What is lacquerware? Since what era in China has lacquerware been around? Why did lacquerware develop well in Japan? Is Chinese lacquerware still available?

Daily utensils, handicrafts, and works of art that are made by applying lacquer to the surface of various objects are generally called "lacquerware". Raw lacquer is the natural sap cut from the lacquer tree, mainly composed of lacquer phenol, laccase, gum and water. It can be used as paint with special functions such as moisture resistance, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., and it can be formulated with different colors of lacquer, which is brilliant. In China, the performance of lacquer has been recognized since the Neolithic Age and has been used in the production of tools. Throughout the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and up to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese lacquer craftsmanship continued to develop and reached a high level. Chinese artifacts such as choking and tracing gold have had a profound influence on Japan and other places. Lacquerware is an important invention of ancient China in terms of chemical process and arts and crafts.　Lacquer technology is the process of decorating objects with lacquer. Lacquer used in ancient China is a kind of sap secreted by the lacquer tree, which is dehydrated by sunlight, that is, lacquerware becomes cooked lacquer that can be used as paint. At the same time, tung oil, a kind of dry vegetable oil, was often added to the lacquer. Lacquerware is made from wood, bamboo, linen, etc., and then coated with lacquer, which can be used after drying. Lacquer can also be used to mix colors in order to decorate patterns and draw designs. Lacquer can not only protect the object, durable, but also make it beautiful. China has a long history of manufacturing lacquerware. In Han Fei Zi - Ten Over, Yu Shun used wood as food utensils and "flowed lacquer and ink on them". Lacquered vehicles, cases, plates, trousseaux and other artifacts from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States period have been unearthed. Xinjiang Shanshan Yanghai Tomb unearthed a lacquer disk from 475 BC to 221 BC. There is a round lacquerware cover of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed from the Gaotai Tomb in Lop Nor, which is more exquisite than the above-mentioned lacquerware plate. Turpan Astana tomb unearthed in the Tang dynasty lacquer box, wooden tires, black lacquer main process for carving, the main raw material for the lacquer, so it is called carved lacquer. Beijing, also known as red. Yangzhou name is "carved lacquer" "pure carving". Beijing carved lacquer metal tire and non-metal tire two kinds, the former is enamel, the latter for the lacquer. The lacquer is applied layer by layer, one layer is applied, another layer is applied after drying, and two layers are applied in one day. Coating less dozens of layers, more than three to five hundred layers, and then a knife instead of a pen, in accordance with the design of the drawing, carving out landscapes, flowers, figures and other relief patterns. The lacquer used to vermilion-based, yellow, green, black, etc. to do the background color, divided into pick red (pile Zhu), pick yellow, pick green, pick color, pick rhinoceros and other crafts category. The process of carving lacquer is very complicated, after making tire, burning blue, as the base, lacquer, carving, polishing and so on more than a dozen procedures, each process skills are very high requirements.　Beijing carving lacquer craft process is very complex, through the design, tire making, paint, tracing, carving, polishing and so on a dozen processes, each process skills are very high requirements. Among them, carving is the most important process. Carving of the knife, the past is mainly flat carving, now a large number of relief carving, hollow carving, three-dimensional round carving. Carved lacquer color scheme is also very elaborate, in the past only black, red, yellow, green 4 colors, now developed to white, apricot yellow, tea red, pink and so on more than 20 kinds of. Each kind of work also by the past single color development to the current multiple sets of colors. These products, all of which are moisture-proof, heat-resistant, acid- and alkali-resistant, non-deforming and non-deteriorating, are very popular.　Carved lacquer varieties include bottles, jars, boxes, plates, tea sets, cigarette sets, wine sets, hanging screens, wall screens, wall paintings, three-dimensional birds and beasts, small pieces of jewelry and so on. In recent years, Beijing carving lacquer and towards the "arts and crafts daily use" direction of development, one after another to create a number of both artistic value, but also practical value of the new products, such as table lamps, dinner plates, instrument boxes, electronic clock shells, carved lacquer desktop, carved lacquer embroidery pier, carved lacquer clothing box, carved lacquer cabinets and so on.　1, carved lacquer craft raw materials and auxiliary materials ① Lacquer: the main raw material for making carved lacquer lacquerware is lacquer, also known as raw lacquer, soil lacquer, natural lacquer, China Lacquer, is a light gray-white liquid sap from the lacquer tree cut down, lacquer tree wild, in China's growth area is extensive. After drying, raw lacquer has excellent natural characteristics such as heat resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, moisture resistance, wear resistance, etc.; after drying and confinement, it has great flavor and soft luster, and appears to be bright and smooth through the body. Processing on the basis of raw lacquer can get all kinds of lacquers needed for making lacquerware.　