extractive industry

Ukraine's mining industry is famous for its coal industry and ferrous metallurgy industry, and non-metal mining and processing are also relatively developed. In the non-ferrous metal industry, only titanium stands out. The advantages of coal and ferrous metal industry are rich in resources, long history and solid foundation. However, its long history also has its other side, such as the decline of ore quality, the increase of mining depth, and outdated infrastructure and technology. Especially in the protracted domestic economic crisis after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the mining industry was hit hard and has not recovered to the level of 1990. Table 13-6 lists the mining structure of Ukraine in 2006.

Figure 13-5 Schematic diagram of the distribution of nonmetallic deposits in Ukraine (quoted from свгошовский, 2007).

Table 13-5 Major Mineral Reserves and Resources in Ukraine

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Note: the largest reserves are 1992 65438+ 10/month; The predicted resources are the most 1989 65438+ 10/0/; Oil and gas reserves and predicted resources up to 199 1 year 1 month 1 day; If the data does not indicate the unit, it is all millions of tons.

Source: нмгавииленкоидр. 1992.

Table 1 3-6 Mining Structure of Ukraine in 2006 (1)

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Note: (1) As of the end of June 2007, the data in the table are tons unless otherwise indicated; (2) Some place names or enterprise names follow the old names of the former Soviet Union; (3) The estimated value is rounded; (4) refers to the total production capacity of all enterprises producing the same mineral product.

Source: US Geological Survey, 2009b.

Table 13-7 shows the changes in the output of mineral products since Ukraine entered the new century. Combined with the mining structure table, we can have a basic understanding of the present situation of mining in Ukraine.

Table 13-7 output of Ukrainian mineral products (1)

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Note: (1) As of the end of June 2007, the data in the table are tons unless otherwise indicated; (2) The estimated value is rounded; (3) correction value; (4) Figures reported.

Source: US Geological Survey, 2009b.

(2) Overview of important mining sectors

1 coal industry

The former Soviet Union (1970s) was the golden age of coal production in Ukraine, with 1976 reaching the record of 21820,000 tons, but it went from bad to worse in 1990s and has not been fully recovered.

The coal output began to decline from 1989 and from 1996 to 75 million tons. Restorative growth started at 1999 and reached 80 million tons in 2000, and reached a new high of 83.4 million tons in 2004. In 2005, it was reduced to 78.8 million tons. In 2006, it rebounded slightly (80.2 million tons), and in 2007, it only produced 76.3 million tons, falling back to the bottom level 1996.

According to statistics, there were 250 pairs of coal mines in Ukraine in 199 1 year, and only 153 pairs remained in 2005. 1990 to 2004, the coal mining capacity decreased by 654.38+26 million tons, and the new capacity was only1790,000 tons. In recent years, the utilization rate of mine production capacity is only 79%, and about 60% of coal is mined by hand with pneumatic picks.

After more than ten years of reform, Ukraine's coal industry is still struggling, and there are many difficulties: the privatization effect is not great, the technology of coal mining equipment is outdated, the number of mines is sharply reduced, the buried depth of coal seams is getting larger and smaller, and the content of sulfur and ash is increasing, which leads to the increase of mining cost and lack of competitiveness. Faced with this situation, Ukrainian insiders pointed out that the coal industry is still being destroyed, that is to say, coal, as a strategic guarantee for Ukraine's energy independence, has not been given economic priority. If urgent measures are not taken to develop the coal industry, it will not be long before Ukraine's coal, like oil and natural gas, will rely on imports to meet domestic demand.

2. Ferrous metal industry

Ukraine's ferrous metal industry is concentrated in eastern Ukraine, and iron ore mining is mainly carried out in the Krivorog Basin. At present, there are 8 open-pit mining joint ventures, and 2 enterprises *** 17 mine underground, and mine rich ore and iron-bearing quartzite in Krivorog, Kremenchug and Belojol iron ore areas (Table 13-8).

