The characteristics of the layout of the courtyard of ancient Chinese architecture?

(A) wooden frame-based structure

Wooden structure can be divided into lifting beam type, through the bucket type, well dry type, lifting beam type is the most common. Tianjin Capital Decoration reminds you that the raised beam structure is along the depth of the house in the column base on the columns, columns on the frame beams, beams overlap several layers of melon columns and beams, and then in the top layer of beams on the spine of the melon columns, composed of a group of roof frames. Between the two parallel frames, the horizontal square is connected to the upper end of the columns, and purlins are placed on the head of the beams and the ridge and melon pillars on each level to connect the frames and carry the roof. The rafters between purlins form the skeleton of the roof. In this way, by two sets of frames can constitute a room, a house can be a room.

(2) Unique single-unit modeling to be more than one room

The single-unit of ancient national architecture can be roughly divided into three parts: the foundation of the house, the body of the house, and the roof. All important buildings are built on the base of the pedestal, the general pedestal for a layer, large halls such as Beijing Ming and Qing dynasty Imperial Palace Taihe Temple, built on a tall triple pedestal. The plan form of a single building is mostly rectangular, square, hexagonal, octagonal, circular. These different plan forms play an important role in constituting the fa?ade image of the building monolith. Due to the use of wood frame structure, the treatment of the roof to be very flexible, doors, windows, columns and walls are often based on the use of different materials and parts of the disposition and decoration, greatly enriching the image of the roof.　Ancient Chinese buildings have colorful roof forms. As early as in the Han Dynasty, there have been hipped, hiatus, overhanging hills, hoard roof, save the tip of several basic forms, and there is a heavy eaves roof. Later on, there were many forms such as hook and lap, single slope roof, cross slope roof, pelvis roof, arch roof, vaulted roof and so on. In order to protect the wooden frame, the roof is often used larger eaves. But the eave is an obstacle to lighting, as well as the roof of the rainwater leakage is easy to wash away the foundation, so the later use of reverse curved roof or house

(C) symmetry, square and neat group combination and layout

Ancient Chinese buildings are many monolithic buildings into a group of architectural groups, from large to palaces, small to the mansion, and so on. Its layout form has a strict directional, often north-south, only a few groups of buildings due to terrain restrictions to take the form of variations, but also due to religious beliefs or the influence of feng shui ideas and variations in the direction of the. Square and neat layout ideas, mainly from the geographical location of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in ancient China and the influence of Confucianism in the right idea.　Ancient Chinese architectural complexes were always arranged on a main vertical axis, with the main buildings arranged on the main axis and the secondary buildings arranged on both sides in front of the main buildings, facing each other from east to west, forming a square or rectangular courtyard. This courtyard layout not only meets the needs of safety and sunshine to prevent wind and cold, but also conforms to the patriarchal and ritual system of ancient Chinese society. When a group of courtyards can not meet the needs, the main building can be extended before and after the layout of multiple courtyards, in the main axis on both sides of the layout of the cross courtyard (auxiliary axis). The Confucius Temple in Qufu has ten courtyards on the main axis and multiple cross courtyards on both sides of the main axis. It has one axis in front of Kuiwenge, and three axes side by side after Kuiwenge. As for the altar and temple, mausoleums and other ceremonial buildings layout, it is even more rigid. This strict layout is not rigid, but will be more into, more courtyard space, arranged to become a change of quite personalized space series. Like Beijing's courtyard houses, its four courtyards are different. The first one is a horizontal long inverted courtyard, the second one is a rectangular triple courtyard, the third one is a square quadrangle courtyard, and the fourth one is a long horizontal cover house courtyard. The four courtyards have different planes, with different elevations of buildings, dill flowers and trees in the courtyard, set rocks and bonsai, so that the spatial environment is fresh and lively, quiet and pleasant.