(1) Pure raw lacquer: It is obtained after the physical properties of raw lacquer are purified.　(2) Damping lacquer: A certain proportion of clean water is added to the clean lacquer to supplement the evaporated water of the raw lacquer in the process of harvesting, transportation and storage, so as to maintain the original chemical composition of the lacquer and stabilize the performance of the lacquer, and the damping lacquer can be used to modulate the lacquer grey and other color lacquers.　(3) Cover lacquer: It is made by adding the right proportion of cooked tung oil into the moisturized lacquer, which increases the softness of the lacquer and the carvability, and it is the basic ingredient for the preparation of various kinds of color lacquers. (4) Color Lacquer: It is a variety of color lacquers made by adding various chemical pigments to the lacquer and evenly mixing and pressing them. The former Beijing Carving Lacquer Factory can make nearly one hundred kinds of color lacquers of different shades. Traditionally, red, yellow, green and black lacquer are the main colors, on which carvings are known as picking red, picking yellow, picking green and picking black, and there are also picking rhinoceros and picking color carvings.　(5) Annealed lacquer: also known as push light lacquer, plain lacquer, translucent lacquer. In the carving of lacquer products in lesser quantities, mainly in the secondary parts of the decoration is not in relief, commonly known as "do lizi".　(6) gold foot paint: also known as gold glue, muddy gold paint, gold paint, varnish paint. With dry and clean raw lacquer plus the right proportion of cooked tung oil, mix well. Mainly used to paste gold, silver foil, gold and silver powder.　(7) Lacquer Jack: Also known as lacquer jack and lacquer glue. With the net raw lacquer and white flour in a certain proportion of modulation, mainly used to make off the tire device, paste cloth, or used as a bonding agent with.　② Tung Oil: In addition to the main raw material of lacquer, tung oil is also an indispensable raw material for the production of lacquer carving. Tung oil, from the fruit of the tung tree pressed out of the vegetable oil, color transparent yellowish, mainly used to decorate the wood carcass, the purpose is to prevent moisture from invading the wood interior, act as an isolator; raw tung oil is also used to formulate other lacquer, oil; in the carving of lacquer is mainly used for the formulation of masking lacquer.　③Pigments of various colors: The hue of carved lacquer lacquerware is a certain traditional custom. The traditional colors of carved lacquer are red, black, yellow and green, the most commonly used being red. However, the ratio of various pigments varies due to the different amount of colors used. Generally, it includes the following pigments: silver vermilion, natural vermilion sand, danhong, vivid alum, stone yellow, hansha yellow, titanium blue, indigo Chinese, titanium dioxide, stone green, stone green, lacquer green, titanium green, anthracite, and so on.　(4) Tire material: (1) Copper: Beijing carving lacquer uses copper to make inner tires. Due to the copper has calendering, plasticity, suitable for a variety of forms of production; copper hard in the soft, but also suitable for copper lacquer anastomosis needs, and easy to polish and wipe, so the copper has become the most important raw materials for the manufacture of carving lacquer inner tube. Carved lacquer products using copper, mostly bottles, jars, boxes, wash, stoves and smokers, etc., to the round body-shaped inner tube for the most part. At present, Beijing carving lacquer using copper, mainly domestic, to Luoyang area is better, there are some imported copper. (2) Wood: The history of using wood to make inner tires for carving lacquerware is very long and a lot, and it is also widely used nowadays. Wood is best aged old material, not prone to dry cracks and deformation, and different carving lacquer products of the wood tire on the wood requirements are different, but also because of the carving of lacquer products in the production process, dozens of times, hundreds of times to enter the wet hot cellar box, but also to enter the drying fire box for four to five times, so the selection of wood and picky is essential. Such as screens, furniture, etc., to use the best red pine, carving lacquer beads with poplar, willow, jujube wood is good, there are wood tires need to use hardwood, such as pear, elm, rosewood, mahogany, incense wood, etc..　(3) summer cloth: fabrics belonging to hemp, including hemp, linen, is also indispensable in the carving of lacquer tires in the main material. Summer cloth and raw lacquer, raw lacquer ash, overlord swim bladder, time and time again, layer by layer regular paste pressure on the carcass, to be summer cloth lacquer ash tire mold dry and solid, can be peeled off the internal carcass, so the inner hollow outside the solid body of the complete summer cloth carcass, was stripped out of the system - stripped tire. Almost all of the Fuzhou stripped lacquer wares use the stripping process to make the inner tires, and some of the Beijing carved lacquer wares use stripping, mainly for shaped three-dimensional shapes.　