What are the cultural beliefs of the Han nationality?

Han Culture and Belief Imperial Examination is a system of selecting talents and allocating official positions through examinations in China feudal society. This system experienced 1300 years from the Sui Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified China, some reforms were carried out to strengthen the power of the central government. Among them, in the selection of officials, the imperial examination replaced the nine-product system monopolized by clans. In the second year of Yang Di Daye (AD 606), Jinshi and Mingjing were opened. Some outstanding talents are recommended by the prefectures and counties through the examination, and come to Beijing to take the imperial examination, and are admitted according to the examination results. Those who are admitted can serve as government officials at all levels. After the Sui Dynasty, this kind of examination system was used in all previous dynasties. However, the subjects, examination contents and examination methods vary from time to time and become more and more complicated. The imperial examination system in Ming and Qing dynasties is basically the same, and both of them are based on eight-part essays. Let me briefly talk about the imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the four-level examination system was implemented, namely, the college examination, the township examination, the general examination and the palace examination. There is a quiz before the college entrance examination. Candidates who pass the county government examination are called "Tong Sheng". Then take the exam in the local academy where the province and the government are located, and pass the college exam, which is called "student", commonly known as "scholar" or "xianggong". This scholar is qualified to take the provincial examination. Once every three years, after having obtained a township exam, the emperor sent an examiner to preside over it. After obtaining the provincial examinations, they are all held in autumn. This year is called "The Year of Grand Meeting", and in the provincial examination, it is called "Juren", and the first place is "Xie Yuan". In the second year after obtaining the rural examination, the examination was held in Beijing, and only Juren was eligible to participate. The exam will be held in spring. The name in the exam is "Gong Sheng" and the first name is "Hui Yuan". Gong will take an exam presided over by the emperor himself, which is called "Gong Kao". The palace exam ranks in the top three, and all the exams are "Jinshi". Three people in one armor were awarded the title of "Jinshi Ji". The first name is "No.1 Scholar", the second name is "No.1 Scholar" and the third name is "Flower Exploration", which are collectively called "Sandingjia". The second kind of people were given "Jinshi origin", and the third kind of people were given "Jinshi origin". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were three kinds of examinations, namely, after having obtained a township exam and taking a general exam. The success of the first eight-part essay is the decisive factor for admission. Therefore, scholars have been writing eight-part essays all their lives. Eight-part essay is a short essay to be tested on the topic of sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics. Explain the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. It is forbidden to give play to one's own opinions or get in touch with current real politics. This kind of article is a coherent expression of the four books and five classics, and it is also called "generation of sages". The format of the eight-part essay is also very rigid, and each article consists of questions, topics, lectures, opening remarks, stocks, stocks and other parts. The last four parts each have two coordinate characters, and * * * is stereotyped writing. This kind of article not only has a dead program, but also has strict restrictions on language, syntax, number of words and even tone. Eight-part essay fetters intellectuals' thoughts, stifles their creative spirit and makes them lose their subjective consciousness. Scholars are willing to be bought by the rulers for fame and fortune, and regard the imperial examination as a stepping stone to get ahead. At this time, the imperial examination system has declined, which not only lost its positive significance to social development, but also hindered its development. In primitive society, the worship of dragon and phoenix is worshipped as a symbol of the mysterious power of nature. From the totem of some clans in slave society to the embodiment of the ancestors of the supreme ruler, and then to the symbol of imperial power in feudal society, the dragon is the embodiment of the emperor and the phoenix is the embodiment of the queen. The emperor's appearance, body, clothes, seat, bed ... are all crowned with the word "dragon". As far as the influence is concerned, folk superstition believes that the emperor is the reincarnation of the dragon, commonly known as "the real dragon son of heaven." Until modern times, this superstition still had influence among the people. Empress Dowager Tai, Empress Dowager and Empress all wear crests. The building of the palace is called Fengge or Fengta, the car the emperor rides is called Phoenix chariot, and the canopy used by the emperor for ceremonial purposes is called Phoenix canopy. In short, in the decorative arts of the court, dragons and phoenixes are everywhere and always occupy a prominent position. Now, although the dragon and phoenix, as the symbol of imperial power, disappeared with the collapse of feudal system, people still use "Feng Ming and Yue Long" as metaphors for talented people. The worship of dragons and phoenixes of Han people also occupies a very important position in folk customs. Because of the folk superstition that dragons can walk through the clouds and rain, the Longwang Temple, like the land temple and ancestral temple, is spread all over the Han people, praying for the dragon god to reconcile the wind and rain, and the grain will be abundant. In the dry season, people often hold a ceremony to pray for the dragon rain. At the same time, the people also worship Longshan, regarding a mountain in front of the village, at the entrance to the village or behind the village as Longshan, regarding the vegetation on the mountain as Longlin, and regarding the mountain as Long