Briefly describe the system characteristics of Yuan Zaju.

The formation of Yuan Zaju is the result of the development of various performing arts in the history of China, and it is also the product of the times. Yuan Zaju is also called North Zaju, North Qu and Yuan Qu. Under the direct influence of Song Zaju and Jin Zaju, Yuan Zaju is a complete drama form which combines various performing arts forms. He also created mature literary scripts on the basis of scripts, lyrics and aria literature since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

This can be said to be a qualitative change compared with the drama of joining the army or the drama of the Song Dynasty, which is mainly funny and ridiculous. As a mature drama, Yuan Zaju not only enriched the stories that have been sung in traditional folk songs for a long time, but also widely reflected the social reality at that time, and became one of the popular literary forms.

The process that Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty was also the process that the northern people rebelled against Jurchen and Mongolia. The people's hard struggle against national oppression and class oppression needs to be expressed in a combative and mass literary form; By this time, various factors that constitute the art of traditional Chinese opera have been brewing for a long time and integrated. In this way, Yuan Zaju greatly expanded the theme and content on the basis of Jin and all kinds of Gongdiao rap, and opened a brilliant page in the history of China opera.

In the case of great changes in the meta-society, scholars also have differences. Especially in the early Yuan Dynasty, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions were very acute, and the imperial examination system was not restored, which greatly reduced the career of middle and lower literati and led to their life decline. Except for a few bureaucrats attached to the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, most literati and the broad masses of the people were also brutally persecuted, so they had close ties with the masses. Some scholars and folk artists formed a book club. On the one hand, they learn the achievements of folk art, and at the same time contribute their talents to the creation of zaju. The organization of the book club and the cooperation between folk artists and literati have promoted the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.

The development of urban economy in Song and Yuan Dynasties prepared rich material conditions for the prosperity of zaju. Adapt to the banquet of the ruling class and the cultural requirements of the general public. At the same time, traditional Chinese opera activities are often carried out in rural areas, and the existing stage and murals in the south of Shanxi are a good proof (Note: Yuan stage is widespread in the south of Shanxi, and eight Yuan stages have been preliminarily identified in Xiangfen, Linfen, Hongdong, Xinjiang and Yicheng in the south of Shanxi. There is also a mural of a Yuan Dynasty zaju performance in the Ming Wang Ying Temple in Zhao Hong County, Shanxi Province, and the title on the account is "A Big Line with Three Musical Bells Showing").

Festivals and temple fairs are performance days in rural areas, and some famous actors often go to various places to perform. In this way, China traditional opera has maintained close contact with the broad masses of the people in the development process.

Yuan Zaju was formed in Song Dynasty and flourished in Dade period of Yuan Dynasty (the second half of 65438+3rd century-65438+4th century). The main representative writers are Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu. The main representative works are: Yuan, Lost Daughter, Autumn in Han Palace, Wu Tongyu, etc. Its content focuses on exposing social darkness and reflecting people's sufferings, combining realism with romanticism, with clear main lines and distinctive characters. Its structural characteristics are four folds and one wedge, and "one person is the lead singer".

The roles of zaju are divided into Dan, Mei, Jing and Za. Dan includes Zheng Dan, Waidan, Xiao Dan, Dadan, Lao Dan and Chadan. Zheng Dan: Singing the heroine. A foreign actress or a little actress of a foreign actress. The end includes a positive end, a small end, an impact end and a secondary end. Zhengmo is the main actor in singing, while Waimo and Auxiliary Mo are the secondary actors. Chongmo is a debut actor. All actors with violent personalities. Za is an actor outside the above three categories. There are Gu (an official), Jia (an emperor), Bohr (an old woman), Lyle (a page) and An (a scholar).

The lead singer Yuan Zaju is usually sung by a single lead singer or male and female lead singers. The role of the lead singer is either the end or the end. The lead singer is Dan Ben, such as the lead singer of Dou E in The Injustice of Dou E. The final lead singer is called the final version, such as Autumn Color in Han Palace and the lead singer of Emperor Han Yuan. Generally speaking, it is a universal law that a person sings the leading role of a play to the end. But there are also several scripts, and the characters have changed with the development of the plot. For example, in Earning Express, Sean appeared at the end of the first discount, and Express appeared at the end of the second, third and fourth discounts. This led to the transformation of the lead singer.