⑤All kinds of auxiliary materials: auxiliary materials are indispensable materials for roughing and finishing in the production of carved lacquer wares. Mainly soil ash, brick ash, flour, plaster, mastic, soapy water, solder, sulfuric acid, caustic soda, whetstone, sandpaper, charcoal, ash, hair, kerosene, alcohol, soil powder, polishing wax and so on.　2, carving lacquer craft tools and equipment China carving lacquer ware manufacturing, in ancient times is completely hand-operated, manual labor. In modern times, there are only a very few processes, the use of semi-mechanical and semi-handmade equipment. After the founding of new China, the production means of carved lacquer ware has been greatly improved. The main tools and equipment are: cutting machine, catch tire machine, circle line machine, hit the mouth of the machine, welding room, press, ball mill, burnt orchid furnace, mallet, platform, ruler, level, molds, rotary bed, all kinds of carpentry tools, woodcutting tools, off the tire frame, manhole box, silk head, lacquer brush, spatula, leather, iron plate, silk, manhole corrugated, tray, rotary cutter, file repair machine, rattan, scribing jigs, lacquer plate, bayonets, starter, slice knife, Bending knife, concave knife, hook knife, brocade pattern knife, a leaf knife, gorilla paper, baking box, grinding machine, polishing machine, presses and so on.　3, carving lacquer lacquerware manufacturing process Carving lacquer lacquerware craft manufacturing, is a fairly complex process, due to the manufacturing of handmade, carving complexity, skill specialization, artistic uniqueness, making carving lacquer works from the design to the finished product is made, it must be made by a number of craftsmen after a number of processes can be completed. Generally speaking, it takes at least half a year to make an ordinary lacquer carving product; it takes about one year to make a slightly higher-grade and finer lacquer carving work of art, and it takes more than two years to make a rare lacquer carving masterpiece. Nowadays, although the level of craftsmanship has been improved and the production time has been relatively shortened, it still cannot be completed in a short period of time. Carved lacquer production, from the design, embryo, for the ground, light lacquer, painting, printing, carving, baking, grinding live, back live, grinding copper mouth, for polishing, with wooden seat box, etc., roughly need to go through more than ten big process, each big process, and then go through dozens of small process. It can be said that the production of carved lacquer works is equivalent to a huge project period. To put it simply, there are mainly the following processes: (1) Design process The design is the soul of lacquerware production, and it occupies an important guiding position in the whole process of production. The whole design can be divided into three parts, namely, modeling design, pattern design and craft design: modeling design is related to the shape of the object, which is the first thing to be noticed when watching; pattern design is at the core of the whole design, which is the content of the watch; craft design is mainly in the selection of materials and means of production, which must be stipulated and controlled beforehand, so as to achieve the expected artistic purpose. Therefore, the design talent requires specialized knowledge of arts and crafts, mastering the various crafts of lacquer carving production, extensive art life, possession of ancient and modern arts and crafts of detailed information, but also as far as possible to make the design and production of unity.　(2) Tire-making process The production of the embryo of carved lacquer ware is called tire-making. Since lacquer is liquid and decorative material, lacquerware needs a base tire, which is not only the bearer of lacquer modeling, but also the entity reproducing the design conception, as well as the base for painting lacquer and implementing carving on the lacquer layer; because of the different materials used, the embryo can be divided into wood, metal, stripped, synthesized, and other embryo tires. The production of the embryo is very complex, will not be described in detail, which Beijing off the tire carving lacquer and quite famous Fujian off the tire lacquer, although roughly similar to the production process, but the artistic effect of a greater difference, the formation of their own characteristics, that is, the tire is a heavy cloth off the tire, more layers of cloth, lacquer gray thick, pay attention to the shape of the body, and pay more attention to the art of carving, the whole off the tire carving lacquer sturdy, simple and solemn, Fujian off the tire lacquer is light, thin and more Fujian lacquerware is light and thin, and is more inclined to color art. Lacquerware (3) for the ground process Carved lacquer, no matter what kind of tire bone, in the painting of lacquer before, must be on the surface of the tire for special processing, this process is commonly known as "lacquer ground". The tire bone is naturally finished in the process of making; the copper tire needs to go through the procedures of thorough cleaning, brushing lacquer ash, drying in the manhole, and then baking in the oven; the wooden tire is baked first, and then the whole wooden tire is closed with the paint finish, and every time the lacquer is painted, it enters into the manhole box for once, and then after the raw lacquer and the raw tung oil are dried, it will be modulated with lacquer ash, painted all over the body, and then pasted with the cloth, dried naturally, and then finally scraped and brushed with the lacquer ash on the surface of the cloth.　