How many kinds of Chinese guqin are there?

Seven-stringed zither: The seven-stringed zither is one of the oldest musical instruments in ancient China, and is the earliest musical instrument in China, known as the "father of national music". In ancient times, it was regarded as a representative of elegance in the minds of the literati, and the sound of the zither is far-reaching and has been handed down to the present day.

Structure: the type of system is diverse, nowadays to "Zhongni type" is the most common. Generally divided into the body (i.e., *** sound box, by the surface of the qin, the bottom of the qin and the qin square, goose feet and other parts of the composition) and the string system (including the seven strings and the yue shan, the dragon gums, qin emblems and other parts).

Materials used: The surface panel of the body is usually made of tung wood, and the bottom panel of the instrument is made of catalpa wood. The texture of the strings used to be made of silk, but now they are mostly made of metal; the emblems are mostly made of shells or jade.

Characteristics of the instrument: It is one of the oldest musical instruments in the family of musical instruments, with a long history, and is one of the most important traditional ethnic musical instruments in China. It belongs to the plucked stringed instruments within the stringed instruments family, with a thick and deep pronunciation and a long aftertaste, with strong Chinese national characteristics. The playing skills are complex, with slide, vibrato and overtones and other special techniques, rich in expressive power.

The volume of the guqin is small, the sound area is low, the tone is clear and thick, and the style is simple and ancient. In ancient times, China's literati almost every family has the guqin. Confucius is also the admirer of the guqin, he taught the six arts "rituals, music, archery, imperialism, books, mathematics", the guqin is a mandatory musical instrument, Confucius is trying to cultivate people's temperament through the guqin. In about 481 BC, Confucius composed the zither piece "Zuoyu Cao" to mourn for the two wise doctors who were killed by Zhao Jianzi. The surviving zither compositions "Turtle Mountain Exercise", "Getting Lin Exercise", and "Yilan Exercise" are all rumored to be the works of Confucius.

The guqin as a whole is a flat, elongated speaker, about 130 centimeters long, about 20 centimeters wide, and about 5 centimeters thick. The panel, also known as the qin surface, is a long wooden board, the surface is arched, the first end of the qin open string holes, the end of the qin is oval. The bottom plate, also known as the bottom of the instrument, has the same shape as the panel but is not arched, and is dug out in the lower part of the whole piece of wood to form the belly of the instrument. The bottom plate has two sound holes, called the Dragon Pond and Phoenix Marsh, and two foot holes are set near the edge of the waist, with two feet on it, called the Song Feet. The face and the bottom plate are glued together to form the body of the instrument, and there is a tongue-shaped wooden plate glued inside the head of the instrument, which constitutes a space separated from the belly of the instrument and is called the tongue cavity. The back of the panel is equipped with a sound beam, which is also known as the Xiangshi. There are two sound pillars in the belly of the zither, called Tianzhu and Dizhu. The string axle, also known as the zither zhen, is mostly round or melon pronged, hollow (for stringing), and the strings are tied to the zither square by a velvet rope. The strings are wrapped in silk. The yakasan is inlaid at the beginning of the panel, and there are also holes for stringing. There are four feet on the baseboard, two at the head of the zither are called eider palms, and two at the end of the zither are called jiao-tailed downward stickers, which serve to flatten the body of the zither. The panel is embedded with thirteen inlays or jade-made emblems, marking the sound level. The guqin is beautifully modeled, commonly Fuxi type, Zhongni type, Lianzhu type, Lixia type, moon type and so on. Mainly according to the body of the qin item, waist shape of the different and different. The lacquer of the zither has a broken pattern, which is a sign of the ancient zither's long history. Due to the vibration of long-term performance and the different wood and lacquer base, a variety of broken patterns can be formed, such as plum blossom broken, cow hair broken, snake belly broken, ice cracked broken, tortoise pattern and so on. The zither with broken grain is more valuable because of its clear sound and beautiful appearance.

In Chinese musical instruments, the sound of the guqin is special, not like the erhu, such as sobbing, but more than the erhu euphemistic lingering, is the kind of cyclone back and forth lingering, a little heartbreaking; not as loud as the guzheng cheerful, playing the effect of immediate effect, but calm and steady, a kind of chanting to the heart of the oh; not as sharp as the pipa, the big pearls fall into the disk of the type of straightforward. The guqin is delicate and subtle, and its fingering is controlled in a light and slow manner. The sound of the guqin determines that it is not suitable for ensemble playing, but for solo playing. The only thing that can harmonize with the guqin is the xiao, the xiao's ghostly confusion and the qin's ancient elegant and free from the combination of the wind of the forest, beyond the realm of reality, which is precisely why the guqin has been preferred by the traditional literati.