Table13-8 Production of Commercial Iron Ore in Ukraine in 2004-2005 (ton)

Source: Mineral Yearbook 2006. The output in 2004 is calculated according to the increase and decrease ratio compared with the previous year in the table.

In recent years, the output of commercial iron ore in Ukraine has increased steadily, reaching an estimated 80 million tons in 2008, accounting for 3.6% of the world's total output, ranking sixth in the world.

In recent years, the output of pig iron in Ukraine has increased rapidly, reaching 30.8 million tons in 2004 and 35.65 million tons in 2007, accounting for about 3.8% of the world's total output, ranking fifth, catching up with the fourth United States (35.72 million tons). The output of pig iron in 2008 is estimated to be 34 million tons. The output of crude steel has also increased rapidly, from more than 33 million tons of 200/kloc-0 to 42.83 million tons in 2007, and it is expected to be 40 million tons in 2008, ranking seventh in the world (Ma Jianming, 2008a; ; USGS, 2009a). There are about 20 famous steel mills, concentrated in dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk.

All manganese mines in Ukraine are mined from the Nicopol manganese mine area, and there are two mining enterprises: the mining and dressing joint venture of Marganez and Ordzhonikidze, with an annual output of 6 million tons (R.M.Levine et al., 2007, 2008). The output of commercial manganese ore rose from 200 1 to more than 2.7 million tons, ranking third in the world, second only to China and South Africa, but then decreased continuously, reaching 2.245 million tons in 2006, ranking sixth in the world. On the contrary, ferromanganese and silicomanganese alloys have increased in recent years, from 65,438+0,068,000 tons in 2002 to 65,438+0,576,5438+0,000 tons in 2006, ranking second in the world (after China) (Ma Jianming, 2008b).

3. Nonferrous metal industry

There are more than 20 large non-ferrous metal mining and metallurgical enterprises in Ukraine, which mine and process aluminum, copper, lead, titanium, magnesium and other metal raw materials, including the production of alloys and profiles. In the industrial output structure of Ukraine, the non-ferrous metal industry only accounts for about 2%.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the output of sponge titanium has increased rapidly. In 2008, the estimated output was 654.38+million tons, ranking fifth in the world after China, Japan, Russia and Kazakhstan (US Geological Survey, 2009a). The output of alumina increased slowly, reaching 654.38+700,000 tons in 2006. During this period, copper and copper alloys increased by 1.5 ~ 2 times, and the annual output was only 40,000 tons. The output of primary aluminum stagnated, maintaining the annual output of 1 1 10,000 tons, and dropped to more than 88,000 tons in 2008. A few years ago, the annual output of recycled aluminum was about 6.5438+300,000 tons, and it is estimated that it will decrease in the last two years (USGS, 2009a；; В.С.Козырев,2007)。

Table13-9 ~13-12 lists the production and consumption changes of several non-ferrous metals in Ukraine in recent years.

Table 13-9 Production, Consumption, Import and Export of Copper in Ukraine in Recent Years (ton)

Source: World Bureau of Metals Statistics, 2009.

Table 13- 10 Production, consumption, import and export of aluminum in Ukraine in recent years (tons)

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Source: World Bureau of Metals Statistics, 2009.

Table 13- 1 1 Production, consumption, import and export of zinc in Ukraine in recent years (tons)

Source: World Bureau of Metals Statistics, 2009.

Table 13- 12 Production, consumption, import and export of nickel in Ukraine in recent years (tons)

Source: World Bureau of Metals Statistics, 2009.

4. Non-metallic industry

As mentioned in the previous section on reserves and resources, Ukraine's non-metallic industry is relatively developed, with a complete range and a long history, and some minerals occupy a certain position in the CIS or the world. Graphite is a traditional product of Ukraine. Although the production scale is not as good as before, it still maintains an annual output of 8,000 tons, ranking seventh in the world (US Geological Survey, 2009b). The annual output of bentonite is currently around 300,000 tons, ranking seventh in the world. The output of non-metallic minerals such as potassium salt, trona and kaolin in Ukraine is also relatively high, ranking between the tenth and fifteenth in the world.