(4) Lacquer process, also known as lacquer painting, lacquer brushing, lacquer painting, lacquer wiping, etc., are all in the tire bone package coating and brushing and wiping all kinds of lacquer. According to the process, it can be roughly divided into pad light lacquer, rubbing lacquer, smooth lacquer, into the cellar, trimming, plastic repair file, pressure lacquer and other processes; if differentiated by the color of lacquer, in the process also need to increase the change of the ground lacquer, the spring color; as a lacquer for the plain lacquer, there are bright lacquer, deglossing lacquer, polishing and other processes. Specifically, light paint, the first three times called pad light paint, with a silk head dipped in paint cover rubbing hard on the tire, to rub even, solid, thin; Shun good pad light paint after the tire, to dry in the cellar; dry in the oven after drying, and then sanded, wiped, and then formally into the light paint stage; with the same pad light paint rubbing the same requirements for each layer of light paint can not be too thick, and must be dry for each layer and then painted, due to the thickness of the layer of paint varies, the length of time required also varies. The length of time required also varies, but generally 4-5 mm paint layer, you need to light paint 70-100 layers, consuming less than four or five months, more nearly a year; light paint to reach the thickness of the carcass needs to be trimmed to maintain the original shape of the carcass. The whole process of varnishing is very critical, and the working period is also longer and most laborious.　(5) Painting process This stage is to transfer the drawing to the lacquer tire, generally conventional approach there are three kinds of: one is in the surface of the lacquer tire coated with stone yellow powder, stone yellow powder, that is, through the surface of the paint layer of the slight adhesion of the lacquer attached to the lacquer tire, and after drying and other colors; another is to wait for the lacquer surface in the basis of the soft drying, and then further drying, and then use a fine sandpaper to grind off the smooth surface of the lacquer; The third kind of is to have been drawn on the paper drawing The third is to paste the drawn paper directly on the lacquer tires. When the pattern is completed on the lacquer tire, it is also necessary to spray a very thin layer of lacquer liquid on the surface of the tire, in order to protect the pattern has been printed in the whole process of carving to maintain a clear and intact. After the lacquer skin is dry, it can be transferred to the carving.　(6) Carving process Carving is the most vivid, the most wonderful, the most complicated and the most amazing craft stage in all the lacquer carving process, and it is also the most important mark that distinguishes the lacquer carving handicrafts from other handicrafts. According to the sequential order of carving, it can be divided into the process of stabbing, starting, slicing, shoveling, hooking, brocade pattern and armor leaves, dragon scales, room seats, chrysanthemum petals and so on.　The "stabbing" process involves the use of a bayonet to stab into the lacquer layer until it is close to the matting of the lacquer layer. "Up" is also known as pick, the ancient carved lacquer called pick red, pick black, pick color, etc., is the carving of the unwanted parts of the elimination, leaving only the patterns and patterns of useful parts of the need. Beijing carving lacquer craft up, pick refers to the parts stabbed by the bayonet. After stabbing and picking, the lacquer tires have simple high and low lacquer surfaces, and then the "slice" is carved.　"Piece" is the use of a knife on the lacquer layer above the brocade pattern, according to the pattern requirements for carving, which is the essence of carving, in the carving of the center of the technical position, the requirements of the art of relief carving of the inner relationship, level, high and low, deep and shallow, near and far, perspective, etc., to master the skillful knife knife method. Especially the carving of colored lacquer, especially pay attention to the depth of different colors of lacquer level. Now Beijing carving lacquer in carving figures, not only follow the traditional knife, but also the use of modern sculpture techniques, focusing on human anatomy and form, appear more real, vivid, rich in the sense of the times, creating a new mood. "Shovel", for some of the scenery, objects in addition to the layers with a blade, sometimes it is difficult to slice out the desired effect, then use a shovel knife with a standing ear to carve. "Hook live", is in the above procedures are completed, the use of hook knife in the need for parts of the carving out lines, veins, and that is in the lacquer directly after the carving of patterns, and then apply filler gold, filler powder. When the lacquer layer of the raised part or pattern part of the basic carving is completed, that is, the so-called "锦上添花 "in the "花 "完成，就可以对 "锦"(即漆胎底地部位的各种锦纹)的环境进行深加工、细加工。 "Brocade", although brocade carving tool is not complex, but because of the brocade pattern work fine, regular, a variety of types, size changes, so on the basis of the "cross to the knife culling method", the method of transporting and applying the knife is ever-changing, so that can be carved out of a variety of heavenly brocade, ground brocade, water brocade, as well as leaves, dragon scales, houses, chrysanthemum petals, and other complex and varied decorations. Such a detailed, complex carving, usually takes half a year or even more than a year, in this regard, the art of lacquer carving can be described as a fine art of time.　(7) Sharpening, Polishing and Lining Process When the carving is finished, to achieve the luster of the lacquer, it must be baked, sharpened, polished, lined, wiped, varnished and a series of other processes to bring out the beauty of the lacquer itself.　(8) Supporting technology When the carved lacquer finished product is completed, it needs to be matched with the corresponding seat, frame, box and other supporting art, so as to become a complete, noble art treasures. Lacquer techniques and types of gold strokes: on the surface of lacquer ware, the decorative method of depicting patterns in gold color. Stroke of gold on the black lacquer is the most common, followed by vermilion or purple ground. It is also called "gold and silver lacquer decoration".　Lacquer: "Zunsheng eight paper": "Xuande lacquer-filled vessels, colorful thick lacquer piled up into flowers and colors, smoothed as a painting ------" "Imperial Beijing and other things," lacquer carved into flowers and birds, color filled with thick lacquer, smoothed as a painting ------ "This pile of carving and then filled with color to show the pattern of the lacquer painting technique called "Fill Lacquer".　Tin: also known as "screw fill", "screw Dian", is made of thin slices of shell figures, birds, animals, flowers and plants embedded in the carving or lacquer lacquer objects on the decorative techniques. After the flat lacquer, and decorated with color, there are lacquer, color lacquer, bleaching Xia makeup color, flower color, color and other methods, decorated with gold, there are sand gold, gold, gold, sprinkle gold, gold, mud gold, gold, etc., according to the name of its own can be assumed that the method is different. In short, among the lacquer ware, to carve lacquer for the most noble, but also to carve lacquer for the most artistic interest, so all generations are efforts to produce. Song people carve red lacquer, if the palace box, more gold and silver for the tire, thick pile to dozens of layers of vermilion lacquer, began to carve figures, buildings, flowers and plants and other drawings, knife work, carving skill, just like a painting.　There are tin tire, there is □ ground, there are saffron yellow ground, there are five colors, the depth of the carving method with makeup color, such as red flowers and green leaves, yellow heart black stone and so on, eye-catching, but very few heirlooms, it is not easy to see. Also useful for the ground with Zhu, engraved with ten brocade flowers and plants, with black for the surface, engraved with a variety of flowers and plants, brocade ground pressure flowers, red and black lovely, but mostly for the box type, plate box, second. Boxes are steamed cake type, Heshi type, curtain section type, three hit type, two hit type, plum blossom type, goose egg type, large is a few feet, small is a few, both sides are patterned. Plate is round, square, waist-like, four-cornered, eight-cornered, a tapestry ring-like, four-cornered peony petals. Box is rectangular, four-way, two hit, three hit four-style.　The origin of this process is very early, the Zhou Dynasty has been popular. From the extant Tang Dynasty in kind seems to be, then there has been a very high level. Cao Zhao "Gegu to be": "studded vessels, out of Jiangxi Ji'an Province Luling County. Song dynasty in the government and the old doers, but firm paint or have embedded copper wire is very good. Yuan Dynasty when the rich and powerful do not limit the years and months, make paint firm and lovely characters." There are Zhang Cheng, Yang Mao two families, skill is good at a time, but not thick with Zhu, lacquer more cracked. Point snail: point snail lacquerware is China's traditional crafts. 1966 Beijing Yuan dynasty site unearthed a lacquer plate fragments with snail inlaid Guanghan Palace. The Ming Dynasty is the point of conch lacquerware of the peak period, the level of craftsmanship has reached a fairly exquisite degree. With shells, glow-in-the-dark snails and other raw materials, refined into a thin, cicada-like conch, and then thin conch "point" in the lacquer blanks, so the name "point conch". Because of the point of conch material than the general stud inlay for thin, and soft, so also known as "thin stud" and "soft stud". Now Yangzhou and other places, there are still some screw lacquer production.　Gold and silver flat off: will be carved into a variety of thin pieces of gold and silver figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns, with glue in the polished smooth lacquer tires, to be dry, the full range of two or three layers of lacquer and then by grinding to show the gold and silver pattern, so that the pattern and the bottom of the lacquer to achieve the same degree of flatness, and then push the light becomes a beautiful lacquerware flat off. Gold and silver pattern surface wider places can also be carved fine lines, but can not be carved through the gold and silver pieces. This decorative method, fine labor, expensive materials, but the luster of gold, silver and lacquer colors reflect each other extremely gorgeous, is very expensive lacquer. Youyang miscellaneous chopping block", "An Lushan deeds", "too true outreach", "Tang Yulin", etc., there are about Tang Xuanzong, Yang Guifei gave An Lushan a variety of flat off the lacquer name records.　