What paper existed in ancient times

Archaeological discoveries have shown that relatively sophisticated paper appeared in China in the early Western Han Dynasty,[6] such as the Fangmatan paper of the early Western Han Dynasty, the Baqiao paper, Hangquan paper, Mahewan paper, and Jiuyan paper of the mid-Western Han Dynasty, and the Drytanpo paper of the late Western Han Dynasty. The ink fonts on some of the papers indicate that they were already used for writing documents. [7] After the invention of paper, gradually changed the "Jane heavy and silk expensive" status quo, [8] in the promotion of human civilization at the same time, so that the Chinese calligraphy to find the best carrier and expression, and contribute to its becoming an important oriental art.

The historical expansion of paper for calligraphy and painting

The Han Dynasty Cai Lun comprehensive development and innovation of papermaking began to be used for deeds, this period is basically both silk and paper. The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (around 185 AD), the calligrapher Zuo Bo developed the "Cai Hou paper" and created what is known as the "study of the wonderful light" of the "Zuo Bo paper", and more for the calligraphers to adopt, so that the Calligraphers use paper to write and express their feelings and meanings to obtain new advances. In this regard, Zhang Huaiguan of the Tang Dynasty commented: "Zuo Bo's character Zi Yi, a native of Donglai, Shandong Province, was an agent of eight points. Specialized in the end of Han Dynasty, and very able to make paper." [9]

To the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties period, the use of paper began to be more consciously, the amount of paper gradually exceeded the silk Jane. [10] Due to the age of the long, Wei Jin period of paper is mostly unavailable. By the Jin Dynasty (4th century AD), paper had become the main writing material for calligraphers, and there was a large increase in the number of paper writing books. Calligraphy great Zhong Cao, Wang Xizhi and so on mostly use paper to write at will. Liu Yiqing wrote "Shishu Xinyin" said: "Wang Xizhi book Lanting Preface with cocoon paper, paper like leather and repair also", a clear description of Wang Xizhi writing "Lanting Preface" with cocoon paper, [11] so as to be able to freely write the spirit of the spirit of the high and mighty and to obtain the elegant and elegant fine arts. Silkworm cocoon paper is characterized by writing ink through the back of the paper, smooth and sharp. Now it is difficult to see the Jin Dynasty cocoon paper, can be seen in the Song Dynasty cocoon paper, paper color light yellow similar to the appearance of cocoon silk, chinkapin processing and not made of cocoons, the paper is very thin and smooth front, the fibers interwoven uniformity, resistance to insect life long, it is the best of the paper. Tang dynasty han yue "stone drum song" said: "xizhi common book while posture charming, several paper can still bo white goose". Explained in the era of wang xizhi, calligraphers use paper to write calligraphy has been more common. Tang - Cai Xizang said, "Tao Yinju cloud: 'right army this number of posts, all the pen power fresh and charming, paper and ink fine new, can not be reproduced'." [12] this era of painters, still use silk for painting, the choice of paper for painting is a little later in the era. [13] jin north and south dynasty paper mostly made of hemp, such as the jin dynasty lu ji "ping fu post" for hemp paper book. Mi Fu, "History of the Book" test ancient famous calligraphers wrote posters with paper, the Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties to hemp paper sticky paper-based, written by a large number of scriptures basically paper, paper on the dissemination of culture and popularization of the role of a huge. (Illustrations: Eastern Jin Lu Ji "Pingfu post", hemp paper; Jin Dynasty, "Dharma Flower Sutra" scrolls, written on hemp paper; "Ruler's collection of the first points" (Xiliang Jianchu 12 years, 416 years, written on hemp paper).

