Strive for the compulsory knowledge of geography in senior one of Hunan Education Press!

Summary of geography compulsory two knowledge points

1. 1 population growth model

Natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

● Factors affecting the natural population growth rate: biological laws, social factors (economic development, cultural and educational level, medical and health conditions, women's employment, views on marriage and childbearing, religious beliefs, customs, wars, population policies), natural disasters, etc. But the speed of population growth ultimately depends on the development level of productive forces.

● Population growth model:

① "high-low" model (primitive and traditional): the population growth model before the industrial revolution, the population growth model in slave society, feudal society and early capitalist society. It can be divided into (1) primitive population growth model: the basic characteristics are high birth rate, high mortality rate and extremely low natural growth rate, which is suitable for the extremely low productivity level of primitive society dominated by gathering and hunting economy; (2) Traditional population growth model: the basic characteristics are high birth rate, high mortality rate and low natural growth rate, which is suitable for the natural economy dominated by manual labor. (A few African countries fall into this category)

② "high and low" mode (transitional type): characterized by high birth rate, low mortality rate and high natural growth rate. Developed countries belong to this population growth pattern from the middle of18th century to the end of19th century and the beginning of 20th century. Since 1950s, this model has prevailed in most developing countries, resulting in serious population problems in most developing countries.

③ "low-low-low" mode (modern mode): a modern population growth mode characterized by low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth rate. Developed countries and a few developing countries belong to this type.

4, the world and China population growth and diagram:

World population growth: most developing countries are in the transition mode of "high and low", while developed countries are in the modern mode of "low and high"; The areas with high natural population growth rate are concentrated in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America;

● Population growth in China: Due to the implementation of family planning, the birth rate and natural growth rate have dropped sharply since 1970s, and the population growth mode is gradually changing from "high-low" to "three lows".

2.2 Reasonable population capacity

1. Environmental constraints on population development: population development needs to consume all kinds of natural resources. With the rapid growth of the world population, the demand for resources is increasing, and natural resources (land, minerals, water, forests and other resources) are limited, which has a restrictive effect on population development.

2. Environmental carrying capacity: the population scale and economic scale that can be accommodated by the environment and resources under the premise of maintaining relative stability in a certain period of time.

Reasonable population capacity: refers to the population that can be accommodated in a certain area, that is, the most suitable population, under the condition of effectively and continuously utilizing resources and environment and obtaining maximum economic benefits.

● Population capacity: the maximum population that a country or region can accommodate under certain natural resources and economic and social conditions.

It has three characteristics: 1) criticality, 2) relativity and 3) vigilance.

The population control target of a country or region should be lower than the population capacity, which should be the last warning line of population control. Factors affecting population capacity: resources, the level of scientific and technological development, the degree of regional opening to the outside world, the population's culture and consumption level.

1.3 population migration and population mobility

1. Population migration: a form of population migration, which refers to people changing the spatial mobility behavior of settlements. According to the different spatial scope of population migration, population migration can be divided into 1) international migration: it refers to the phenomenon that residents of one country enter another country to settle down; 2) Internal migration: refers to the phenomenon that residents within a country enter another administrative region to settle down. Because the general trend of social development is urbanization, and the labor force shifts from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, the migration from rural areas to cities is the main type of population migration in the history of developed countries and in developing countries at present.

●2. Factors leading to population migration: (Push-pull theory)

1) Natural ecological factors: climate, soil, water and mineral resources, natural disasters, etc.

2) Economic factors: regional differences in economic development level (economic development, urbanization, regional development, large-scale engineering construction, etc. ) is an important reason for population migration. Generally, the emigration rate is high in economically backward areas and high in developed areas.

3) Political factors: national policies (such as the rise of Shenzhen), wars (war refugees), etc.

4) Social and cultural factors: cultural education, family and marriage, religious belief, race and nationality, etc.

The root cause: the development of population is often in a state of incompatibility with the natural environment and social economy. This disharmony between man and land led to the migration of population.

●3. Current situation and chart of population migration in the world and China.