Lacquer: A painting technique that uses lacquer colors different from those of the ground lacquer to create patterns without the use of lacquer dust. The existing lacquer can be made of adhesive material, gold and color, which has a broader meaning. Carved lacquer: the technique of carving patterns on the flat lacquer tires piled up. Carved lacquer in China began in the Tang Dynasty, the history of the Yuan Dynasty Jiaxing Xitang is the most famous, the modern main production areas are Beijing, Yangzhou, Tianshui, Huizhou and so on. Most of the carved lacquer is made of distinctive vermilion lacquer, so it is also known as "picking red". Carved lacquer is often wood ash, metal as a tire, with the lacquer pile, less than eighty to ninety layers, as many as one or two hundred layers, is to be half-dry when traced on the drawing, imposed on the carving of a painting technique. Generally brocade pattern for the ground, pattern hidden up, exquisite and gorgeous and rich sense of solemnity.　Spotted Lacquer: Spotted Lacquer is a technique of lacquer decoration in the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Jin Dynasty, which was used in ancient times as a decoration for vehicles. This method is based on the Department of two or more colors of lacquer, interlaced with each other, showing a variety of patterns, such as plants and animals above the spots and the name. Painting and decorating record Kunjie Fuxinhua": "fine spots on the ground of all decorations". Yang Ming note: "the list of ornaments, all appropriate fine spots, and its spots black, green, red, yellow, purple, brown, and the quality of the color is also the same, is the six-color each other, there are two-color, three-color mishmash of the quality of the spot with the same color, to the depth of the points". This seems to be similar to the spot lacquer. In addition, with a single-color lacquer to show the different shades of spots, also called spot lacquer.　Lacquer: "Zunsheng eight paper": "Xuande lacquer-filled vessels, colorful thick lacquer piled up into flowers and colors, smoothed as a painting ------" "Imperial Capital and other things," lacquer carved into flowers and birds, color filled with thick lacquer, smoothed as a painting ------ "This pile of carving and then filled with color to show the pattern of the lacquer painting technique is called" lacquer ".　Flat Lacquer: Lacquer lacquer, without other procedures, called flat lacquer, the first lacquer, only this one method, easy and simple, well-made, but also very lovely. Therefore, this method is mostly used nowadays.　Impact gold: When the lacquer is applied to the ware, after it dries and solidifies, then the pattern is engraved with a needle, and then gold chips are scattered in the cracks to make it flat, which is called impinging gold. If silver chips are scattered, it is called bumping silver. It is said that bumping the ancient creation of the word, commonly read clanking sound, is the method of decorating gold on the object. According to "Dan Lead General Records", Tang "six canon" fourteen kinds of gold, there is a method of creating gold, Wu Weiye has "Xuanzong Imperial bump gold cricket pots song", the Ming Dynasty to create gold is extremely successful, so many famous ware.　Pile of red: lacquer surface piled into a variety of patterns, covered with vermilion lacquer, known as pile of red. Gegu Essentials" said, fake pick red with gray dough up, outside the lacquer on the vermilion lacquer, known as heap red, also known as cover red. Ancient Chinese lacquer source and flow of modern Chinese archaeological excavations have proved that China is the world's earliest discovery and use of natural lacquer countries. Seven thousand years ago in Zhejiang Yuyao Hemudu primitive culture site has been unearthed in the wooden tire painted lacquer (natural lacquer) bowls. During the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties, the use of natural lacquer gradually evolved to the use of colored lacquer. People continue to familiarize themselves with and understand the properties of lacquer, transforming and making use of the unique properties of lacquer, such as durability, non-fading, no fear of moisture, bright and beautiful, in order to serve for the beautification of their own lives. After a long time of practice, people have accumulated more and more experience in the selection and production of lacquer, the mixing and use of color lacquer, and the combination of lacquer decorations, etc., and have developed lacquer production into a specialized craft, which has reached a very high level, and has formed the lacquer craft unique to China. Our ancestors have left countless exquisite lacquer crafts for mankind.　