The Tang and Fifth Dynasties further expanded the varieties of paper used for calligraphy, such as hemp, bark of various trees, mulberry bark, rattan bark and a small amount of other skins. Han Hwang's "Five Cow Picture" scrolls of the Tang Dynasty and Du Mu's "Poem of Zhang Shoujou" scrolls of the Tang Dynasty were all made of paper with hemp, which was smooth and of excellent quality. At that time, there were many kinds of paper, such as hemp paper, gram-paper (or incense paper), gou-vine paper, mulberry-root paper, net paper, by-fist vine paper, cocoon paper, dense incense paper, etc., all of which were favored by the calligraphers. Chengxintang paper represents the high level of calligraphy and painting paper in the Tang and Five Dynasties, and is the famous paper used by Li Houzhu of the Southern Tang Dynasty, which is famous for its smoothness and tightness with Tinggui ink, and weak ink absorption, and has the name of "slippery as spring ice and dense as a seal". Ma Zonghuo "Shulin Zaojian" contains: "the Tang Dynasty, the flourishing of the calligraphers, not less than the Jin Dynasty. The study of calligraphy has been practiced exclusively since the Tang Dynasty. Mi Fu's "History of the Book" recorded the identification of the authenticity of Chengxintang paper method: "the ancient Chengxintang water washing soaked overnight, tomorrow spread on the bed, the pulp hardness has been removed, the paper back to the nature of the Yuan. Tang Dynasty, there is a thicker paper called "hard yellow paper". Tang "Pro Wang Xizhi fast time rain post" is the use of hard yellow paper. Tang people write most of the scripture is with yellow cypress water dyed yellow paper. ZhaoXiGe "hole sky clear record set" "hard yellow paper Tang people used to book scripture, dyed with yellow base, take its open to its flow plus pulp, zeLao and slippery, so good book, more to take for the word". Tang Yin of the Ming dynasty, "six such as Jushi painting spectrum" said: Wang Sishun cloud: "Tang has hard yellow paper, Tang people to yellow pi dyeing, take it to avoid moth-eaten, the quality of its pulp, glossy Ying slippery ". [14] (Illustrations: Tang official documents, hard yellow paper; Tang Han Hwang's "Five Cattle Picture," mulberry paper; Tang Du Mu's "Poem of Zhang Shaoxing," hemp paper; Tang Feng Chengsu's "Lanting Sequence," facsimile during the Shenlong period, pi)

Calendared and powdered paper were already available during the Song and Yuan dynasties. Northern Song Li Jianzhong "the same year post", the paper has a medium curtain pattern, there is a calendared paper at the back of this frame, this is the earliest calendared paper we have seen; Northern Song Xue Shaopeng "Yuanzhang call for rice post" the paper used is the earliest powdered paper. Yuan dynasty paper and the song dynasty is not very different, papermaking method has become mature, all the paper is available. (Examples: Song Zhao Ji "summer poem", leather paper; Song Su Dongpo "people come to get the book post", the structure of leather paper; Song Mi Fu "camphor creek poems" volume, kozo paper; Song Li Jianzhong "the same year post", watermark paper; Song "large square Buddha Huayan Sutra", the Tibetan scripture paper; Song Yang Wugui "four plums" (partial) mulberry paper; Song "Selected Writings", leather paper printing; Yuan Zhu Derun "Xiuye Xuan" (partial) leather paper)

Ming Cheng Yuan "Yuan", the first paper used in the Yuan dynasty, was the first paper used in the Yuan Dynasty. p>

Ming inherited Yuan dynasty paper-making technology. Early Ming Xuande emperor Zhu Zhanji's calligraphy and painting, the paper used is known as Xuande paper, this paper is smooth and white, fine and durable. Early Ming Dynasty, there are large pieces of gold sprinkled paper, small gold pieces and gold star paper developed in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the late Ming Dynasty, the early Qing Dynasty and the development of mud gold paper. Ming dynasty goryeo mirror paper used in large quantities, wen zhengming's "line of poetry" volume of this texture for goryeo mirror paper, the late ming dynasty dong qichang like to use this kind of paper, the paper is smooth and fine, for the book of painting, easy to use. (Illustrations: Ming Wanli between the sheep brain signed paper; Ming Wanli between the magnetic green paper)

To the Qing Dynasty, the paper categories of the flourishing, can be described as a great sight: "Where to lift the side of the paper, He No. paper, pine paper, phoenix-tailed paper, incense paper, jade paper, Cai Lun paper, Chenghsintang paper, peach blossom paper, fish egg paper, blue paper, the left inflammation of the right knife rattan paper, linen paper, Teng Biao paper, gold flower paper, Wusi paper, white vine paper, white hemp paper, jute paper, Hong'er paper, Baiyun paper, green and white paper, Jinfeng paper, fish muscle sign paper, goose head sign paper, Poyang white paper, daughter of the blue paper, hard yellow paper, red sign paper, loose skin paper, huangpi paper, Xiaguang paper, cloth head sign paper, Zuohuironghua sign paper, small sign paper, Maikuang paper and other thirty-six kinds of paper". [15] (Illustrations: Qing Emperor Kangxi's imperial brush, leather paper; Qing Emperor Qianlong's imperial brush, imitation gold Sushanzang sutra paper; Qing Buddha's Sutra of Immeasurable Longevity, written in clay and gold on porcelain and green paper; Qing Lawrence Liu's Myriad Inks in the Jiu'an Room, on ribbed paper; Qing Wu Jeanzhi's Ink and Bamboo Drawing, waxed sticker; Qing Wu Fengzao's seven-character couplets in running script on yellow waxed sticker paper; Qing Sun Xingyan's seven-character couplets in seal script on sprinkled-golded Xuanpai paper; Qing Tseng Kuo-fan's running script on sprinkled-golded waxed sticker paper; Qing Feng Gui-fen's (Calligraphy, Kaihua paper; Qing Guo Shangxian's album, gilt-painted rice paper; Qing Weng Fanggang's calligraphy, plum blossom jade paper; Qing Liu Tongxun's calligraphy, imitating Chengxintang's paper; Qing Xu Zhen's fan of birds and flowers, ribbed and gilt-painted rice paper; Qing Zheng Xiaoxu's letter, on autumnal chrysanthemum paper; Cai Yuanpei's seven-character couplet in cursive script on rice paper; Republic of China Wang Renjun's letter, on tiger-skin rice paper; Republic of China Wu Hufan's couplets in cursive script on jade-painted rice paper; and modern Xu Beihong's couplets, on ribbed paper).