The current situation of world population migration: from developing countries to developed countries, from poor and backward countries to rich countries; From densely populated countries to sparsely populated countries. The current situation of population migration in China: generally speaking, it is from rural areas to cities and industrial and mining areas, from inland to coastal areas, and from economically underdeveloped areas to developed areas. The main population outflow provinces are Sichuan, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Henan and Hubei. The main inflow provinces are Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Jiangsu. Reason: mainly working and doing business, mostly spontaneous migration.

1.4 regional culture and population

Regional culture: refers to a specific cultural phenomenon formed in a certain area for a long time. (Culture = material wealth+spiritual wealth)

Foreign culture and population: Cultural differences have many influences on population development, among which marriage customs (such as the age of first marriage and the stability of marriage) and religion have great influence on population development.

China culture and population: fertility-from early marriage to late marriage and late childbearing, from having more children to having only one child; Career choice-from "learning official" to "starting a business for all"; Population Mobility —— From Immigrant to "Being at Home in the Four Seas"

2. 1 urban spatial structure

1. Location refers to the spatial relationship between something and other things. The natural geographical location of a city refers to the spatial relationship between the city and the surrounding mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and other natural geographical things.

Examples of natural factors affecting the results

Topographic Plain Most cities are located in the plain with flat terrain and fertile soil, which is convenient for farming, transportation and saving construction investment. Most cities in China are in the third step.

Most cities in the tropical plateau are located in the upper part of the tropical plateau, where the lowlands are sultry and the plateau is cool, Brasilia and Mexico City.

Mountain cities are distributed along the valley or open lowlands along the river, with relatively flat surface and abundant water resources in Fenhe, Weihe and Huangshui basins.

Cities with suitable climate are mainly distributed in coastal areas with moderate precipitation and temperature, and the proportion of cities in humid areas is high.

Cities in desert areas, cold areas and hot and humid areas with bad climate have less precipitation or temperature conditions that are not suitable for arid areas in northwest China.

Cities supplying water by rivers are often distributed along rivers, and cities need a lot of domestic water and production water.

The starting point and ending point of river transportation are easy to form the gathering and operation of goods in Ganzhou city.

The intersection of trunk lines and tributaries is easy to become a city, where a large number of people and logistics gather and move to Yibin, Chongqing and Wuhan.

Estuary is easy to form the junction of river transportation and sea transportation in big cities, and people and logistics are distributed in Shanghai and Guangzhou.

Military Defense The natural river is used to defend Paris, where the river is curved and the city is built on an island in the middle of the river.

Urban economic geographical location: political and cultural geographical location such as transportation, mineral resources, tourism resources, commerce and trade: national policy, diplomacy, religion, military affairs, science and technology education, etc.

Spatial distribution characteristics of cities: 1) There are more towns in densely populated areas, and relatively large cities are formed in areas where people and logistics gather; 2) There are many towns along rivers, lakes and coastal areas, and big cities are often formed at the confluence of rivers or where rivers enter the sea; 3) In transportation hubs, big cities are often formed; 4) Historical and cultural resorts, famous tourist attractions, large commodity distribution centers and border crossings may form big cities.

2. Urban land: Urban land can be divided into commercial land, industrial land, residential land, government land, transportation and other public land, agricultural land, leisure and greening land, water surface and so on.

●3. Urban functional zoning: ① Residential area: it provides a place for urban residents to recuperate and is the most basic functional area of the city. ② Industrial zone: generally distributed in the periphery of the city and along the main traffic lines. (3) Business district: It consists of commercial streets and various shopping malls, mostly in the form of blocks or strips, mostly distributed in the city center and on both sides of streets with convenient transportation. The business districts of small and medium-sized cities are mostly located in the city center, while big cities often have multiple business districts. Generally speaking, the functional zoning of big cities is complicated, while that of small towns is relatively simple.

Western urban structure models: concentric circle model, sector model and multi-core model (see P32).