There were special royal lacquer gardens in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and private lacquer gardens appeared in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and the tax was 1/4, which was higher than the tax ratio of all other production items, which could show the red-hotness of lacquer production at that time. The famous Taoist philosopher Zhuang Zi was a lacquer garden official in Song, and the Qin law had the provision of special management of lacquer garden, which all showed the important position of lacquer production in the upper class life. In the case of the great amount of bronze, lacquer is not only a kind of mediation and supplement, and have the role of copper irreplaceable. Bronze just cast when the golden light, but the weight of large pieces of heavy bronze, inconvenient to carry, while the lacquer is lightweight, noble and elegant. From the book "Zhouli" can be seen in the use of lacquer at that time is quite extensive. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties not only used color lacquer and carving to decorate objects, but also used turquoise, conch shells, clam bubbles and other inlaid patterns, making the world of lacquer more extensive.　Daily utensils, crafts, and works of art made by applying lacquer to the surface of various objects are generally called "lacquerware". Raw lacquer is the natural sap cut from the lacquer tree and consists mainly of lacquer phenol, laccase, gum and water. It can be used as paint with special functions such as moisture resistance, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, etc., and it can be formulated with different colors of lacquer, which is brilliant. In China, the performance of lacquer has been recognized since the Neolithic Age and has been used in the production of tools. Throughout the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and up to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese lacquer craftsmanship continued to develop and reached a high level. Chinese artifacts such as choking and tracing gold have had a profound influence on Japan and other places. Lacquerware is an important ancient Chinese invention in chemical process and arts and crafts.　Lacquerware of the Neolithic period: A wooden bowl unearthed from the third cultural layer of the Hemudu culture in Yuyaohe, Zhejiang, is beautifully shaped and has vermilion paint inside and outside, with a bright color; its physical properties are the same as those of lacquer. Brown painted pottery was found in the Neolithic site of Meiyan in Wujiang, Jiangsu Province, and the brown substance was initially tested as lacquer. In Liaoning Aohanqi Dadianzi ancient tomb unearthed goblet-shaped thin tire Zhu lacquerware, about 3400 - 3600 years ago.　Lacquerware of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties: In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, at the site of Huangpi Panlongcheng, marks of a wooden coffin board with one side carved and one side painted with vermilion were found, and in the lacquerware fragments unearthed at the site of Taisi in Hebei Yuncheng, some were carved and painted with color plus turquoise inlays. In Anyang Houjiazhuang Shang dynasty royal tombs found in the lacquer painted carved wood, there are mussel shells, mussel bubbles, jade and other inlays. Visible lacquer craft of the Shang Dynasty has reached a fairly high level.　Lacquerware during the Warring States period: the history of the Warring States lacquer is a period of significant development, the variety and number of objects increased greatly, in the practice of tire bone, modeling and decorative techniques are innovative. Unearthed Warring States lacquer ware in a wide range of areas, Xinyang Changtai Guan Chu tomb unearthed painted gods and monsters, dragons and snakes and hunting music and dance of the small Arthur, Suizhou ZengHouYi tomb unearthed mandarin ducks box, JiangLing Chu tomb unearthed by the snake mussels, birds and animals from the knot of the collection of painted carved through the small screen, can be regarded as a representative work of this period.　Han, Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties period of lacquer: West Han lacquer craft basically inherited the style of the Warring States, but there are new developments, the production scale is larger, the origin of a wider distribution. The emergence of large objects, such as the diameter of more than 70 centimeters of the plate, the height of nearly 60 centimeters of the bell. At the same time, it was possible to skillfully assemble a number of small pieces into a single vessel, such as a box containing six smooth-folded and one backward-folded ear cups, a lacquer trousseau with a single or double layer of thin tires, and small boxes of different sizes and shapes containing five, seven, or more pieces. Emerging techniques include the use of gold, which is filled in by needlework, and the use of thick material to pile up lacquer to form a pattern. In particular, the top of the vessel inlaid metal flowers and leaves, with agate or glaze beads for the knob, the mouth of the vessel body inlaid gold, silver buckle and hoop, between the gold or silver foil embedded paste openwork figures, gods and monsters, birds and beasts, and painted clouds, mountains and rocks as a backdrop, it is unprecedented. Western Han lacquerware inscriptions, detailing officials and craftsmen. East Han, Wei Jin, North and South Dynasties during the excavation of lacquer ware, compared to the previous generation appears to be very rare, which has a certain relationship with the change in burial customs.　