The sound of the guqin is mesmerizing, with the lightness of the overtones, the composure of the scattered tones, and the soothing, agitated, or grave sound of the pressing tones. Guqin note, brisk, kneading, chanting fingering, so that people can really experience the flavor of the afterglow, the elephant outside of the flavor, as if a cone of incense slowly dancing in the air, and real and virtual, dazzling and go, as if the kind of ink and smoke in Chinese paintings, such as Guo Xi's "Early Spring", and as Huang Gongwang's "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains".

Throughout the ages in China, there have been many beautiful stories about the guqin. Sima Xiangru of the Western Han Dynasty won the heart of Zhuo Wenjun with his song "Phoenix", which is a love story with the guqin as a matchmaker. Kong Ming of the Three Kingdoms, with his superior wisdom, burned incense and manipulated the qin when the empty city was in danger, which became a classic story that has been sung for a long time in the opera of the later generations.

The guqin is a typical solo instrument, rarely used for ensemble playing. In ancient times, it was often used as an accompaniment to the singing of the literati. The guqin is the oldest plucked instrument in China, with a history of more than 3,000 years. It is the most revered musical instrument in ancient China, known as the philosophical art or artistic philosophy, and is listed as the first of the four arts of qin, qi, qi, shu, zhu, and painting. It is a must-have instrument for every literati in ancient times. Famous zither players in history include Confucius, Cai Yong, Cai Wenji, Li Bai, Du Fu, Song Huizong, Jikang, etc. The guqin is also the most important instrument for Confucius to run a school, and it is also the most popular instrument in China. The guqin is also one of the important six arts that Confucius ran his school. It is recorded in the Book of Songs that "My fair lady, the qin and the serpent are friends" and "I have a guest, drumming the serpent and the qin", etc. The instrument itself is full of music. The instrument itself is full of legendary symbolism, for example, it is 3 feet 6 inches 5 minutes long, representing 365 days a year, the surface of the qin is curved, representing the sky, the bottom of the qin is flat, symbolizing the earth, but also for the "circle of heaven and earth". The guqin has 13 emblems, representing the 12 months of the year and leap months. The Guqin originally had five strings, symbolizing gold, wood, water, fire and earth. King Wen of Zhou added a string in memory of his dead son, Bo Yi Kao, and when King Wu conquered the Zhou Dynasty, he added another string to increase morale, which is why the guqin is also known as the "Seven-stringed Qin of Wen and Wu". The Guqin has more than 100 overtones, which is probably the largest number of overtones in the world. The Guqin has its own method of notation (simple character notation), which has a history of at least 1500 years. There are more than 150 surviving guqin scores, containing more than 3,000 guqin tunes that have been passed down.

The qin school

The qin school is a school formed by qin players with the same artistic style. The name "qin school" started from the Yushan school in the late Ming Dynasty and the Guangling school in the Qing Dynasty. Later generations of the qin school more to the regional division, named, Yushan school in Jiangsu Changshu as the center, Guangling school in Jiangsu Yangzhou as the center.

Guangling School

Jiuyi School

Lingnan School

Meian School

Pucheng School

Yushan School

Zhejiang School

Zhicheng School

Sichuan School

Shiqin: Shiqin, also known as "lira". "

Around the sixth century BC, there was a famous Greek female musician and poet Sappho, who was not only good at playing the psaltery, but also good at singing and dancing. She toured around the Balkan Peninsula, her exquisite piano, beautiful voice and moving dance by the people around the welcome, the legend of the psaltery this instrument is so spread throughout the countries of Europe. In the history of painting, there are many painters have painted her portrait, her beautiful demeanor of holding the qin in her arms to be passed on to future generations, and remain in people's memories for a long time. After about a thousand years, the shikin as a musical instrument has been gradually eliminated by the lute (a mandolin-like instrument), but the image of this elegant, well-proportioned, and simple musical instrument has always been remembered. As one of the oldest musical instruments, the shqin became a symbol of beautiful music. As a result, people in many countries have used it as a symbol of music, often hanging it on the curtains of the concert stage, and it has been used until now.

The transverse flute flute is also known as the transverse flute. According to legend, it was imported to Chang'an after Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, it became an important instrument to accompany opera. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called the transverse blowing, and there was no flute membrane. In the Tang Dynasty, there was only a membrane on the pipe, and after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, this membrane was moved to the transverse flute, and the pipe was no longer coated with a membrane, and nowadays, only the Korean flute is coated with a membrane.