●4. Central place theory: it is a kind of urban location theory to study the urban spatial organization and functional layout. The central place theory puts forward the concepts of central place, service scope and threshold crowd. (Textbook P34) Law: 1) Towns are the centers of surrounding villages; 2) The most convenient place to provide goods and services should be located in the center of the region, and the service scope of the center is a regular hexagon with the center as the core; 3) The threshold of the advanced center is high; Wide range of services; Stay away from each other; Few people. The threshold of low-level center is low; Small service scope; The distance is close and the number is large. 4) High-level centers include low-level centers, and the same level is mutually exclusive, thus forming a hierarchical space network system.

2.2 Urbanization process and characteristics

1. Urbanization: refers to the process that population and industrial activities gather in space and rural areas are transformed into urban areas. Urbanization is an important manifestation and inevitable result of social and economic development.

Three signs of urbanization: the proportion of urban population continues to rise, the labor force shifts from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries, and the scale of urban land is expanded.

The main driving force of urbanization: socio-economic development is the main driving force of urbanization, industrialization is the leading force of urbanization, and the development of tertiary industry also promotes urbanization.

2, the characteristics of urbanization:

Developed countries: Urbanization started early and the level of urbanization is high. In 1970s, the proportion of urban population reached 70%, and many countries have already appeared the phenomenon of anti-urbanization. The central areas of some big cities have declined; Some businesses and manufacturing industries have moved to marginal areas, forming more satellite cities and industrial zones; The emergence of urban agglomerations or urban belts.

Developing countries: start late and develop fast; Low level of urbanization; Because urbanization does not adapt to the level of economic development, urban development is unreasonable. Some countries have the characteristics of "pseudo-urbanization", that is, the level of urbanization obviously exceeds their own economic development stage and industrialization level, and the overall urban development and infrastructure construction are relatively backward, such as South America; The other part is "lagging urbanization", that is, the urbanization process lags behind the corresponding economic development level and industrialization process, such as India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and other countries.

2.3 the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment

1. Impact on natural geographical environment: Impact on natural geographical environment: Large-scale urban construction has greatly changed the original natural geographical environment (topography, river hydrology, forest vegetation, etc. ) and greatly changed the original ecological environment.

1) changes the nature of the underlying surface, resulting in urban heat island effect and affecting the natural environment in the surrounding areas; 2) destroying the original river network system, making the urban water system disordered and the river water quality deteriorating; 3) Urban production and living pollution interferes with and destroys the regional environment and ecology; 4) Cities promote regional development and have a wide impact on the natural environment of the region.

Impact on human geographical environment: 65,438+0) Change the land use mode and form functional zoning; 2) Changing the employment mode of residents, taking non-agricultural activities as the main body of regional industry, the traditional agricultural society will evolve into an industrial society; 3) The original rural landscape has become an urban landscape; 4) Population and industrial activities have developed from decentralization to agglomeration, and economic development and information exchange have been greatly strengthened; 5) The local culture has been influenced and changed, modern civilization has penetrated into traditional culture, and the cultural exchange and integration between the local and the outside world has been strengthened.

2. Problems and countermeasures in the process of urbanization.

● Reasons: the infinite expansion of urban scale and the rapid growth of urban population.

● Problem: Traffic congestion; Serious environmental pollution, environmental quality decline; Land price and rent are expensive, and living conditions are poor; The number of unemployed people has increased; Social order is chaotic.

● Measures: Establish satellite towns and develop new areas; Improve urban traffic and living conditions; Control environmental pollution and expand the green area.

3. China urban development trend

1) Urban economy has gradually become the leading force of regional economic growth; 2) Emphasis on people-oriented and building a harmonious living environment; 3) control environmental pollution and ecological destruction, and treat various "urban diseases"; 4) Using information technology to improve the modernization level of the city; 5) More people will enter cities or small towns; 6) The radiation-driven function of large central cities is enhanced.

3. 1 Location conditions of industrial activities

● 1. Main location characteristics of industrial activities such as agriculture, mining, industry, commerce and service industry:

Agriculture (including planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, etc.). ): It has the closest relationship with the natural environment.