Three simple conclusion: the significance of the interaction between calligraphy and paper

With the evolution of the history of written calligraphy and paper, paper is used in calligraphy in large quantities and is constantly being invented to create new forms and new textures. Make the calligraphers heart and hand double smooth, expressive and expressive, to create a long history of China's calligraphy masterpieces. In addition, the East and West of the increase in exchanges and unimpeded, the manufacture of paper not only in China to reach its heyday and unprecedented popularity, but also spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan, Central Asia, Arabia, Cairo, etc., Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and the development of European civilization of the use of paper played an important role, especially for the interaction between the art of Eastern Calligraphy and paper and the worldwide dissemination of the same has made a remarkable great achievements.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty Lu Ji's "Pingfu Post" on hemp paper

Jin Dynasty The Dharma Flower Sutra Scrolls on Hemp Paper

The Ruler's Collection of the First Divisions of the Laws on Hemp Paper (Xiliang jianchu xii, 416)

The Tang Dynasty Official Documents on Hard Yellow Paper?

Tang Dynasty Han Hwang's "Five Cattle Picture" on mulberry paper

Tang Du Mu's "Poem of Zhang Shaoxiao" Volume on Sesame Paper

Tang Du Mu's "Poem of Zhang Shaoxiao" Volume on Sesame Paper

Tang Feng Chengsu's "The Lanting Sequence" copied during the Shenlong Period on Sesame Paper

Northern Song Mi Fu's "Poem of Camphor River" Volume on Mizoglossumi Paper

Northern Song Shu Dongpo's "People's Lai De Scripture Poster" on Sesame Paper

Song Cai Xiang Chengxintang Post Running Script

Beijing Song Zhao Zhao Ji Summer Poem on Leather Paper

Beijing Song Li Jianzhong Tongnian Post on Watermarked Paper

Song Dafang Guangfo Huayan Sutra on Tibetan Paper

Song Dynasty The Selected Literature by Five Ministers Printed on Leather Paper

South Song Yang Wugu's Four Plums on Mulberry Leather Paper (Partial)

Yuan Zhu Derun's Xiuye Xuan Picture (Partial) on Leather Paper

Yuan Zhu Derun's Xiuye Xuan Picture ( Partial) leather paper

Ming Wanli Yangbiao paper black as lacquer and bright as a mirror Scripture writing

Ming Wanli magnetic paper

Kangxi Emperor's imperial brush leather paper

Qing dynasty Qianlong porcelain green paper clay and gold writing of the Buddha said infinite life scripture

Qianlong Emperor's imperial brush imitation of the Jinsu Mountain Tibetan scripture paper

Qing dynasty Qianlong Liu Yong Jiu'an room wonderful ink on the rosette paper

Qing dynasty Weng Fangzang Calligraphy Plum Blossom Jade Plate Paper

Chinese Prince Cheng Calligraphy Yellow Waxed Paper

Chinese Qianjia Period Ink and Bamboo Drawing by Wu Ranzhi Waxed Paper

Chinese Jiaqing Wu Fenghao Seven-character Couplet in Running Script on Yellow Waxed Paper

Chinese Jiaqing Sun Xingyan Seven-character Couplet in Seal Script on Dusted Xuan Paper

Chinese Daoguang Feng Guifen Calligraphy Opened Paper

Qing Daoguang Guo Shangxian Album Page on Dusted Xuan Paper

Ching dynasty Zeng Guofan's calligraphy, sprinkled gold on waxed paper

Ching dynasty Liu Tongxun's calligraphy, imitating Chengxintang paper

Late Qing dynasty Xu Zhen's bird and flower fan, ribbed and sprinkled gold on Xuan paper

Ching dynasty Zheng Xiao Xu's letter, Autumn Chrysanthemum on paper

Republic of China Cai Yuan Pei's seven-character couplet, on Xuan paper

Republic of China Wang Renjun's letter, on tiger skin on Xuan paper

Republic of China Xu Beihong's couplet, ribbed on paper

Republic of China Xu Beihong's couplets, on Xuan paper

Republic of China Wu Hufan's Couplet on Jade Xuan paper

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