Although there is a membrane hole on the flute, but in the past, the membrane hole is not too careful, only in the blowhole and the sixth hole between the hole dug a round hole, paste the flute membrane (the first is bamboo film) is. The first to pay attention to the membrane hole was the Shanghai Grand Concert Association, and in October 1932, the director of the Grand Concert Association, Mr. Zheng Jiwen, changed the old round membrane hole into an oval one, in order to increase the folds of the membrane, and to make the sound more rounded and easier to control.

The tone of the flute depends not only on whether the shape and position of the blowhole are properly excavated, and whether the thickness of the tube wall is appropriate, but also on the age of the membrane and the size of the membrane hole on the tone of the flute is not small. Generally speaking, if the membrane hole is big, the pronunciation is thick (especially the bass), and if the membrane hole is small, the pronunciation is relatively sharp and thin, therefore, the membrane hole is one of the key issues affecting the tone of the flute.

The range of the bamboo flute is limited to three groups, and nowadays only two and a half groups can be played. The widening of the range of the flute is an all-encompassing task, which includes the shape and size of the holes, the proper position of the holes and the combination of fingerings, the strength of the mouthpiece, and the proper position of the membrane holes. Generally speaking, the membrane hole of the right size, position slightly closer to the end of the blowhole, the range is wide, otherwise the range is narrow.

The effect of the size of the membrane hole and the tightness of the membrane on the pitch: Generally speaking, the membrane of the flute we all like to use the tender, because the membrane is tender, the pronunciation is brittle, and the blowing up also saves energy. The larger the hole in the membrane, the looser the membrane, and the lower the absolute pitch of the flute. Therefore, in summer, the membrane can be a little loose, because of the high temperature in summer, the sound of the flute is high, the loose membrane can reduce the sound a little bit; on the contrary, in winter, the membrane should be a little tighter, so as to make the sound of the flute a little bit higher.

The traditional flute, made of bamboo, has six holes, or ten holes, a blow hole and a membrane hole. When blowing, the sound is pronounced by the vibration of the air column inside the bamboo tube. And the common pitch range has two octaves. Nowadays, the bamboo flute is divided into C key flute, D key flute, E key flute, F key flute, G key flute (also known as bang flute), A key flute, B key flute, the tone from the low to the sharp and thin

The flute sound is clear, high-pitched, transparent and rounded, solo and ensemble are characterized by rich expressive power, so it is well loved by people. There are two main types of flutes, which are customarily called "Qu flute" and "Bang flute" because they are the main accompaniment instruments for Kunqu and Bang Bang operas respectively.

To play the flute well, you must have a good combination of qi (gong), fingers (method) and tongue (head), and you can't have one without the other.

Harp: Harp (English: harp; French: harpe; German: harfe; Latin: arpa), is a kind of harp that includes a curved neck (or called "beam") (neck), *** sound box (resonator), hardware (its main role is equivalent to a piano or violin, like the square of the violin). A stringed instrument with a curved neck (or "neck"), a resonator, a hardware mechanism (whose main function is to loosen or tighten a particular string, as in the case of the piano or violin), and parallel strings. It is played in different shapes, string counts, and playing methods in different regions, such as China, Burma, Ireland, Europe, Latin America, etc. (Chinese Konghou is one of these instruments). (The Chinese konghou is one of these instruments, and the poet Li He wrote "Li Ping Konghou Quotation").

Nowadays, the most common concert pedal harp, in addition to the neck and *** sound box, there is a column (column). The bottom of the harp (base) has seven pedals, which are tied to the lower end of the seven pedal rods (pedal rods) in the column, and then connected by the pedal rods to the neck in the action disk (action), responsible for the seven tones in charge (left foot si-do-re right foot mi-fa-sol-la) of the rise and fall. The action has more than 2,000 small interlocking parts, which in turn move the discs on the outside, allowing you to change the length of the strings to get the desired pitch (each pedal corresponds to one of the octaves and has grooves at the top, middle, and bottom that can be fixed in position. Each pedal is equipped with a spring that allows you to push the pedal with your foot or release it to change the position between the notches). Just because the harp is a precision calculated and designed instrument, along with the wood and carving, it is expensive for a reason.

The strings are threaded through the *** sound box and fastened to a pin on the neck. When you add up all the tuned strings, they have a tension of 730 kilograms. (This is why you get blisters and calluses from playing the harp!)