(2) Mining: It is also closely related to the natural environment.

(3) Industry: Location is less restricted by natural conditions and more influenced by socio-economic conditions.

(4) Business service industry: It has little to do with geographical environment, and the location mainly points to consumers.

22. Regional linkages in industrial activities

(1) Regional linkages within and between industries:

Production cooperation: to produce a product and undertake the cooperation between factories or workshops in different processes; * * * Cooperate with a factory that provides parts for a certain product.

Business contact: (1) Inter-regional trade: the trade activity within a country is the most important trade mode; (2) International trade: The main content is the exchange of goods and services between countries, which is subject to many restrictions due to the differences in economic policies, laws and regulations among countries. Science and technology, information connection: the transformation of production technology and the improvement of information technology make enterprises face fierce market competition. In order to accurately grasp the market dynamics and get the information of technological innovation in time, enterprises and regions should strengthen cooperation and expand the exchange of technology and information.

(2) The formation of industrial areas: there is an input-output relationship between industrial enterprises in production, a spatial relationship between infrastructure and labor, and an information exchange and cooperation relationship between industrial enterprises. Enterprises with input-output relationship gather in a certain area spontaneously or through planning to meet the needs of reducing production costs and realizing higher scale economy, thus forming an industrial area.

3.2 Agricultural location factors and agricultural regional types

1. Three regional factors affecting agriculture:

● Natural conditions:

Heat is the basic condition for crop growth and development. It not only restricts the yield of crops, but also relates to crop types, farming systems and cultivation methods.

Illumination is the energy source of life on the earth and the basic condition of crop production. The regional distribution of crops depends largely on the length and intensity of light.

Terrain-Terrain affects the conditions of water, heat and light. Different terrain types are suitable for the development of different types of agricultural plains, and the mountainous areas should develop planting, forestry and animal husbandry. Because of the vertical differentiation of natural conditions, three-dimensional agriculture can be developed.

Land-land resources are the most basic means of agricultural production. Land information is limited. The land in different geographical locations has different utilization values, and the land near the water source has higher economic value, and the land near the town is suitable for developing suburban agriculture and efficient agriculture.

Water is the basic condition of agricultural production. Rice production and freshwater aquaculture can be developed in places with good water conditions, and places with poor water conditions are suitable for dry farming or animal husbandry.

● Scientific and technological factors: including labor force, technical equipment, production technology, planting method and farming system.

● Socio-economic conditions:

Market-market factors largely determine the scale and type of agricultural production.

Transportation-The development of transportation has expanded the influence of the market geographically.

National policy-The government formulates corresponding policies and directly intervenes in agricultural production.

2. Types of agricultural areas

① Agricultural regional type: refers to the combination of agricultural business units or regional units formed by the development of agricultural production with different characteristics in different regions and the exchange of commodities between regions by using local advantages. It is a concrete manifestation of the division of agricultural production in this area.

② Main agricultural regional types:

According to the production object, it is divided into planting, animal husbandry and mixed agriculture; According to the input status, it is divided into intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture; According to the use of products, it can be divided into subsistence agriculture and commodity agriculture.

The main agricultural regional types are: rice planting, commodity grain agriculture, mixed agriculture, ranch animal husbandry, tropical plantation agriculture, dairy farming, Mediterranean agriculture, tropical rain forest migration agriculture and so on.

(3) Geographical distribution of major food crops.

● Rice: mainly distributed in areas with abundant precipitation such as East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Location factors include topography, climate, labor force and living habits.

Wheat: Cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, with wide climate adaptability, the main producing area is located in temperate continental climate zone. The main planting countries are the United States, Canadian, Australian, Argentine, China, French and so on. This is a dry land crop. There are two kinds of winter wheat and spring wheat. Location factors include climate, market demand and living habits.

Corn: North America has the largest planting area, followed by Asia, Africa and Latin America. Location factors include climate (the climate of the same period of rain and heat), market demand (often used as feed) and national policies.

