardens in the Tang Dynasty are also in a period of development, and the gardens in Chang 'an and Luoyang, the eastern capital, have far-reaching influence.

(3) Summary

1. Chang 'an City was built in the Sui Dynasty, which was a period of great unification and great change in the history of China. This unity and change is also reflected in the construction of Chang 'an City to some extent. From investigation and study, to determining the guiding ideology of planning, and then to formulating the overall planning scheme, such as gate opening, clearing the way, building palaces, and gradually repairing squares. , are carefully planned, with careful construction procedures, construction organization and considerable construction technology. The construction of buildings, roads, water sources, river networks and gardens cooperate with each other. It is particularly worth mentioning that its construction speed is also very fast. In 583 AD, (this mainly refers to major urban projects)

2. Compared with Chang 'an in Han Dynasty, Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties has developed in many aspects and has its own characteristics.

Further defined the partition. The Forbidden City is located in the north of the city with relatively concentrated residential areas. The road system and squares in the south of the city are well-proportioned, and there are also concentrated "city squares". The shape and market of Li Fang reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. It is also the last typical example. The increasingly developed commodity economy is changing urban life, and the urban form is also gestating new changes; In addition, the construction of royal gardens, private gardens and scenic spots outside the city has also developed. Of course, the guiding ideology of all these planning and construction is subordinate to the interests of the rulers and why they effectively control the people, so it has a distinct class nature. But in terms of planning and layout technology and art, it is more mature and skilled.

These achievements in planning and construction are not sudden, but the result of the accumulation and mutual reference of China's social development urban construction experience for more than 1000 years, especially the new achievements obtained by absorbing the construction experience of Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yecheng in Cao Wei and Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. All these achievements should be regarded as an important symbol of the scientific and cultural development of a great nation.

3. The planning system of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties had a great influence on the domestic urban construction at that time and later period. For example, the planning system of some counties and cruciform planes in China during the feudal period was influenced by the layout of Chang 'an Square in the Tang Dynasty (Luoyang), and also influenced the urban forms of Japan and Korea at that time abroad. In the 7th century A.D., two Japanese capitals, Heichengjing (now Nara) and Anjing, were directly influenced by the planning systems of Chang 'an and Luoyang in Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the architectural gardening technology of the Tang Dynasty was introduced into Japan and further developed.

During the existence of Chang 'an in Sui Dynasty, Europe was in a period of division, economic recession and urban decline. Except Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, no other city can compare with it.

4. In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an had a population of about one million, and the grain supply was beyond that of the Weishui Basin in Guanzhong, so it had to be given to grain transportation in large quantities. The reason why the Sui and Tang Dynasties set up the East Capital in Luoyang, which was convenient for Cao Cao, was that Chang 'an had to be abandoned as the capital after the Tang Dynasty, and the national political center moved eastward. For example, in the Song Dynasty, the capital was built in the capital city of Bianliang, where the North-South Canal meets the Yellow River. Economy and traffic are important reasons. This result was never expected by the outstanding planners of the Sui Dynasty. It can also be seen from the actual development of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty that the city is too spacious. After nearly 300 years of operation, Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was desolate and lacked residents. It seems that although as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some thinkers simply pointed out the relationship between cities and regional development, people's understanding of various objective laws such as the economic foundation on which cities depend for development is very limited.