Mai, all of which are sacred objects, and cutting and destruction are prohibited. In some rural areas, in order to get a bumper harvest of grain, the dragon welcoming ceremony is held in the first month of each year, which is still popular today. Han people's worship of dragons and phoenixes has penetrated into every field of life and formed a series of special traditional customs. Dragon lanterns are played on the Lantern Festival, dragon boat races are held on the Dragon Boat Festival, and dragon dances, phoenix dances and phoenix lanterns are performed on festive days. There is the image of phoenix dance in Nanyang Han Dynasty portrait brick. During the Spring Festival, some rural folk artists in eastern China hold colorful phoenix lanterns and sing hymns to congratulate each family. More interestingly, the Han people also have the custom of taking the phoenix as a symbol of love. The story of Shaw History and Qin Mugong's daughter Nong Yu's oral sex at the Phoenix station may be its origin. The Book of Songs? 6? 1 The story of "Feng Huang Yu Fei and Qiang Ming" in Volume A, as well as the story of Sima Xiangru's pursuit of Zhuo Wenjun, which was called "phoenix seeking phoenix" by later generations, is also a reflection of the customs and habits of the phoenix to tie the knot, which is a metaphor for the conjugal love between husband and wife. In addition, because the image of dragon is mighty and serious, symbolizing the perseverance and fortitude of personality, Han people like to use "dragon" as the name of men; The image of Phoenix is gorgeous and beautiful, symbolizing the beauty and gentleness of women, and people are happy to name it after women. This custom still exists today. Due to people's worship of dragons and phoenixes, for thousands of years, patterns of dragon and phoenix images can be found in painting, arts and crafts, sculpture, architectural decoration and folk literature creation. From the artistic images of dragons and phoenixes, people can directly feel the temperament of Han traditional culture and the psychological quality of the nation. Therefore, dragon and phoenix ornamentation has become a symbol of traditional Chinese culture. The Han people who believe in polytheism do not have a religion that the whole nation believes in, but the concept of "animism" and the belief in nature handed down from ancient times have always influenced the folk customs of the Han people. Because supernatural gods with personality and consciousness dominate the material world, the Han people have always believed in "immortals". There were many immortals worshipped by ancient Han people. For heaven, there is a god in charge of "heaven" called "Jade Emperor". People think that Di Qing dominates the East, Chi Di dominates the South, Huangdi dominates the Central, Bai Di dominates the West and Hei Di dominates the North. Among the gods, there are proprietors in charge of male immortals and western queens in charge of female immortals. For landscapes, it is believed that mountains have mountain gods, and not only the five mountains are regarded as sacred mountains, but also famous mountains have their own gods; It is also believed that there is a "Four Seas Dragon King" in the water, who not only commands the aquarium, but also is responsible for the nebula rainfall. As for land, people think that every lot is in charge of "land god", which is called "social god" in ancient times and commonly known as "land father-in-law". At the same time, a tree and a stone are also endowed with gods. For some natural phenomena, it is considered that Lei Gong is the Raytheon, Dian Mu, also known as "Lei Po", is the lightning god, Si C is the rain god, Gilbert is the wind god, and Huilu is the Vulcan god. Regarding the geographical location, Qinglong is considered as the God of the East and the God of good fortune. The white tiger is the god of the west, and it is also a fierce god; Suzaku is the god of the south; Xuankai's image is a combination of tortoise and snake. Is the god of the north. The Four Gods are the "Gods of the Quartet". For the worship of animal spirits, it is generally believed that foxes can be refined into human forms and are regarded as "big immortals" and "fox immortals". In addition to the worship of nature and belief in various gods, people also regard the longevity of marriage and life as being dominated by gods. For love, there is a god of "harmony" symbolizing the love between husband and wife, and there are four goddesses: one is Xuan Nv, also known as "Nine Empresses"; The second is Bi Xia Yuan Jun, the daughter of the Taishan God-Dongyue Emperor; The third is Doum, the mother of the stars in the Big Dipper. Fourthly, Motome is very good at playing the piano and singing. The birthday girl, that is, the old man, is a special immortal god, also known as the "Antarctic old man", commonly known as the "old man." Magu is an immortal, so she often gives portraits of Magu to those who wish women a long life, named "Magu Xianshou". It is also believed that Kuixing is the god who dominates the rise and fall of articles, and Wenchang is the god who dominates fame and fortune. With the introduction of Buddhism, the Han people believe that Guanyin Bodhisattva is the goddess who gives birth to children and specializes in giving birth to boys. He also believes that Yan is the god in charge of life and death. Among the Han people, some historical figures have also become idolatrous gods, such as the so-called "Eight Immortals" (Han Zhongli, Lv Dongbin, Han Xiangzi, Lan Caihe, Zhang, He Xiangu and Cao Guojiu), all of which are historical figures. Another example is that Guan Yu was also revered as a god in the Three Kingdoms, and Guan Gong temples were spread all over the country. In other history, it is more common to be worshipped as a god, molded into idols and burned incense. In addition, all walks of life have their own ancestors who are regarded as gods. Due to the influence of the concept of ghosts and gods, people also believe in all kinds of ghosts and gods, such as hanging neck ghosts, short-lived ghosts, zombie ghosts, hard-headed ghosts, water ghosts and so on. All these multifarious polytheistic beliefs formed a "theocracy" under the long-term feudal rule, which bound the Han people. After liberation, superstitions were vigorously broken and minds were emancipated, and the "theocracy" was basically overthrown, but its influence still exists today.