3.3 Industrial location factors and industrial regional relations

1, ● Influence of traffic, land and agglomeration on industrial location

Transportation: In order to save production costs and improve economic benefits, land resources are limited and immovable. For industrial enterprises that occupy more land, the regional difference of land supply and land price is very important, which is the industrial location factor second only to the traffic factor.

Agglomeration: refers to the external economic factors that reduce production costs due to proximity to other economic activities. On the one hand, the agglomeration of related industries can save transportation costs, reduce energy consumption and concentrate on garbage disposal; On the other hand, cooperation can be carried out to promote technological innovation and improve resource utilization.

2. The main factors that affect the industrial layout: (It is enough to have an impression, which may penetrate during the exam)

Natural resources: such as minerals, land, water, biology and other resources. Resource-based industries are directly controlled by regional natural resources.

Natural conditions: mainly refers to the geological, topographic, climatic, hydrological, vegetation and other conditions in the industrial distribution area, as well as the presence or absence of major natural disasters. For example, large factories should not be located in areas with large terrain ups and downs and frequent natural disasters.

Socio-economic factors: including local socio-economic development level, infrastructure conditions, traffic conditions, labor supply, investment environment, economic policies, etc.

Production technology factors: including production equipment and technology, staff quality and scientific and technological development level. For example, high-tech industries should be located near big cities or in areas with relatively high technological level.

Market factors: the changing market demand has an increasing influence on industrial production. Industrial production is directly oriented to the market, and industrial enterprises are close to consumption places, which is conducive to timely and accurately grasping market trends.

Environmental and ecological factors: industrial production not only exports industrial products, but also emits pollutants and wastes. In the process of industrial layout, efforts should be made to reduce the damage of industrial production to the environment and ecology, and strictly control the interference of industrial areas to residential areas, other urban functional areas and the ecological environment. ● (Micro-layout principle of industrial enterprises: factories with air pollution should be located in residential areas and windward areas with minimum wind frequency, or suburbs perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction all the year round; For factories with water pollution, sewage outlets should be far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers; The more serious the pollution, the farther away from residential areas; It is best to separate residential areas from industrial areas with green belts or water surfaces. )

Information and knowledge factors: informatization has become an important force to promote industrialization, and information (market information, scientific and technological development information, talent information, etc. ) plays a very important role in enterprises.

● Main types of industrial layout: raw material orientation (sugar, aquatic products, fruit processing, etc. ), power-oriented (non-ferrous metal smelting), market-oriented (food, printing, furniture, bottled drinks, petrochemical, etc. ), labor orientation (textile, clothing, home appliance assembly, etc. ) and technology orientation (electronics, aircraft manufacturing, etc. ).

3.3, industrial links and industrial regions

(1) The meaning of "input-output" industrial production chain

There are often direct or indirect links between various industrial sectors in industrial production, forming an industrial production chain of "input and output".

(2) The influence of the change of industrial location conditions on industrial transfer and industrial agglomeration.

● The focus of the world manufacturing industry is constantly shifting: Britain and Germany → Germany and the United States → the United States and Japan → some countries and regions in East Asia and Latin America (with emphasis on the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Bay in China).

With the continuous improvement of wages in developed countries, the environmental pressure faced by traditional industrial areas is becoming increasingly heavy. The infrastructure and investment environment in some developing countries have improved significantly, and a large number of labor-intensive industries have been transferred from developed countries to developing countries. Some countries in Southeast Asia and coastal areas of China have developed into important labor-intensive processing and manufacturing areas in the world. High-quality products, rapidly innovative products and highly specialized services are still monopolized by a few developed countries.

3.4 Traffic Layout and Its Impact on Regional Development

1. Relationship between traffic and settlement formation: Where the traffic is convenient, it is conducive to the development of commercial activities, and usually a larger settlement will be formed.

2. The relationship between traffic and the spatial layout of settlements: In ancient north, land (carriage) was the main way. Settlements are usually close to main roads. The south is dominated by water transport, and the settlements are distributed by the water; In modern times, settlements developed along railways and highways, such as Zhengzhou, Shijiazhuang and Xuzhou.