Lacquerware in the Tang dynasty: Tang dynasty lacquerware reached an unprecedented level, with thick lacquer pile molding raised pattern of the pile of lacquer; with shells cut into objects, on the application of line carving, inlaid in the lacquer surface into the thread of the conch shells; with gold and silver floral inlaid with gold and silver flat off the device. Craft beyond the previous generation, burin chiseling, exquisite, combined with the lacquer process, a craft on behalf of the Tang Dynasty style, clip bloom statue is the inheritance and development of the techniques since the North and South Dynasties. Red lacquer has also appeared in the Tang Dynasty.　Lacquerware in the Song and Yuan dynasties: the two Song dynasties had been considered to be the era of one-color lacquerware, but excavations have unearthed many highly decorated lacquerware of the two Song dynasties, correcting the past understanding. In the sutra block of real pearl relics found in the pagoda of Ruiguang Temple in Suzhou, the mythical animal on the base, the precious flower, and the supporters were remodeled with thick lacquer. In the Yuan dynasty lacquer ware in the highest achievement is carved lacquer, which is characterized by piles of lacquer fat and thick, with a hidden blade of the knife carved out of the rich and rounded pattern. The appearance of simple and mellow, and the details are very delicate, in the texture has a special charm, such as the Palace Museum collection of Zhang Chengzuo mast pattern red plate, Yang Mao early view waterfalls figure square red plate, Anhui Provincial Museum collection of Zhang Chengzuo between the Zhu line pick rhinoceros box, and so on.　Ming and qing dynasty lacquer: Ming and qing dynasty lacquer ware is divided into 14 categories, there is a color lacquer, cover lacquer, lacquer, depicting lacquer, depicting gold, pile of lacquer, lacquer, fill in, fill in, inlay, rhinoceros skin, pick red, pick rhinoceros, color, choking gold, Baibao inlay and so on.　A color lacquer is not add any decoration of lacquer ware, palace utensils commonly used in this way, cover the lacquer is in a color lacquer or lacquer ware with decorations on the cover of a layer of transparent lacquer. The thrones and screens in the Ming and Qing palaces were painted with gold. Lacquer depiction includes lacquer coloring and lacquer ware depicted with oil coloring. The most common type of lacquer is black lacquer with gold, such as the Wanli dragon pattern medicine cabinet in the Beijing Palace Museum. Stacked lacquer is represented by the black lacquer large cabinet with cloud and dragon pattern in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. Lacquer filling is a method of decorating lacquerware by filling in trapped color lacquer and smoothing it after drying. Carved and filled is widely used since the Ming Dynasty, referring to the use of colorful patterns to decorate the lacquer surface, the patterns are also added on top of the choking gold, is a kind of gorgeous lacquerware. It is one of the more numerous lacquer wares of the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as the Jiajing dragon pattern square box hidden in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The thick and thin studded ware of the Ming and Qing dynasties coexisted. Brooding studs to the 17th century there was further development, inlaid more fine as a picture, but also the use of gold, silver pieces, such as the Palace Museum collection of baby play figure of black lacquer box, black lacquer book armor and fish and dragon seawater rectangular box and so on. Rhinoceros skin is in the lacquer surface to make the uneven ground, the top layer by layer brush without using color lacquer, and finally smoothed to form a circle of color lacquer level. Tick red is the largest number of lacquer ware in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the practice is to use multiple layers of vermilion lacquer on the tire bone to accumulate to the required thickness, and then apply carving. The beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, fat and rounded style, after Xuande, pile of lacquer gradually thin, pattern gradually vegetables, to Jiajing when the grinding work is less and angular see, to the Wanli moments of meticulous and restrained labor. After entering the Qing Dynasty, increasingly delicate and cumbersome. Pick rhinoceros is commonly known as "cloud carving", is in the tire bone with two or three kinds of color regular layer by layer accumulation, and then pick carving geometric pattern. Paragraph color is in the lacquer surface carving flowers to reduce the ground, and then coloring, used to decorate the large and flat lacquer, common objects are screens and cabinets. Palace utensils with choking gold, Ming Lu Wang tomb found in the cover of the top of the cloud dragon pattern square box is a standard example of early Ming choking gold. Baibao inlay is made of various precious materials such as coral, agate, amber, jade and other inlays, inlaid with colorful raised floral patterns, began to popularize the Ming Dynasty, reached its peak in the early Qing Dynasty. Lacquer Book", Ming Huang Cheng "Painting Record", "Painting Record Explanation", Wang Shixiang "Lacquer Book", Zhu Qixian "Lacquer Worker's Materials", Shen Fowen "Lacquer Craft Technique Gathering Essentials", Shen Fowen "Beijing Carved Lacquer", Li Yizhi "Brief History of Chinese Carved Lacquer", Li Yizhi "Beijing Treasure - Carved Lacquer", Li Yizhi "History of Yangzhou Lacquer", Zhang Yan "Painting Record Graphic", Zhang Yan

Painting Record Graphic". Zhang Yan