Pedal harps vary in the number of strings and the size of the instrument depending on what is needed, the most common being 47 strings containing 6 octaves plus a set of the highest pitched do, re, mi, fa, and sol weighing in at around 80 pounds. For the bottom one and a half octaves, steel strings (wire strings) are used, for the middle range, gut strings are used, and for the high notes, depending on each person's preference for the sound, sometimes the top one octave, or one and a half octaves, nylon strings are used; some people dislike the brittle and bright tone of nylon strings, and use nylon strings from the middle range. Others use nylon strings from the middle range because they don't like the brittle, bright tone of nylon strings.

Strings are usually steel, nylon, or steel gut. The winner of an Israeli harp competition was a young boy from a poor family in Romania. He said that when he practiced as a child, he couldn't afford to put strings on his harp and had to use fishing line instead! Nowadays, we are really so happy, although they are made of nylon, but the tone is very different.

The harp, like other stringed instruments, needs to be tuned before each performance. The player must be present at least 47 minutes before either the opening or the preview, and each of the harp's 47 strings needs to be tuned! While tuning, the harpist also wears a pair of headphones that are connected to a tuning device that looks like a Walkman, which allows him to hear the pitches he wants, and it's his job to make the strings sound just right for those pitches.

Mandolin: Mandolin, plucked stringed instrument, a stringed instrument similar to and closely related to the lute. The body of the instrument is semi-pear-shaped, with a short neck, a neck with a pin, and a sickle-shaped head that curves backward. The sound hole is oval, 4 sets of double strings (two pairs of strings) are made of steel wire, and the set strings are the same as those of the violin, which are g, d1, a1, and e2. They are plucked with a plectrum. It is characterized by the need to play quickly and repeatedly, to vibrate the sound to keep the sound continuous, bright tone.

[edit]History of the instrument

The mandolin is a variant of the lute, originally evolved in the 18th century from the 16th-century mandola, a small harp. The best known variant of the mandolin was produced in Naples, where it was improved in the 19th century by the Italian mandolin maker P. Vinacci, who laid down the modern form, and composers of the 18th and 19th centuries sometimes wrote works for the mandolin. The mandolin is primarily a folk instrument in Italy (especially in the south) and in the United States, where it is often used in country music along with the guitar and banjo.

[edit]Instrument information

Family: stringed instruments

Range: two and a half octaves

Materials: rosewood, metal strings

Size: about 60 cm long, of which the prow is 33 cm

Origins: the mandolin evolved from a 15th-century musical instrument called the mandola. Mandola

The shape of the mandola is similar to the lute, with 4 to 5 sets of compound strings.

Classification: a stringed instrument where the sound is produced by the vibration of the strings.

Tips: Mozart used the mandolin in his opera "Don Giovanni" (1787), where it expresses a romantic serenade under the window of a young girl.

[edit]Types of instruments

1 Italian mandolin (Blowback mandolins, round-back traditional)

2 Flatback mandolins (Flatback mandolins, A Model)

3 Country music mandolin (F Model)

4 Electric mandolin (Electric Mandolin)

3 Country music mandolin (F Model)

4 Electric mandolin (Electric Mandolin)

3 Country music mandolin (F Model)

4 Electric mandolin (Electric Mandolin)

4 Electric mandolin (Electric Mandolin) (Electric Mandolin)

5 Double-neck mandolin (Double-neck Mandolin)

6 Other variants of the mandolin (Mandolin banjo...)

[edit]Mandolin music

In terms of timbre, the mandolin sound is somewhat more slender and appears more delicate. Vivaldi's Concerto for Two Mandolins is slightly better known than the Concerto for Lute, largely because of its second-movement broadside, which is often chosen for recordings in Baroque anthologies. Indeed, this melancholy and serene slow movement only shows its profound emotional appeal more when played between two dance-like fast movements.

Five-stringed organ, triangle, bagpipes, trio

Guitar, harp, banjo, Spanish guitar, oboe, bells, harp, pianoforte, organ, bass, banjo, Hawaiian guitar, koto, konghou

/taglist?tag=%B5%AF%B2%A6%CF%D2%C3%F9%C0%D6%C6%F7& tagfromview

The clapboard, zheng, hu Jia, bang flute, suona, wicker bamboos, pith, three strings, panhu, harp, xiao, bawu, pipe, flute, 椰胡, qinqin

There are a lot more, I won't give you an example of these, these are all from Baidu Encyclopedia, you type in the words, in the article at the end of the related words will be a lot of examples! You can go to see, for example: /view/361375.htm

.