Spatial form of settlements: Due to the flat and open terrain in the north, the layout of settlements is mostly blocky, with regular shapes and checkerboard roads. The density of river network in South China is high, and settlements are mostly distributed along rivers, railways or highways, and their layout patterns are mostly strip-shaped.

●3. The influence of the change of traffic conditions on the development and rise and fall of cities: the change of traffic conditions in a region will have a great influence on the layout and development of cities in this region. The opening and operation of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal has brought prosperity to Yangzhou, Jining, Liaocheng and other cities. When the canal was seriously silted up and the Beijing-Shanghai line was completed, these cities declined rapidly. Cities along the railway can often develop rapidly (such as Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Zhuzhou, Huaihua and Golmud), and gradually form economic centers composed of several cities (such as economic zones along Longhai-Lan Xin, Beijing-Kowloon Railway and Beijing-Guangzhou Railway).

Area).

4. Relationship between traffic and distribution of commercial outlets: Traffic mainly affects commercial layout by affecting people flow and logistics. Convenient transportation is conducive to the transportation and sales of goods, as well as the distribution of personnel, thus contributing to the formation of commercial outlets.

4. 1 Concepts and types of environmental problems

1. Environmental problems refer to all problems arising from the over-exploitation and utilization of resources and environment by human beings, thus endangering the survival and development of human beings and other creatures. According to the nature of environmental problems can be divided into the following four:

● Environmental pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution and solid waste pollution.

● Global environmental problems: acid rain, global warming, ozone layer destruction, etc.

● Ecological damage: soil erosion, deforestation, land desertification, biodiversity reduction, etc.

● Exhaustion of natural resources: reduction and destruction of forests, grasslands, minerals and other resources.

2. The main environmental problems facing mankind: some resources tend to be exhausted and the per capita resources are decreasing day by day; Ecological destruction, biodiversity damage; Environmental pollution reduces the quality of human living environment.

4.2 The evolution of man-land relationship thought

Ancient thoughts on the relationship between man and land: ancient environmental determinism, man conquering nature, and the relationship between man and nature.

Modern human-land relationship thought: environmental determinism, possibility theory, harmony theory and sustainable development thought.

4.3 the basic connotation of sustainable development thought

1, ● the concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the development of future generations' ability to meet their own needs.

● Core idea: Healthy economic development should be based on ecological sustainability, social justice and people's active participation in their own development.

● Pursuit of goals: It is necessary to meet all kinds of human needs, fully develop individuals, and protect resources and ecological environment so as not to pose a threat to the survival and development of future generations.

2. The basic connotation of sustainable development: development view, equity view, environment view and right view.

4.4 Main ways to coordinate the relationship between man and land (this part should be read carefully)

1. Controlling population size: reducing the pressure of population on the ecological environment and coordinating the relationship between population development and resources, environment and economic development.

2. Change the mode of development.

① Traditional mode of economic development: the purpose is to expand production scale, increase product output and improve consumption level. Consequence: The social production of human beings is at the expense of resources and environment, forming an unsustainable mode of production and consumption, which has plunged human beings into a serious crisis of resources and environment.

② Sustainable economic development mode: emphasize the environmental carrying capacity and the sustainable utilization of natural resources such as land, water, forest and mineral deposits, change the traditional development mode of "high input, high consumption and high pollution", balance the contradiction between supply and demand by introducing market mechanism, realize clean production and civilized consumption, and reduce the environmental pressure and resource consumption caused by economic activities.

Eco-industry: Eco-industry is a network-based evolutionary industry based on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, which has an efficient economic process and a harmonious ecological function. Through certain methods, materials and energy can be reused, efficiently produced or continuously utilized.

Circular economy: it is required to organize economic activities into a feedback process of "resources-products-renewable resources", which is characterized by low exploitation, high utilization and low emission. All materials and energy should be used reasonably and permanently in this continuous economic cycle, so as to reduce the impact of economic activities on the natural environment to the smallest possible extent.