(D) varied decoration and decoration

Country's ancient architecture for the renovation, decoration, where all the building parts or components, are to beautify the image of the choice, color due to the nature of the parts and components of different and different.　The foundation and steps is the base of the house and into the house step, but give to the carving, with railings, it seems particularly solemn and majestic. Roof decoration can make the roof profile image more beautiful. Such as the Palace of Imperial China Hall, heavy eaves hipped roof, five ridges and four slopes, the ridge at each end of a large kiss decorated with a dragon-shaped, open-mouthed swallowing ridge, the tail rolled up, the four ridges of the gable part of the ridge are decorated with nine glazed beasts, adding to the image of the roof of the artistic force.　Doors, windows, partitions belong to the eave decoration, is separated from the indoor and outdoor space of the spacer, but the decorative is particularly strong. Doors and windows with its various images, patterns, colors to enhance the artistic effect of the building facade. Inner eaves decoration is used to divide the internal space of the house device, commonly used partition doors, walls, dobby, bookcases, etc., they can make the indoor space to produce the effect of both separation and connectivity. Another device to divide the interior space is a variety of cover, such as a few legs cover, floor cover, round light cover, flower cover, balustrade cover, etc., and some have to install glass or paste yarn, painted flowers or inscriptions, so that the interior is full of bookish flavor.　Smallpox that is, indoor ceiling, is a decoration over the interior. General residential housing production is relatively simple, more wood made of net frame, nailed to the beam, and then paste paper, called "plasterwork ceiling". Important buildings such as the temple, the wooden support bars in the beams built between the square grid network, the grid within the wooden boards, painted with colorful paintings, known as "wells ceiling". Algae well is more decorative than the ceiling of a roof interior decoration, it is a complex structure, below the round, by three layers of wood frame intersection composed of an upwardly elevated like a well-shaped ceiling, more for the temple, the Buddha altar of the upper center, intersection of wood such as wells, painted algae, so called algae wells.　In the building on the colorful painting is an important feature of ancient Chinese architecture, is an indispensable decorative art of the building. It was originally applied to the beams, pillars, doors, windows and other wooden components used to prevent corrosion, moth-proof paint, and later gradually developed and evolved into color painting. In ancient times, the application of color painting on the building, there is a strict distinction between the levels, the people's houses are not allowed to paint color painting, is in the Forbidden City, different nature of the building painting color painting also has a strict distinction. Among them and the seal painting is the highest level, the content of the dragon as the theme, applied to the outer court, the inner court of the main hall, the style of noble. Spin color painting is patterned color painting, picture layout elegant and flexible, rich in change, commonly used in secondary palace and hall, door hips and other buildings. Another is the Su-style color painting, to landscape, figures, grasses and insects, flowers as the content, mostly used in the garden on top of the pavilion and pavilion.

(E) Landscape garden landscape

An important feature of classical Chinese gardens is that they have a sense of meaning, which, like classical Chinese poems, paintings and music, emphasizes the sense of meaning. Landscape gardeners use landscape, rocks and gullies, flowers and trees, architecture to express a certain artistic realm, so the classical Chinese garden has the name of landscape garden. From the creation of landscaping art, it takes in all the images, shaping the typical, to the allegory of self, through observation, refinement, as much as the state of things, poor things, the natural beauty sublimation of artistic beauty, in order to express their own feelings. Appreciation of the scene triggered in the scene caused some kind of feelings, and then sublimated into a mood, so appreciation is also a kind of artistic re-creation. This artistic re-creation, is the viewer through the scenery to express feelings, send thoughts of self-expression process, is a kind of spiritual sublimation, so that the person's mind to cleanse, to achieve a higher level of thought.　In classical Chinese gardens, the landscape is divided into: the realm of the world, the realm of the immortals, the realm of nature. Confucianism emphasizes practicality, a high sense of social responsibility, concern for social life and interpersonal relationships, moral and ethical values and the political significance of governing the country, and this idea is reflected in the garden landscape is the realm of the world. Laozhuang thought of natural tranquility and refining the body and mind to quiet observation, intuition for the service, romanticism for the aesthetic, artistic expression of the natural realm. Buddhism, Taoism and the pursuit of nirvana and fantasize about becoming immortal, garden landscaping is reflected in the realm of immortals. The realm of governance is mostly found in royal gardens, such as the Yuanmingyuan Forty Scenes, about half of which belong to the realm of governance, and contain almost all the philosophical, political, economic, moral and ethical contents of Confucianism. Most of the natural realm is reflected in the literati gardens, such as the Canglang Pavilion of Su Shunqin in the Song Dynasty, and Sima Guang's Duluo Park. The realm of the immortals is reflected in the royal gardens and temple gardens, such as the Pengdao Yaotai and Fanghu Shengjing in the Yuanmingyuan, the Huixian Bridge of the ancient Changdao Temple in Qingcheng Mountain, and the Feixing Rock of the Nanyan Palace in Wudang Mountain.　The spiritual connotation of ancient Chinese architectural art is characterized by three things. First, the unity of aesthetic value and political and ethical value. Buildings with high artistic value also play the role of maintaining and strengthening the political and ethical system and ideology of the society at the same time. Secondly, it is rooted in the deep traditional culture and shows the distinctive spirit of humanism. Third, it is highly general and comprehensive. Often use all factors and techniques synthesized into a whole image, from the combination of space to color decoration is an integral part of the whole, take out any of them will be the overall effect. Face lifting demolition, the corner of the roof warping, so the roof and the corner of the roof appears more light and lively.