Why is China in English?

China is the hometown of porcelain, which is an important creation of the Han working people. The invention of porcelain is a great contribution of the Han nationality to world civilization. In English, China and China are the same word. China's early porcelain appeared in the middle of Shang Dynasty in BC16th century. It is generally called "primitive porcelain" because it is still rough in the firing process of the carcass and glaze layer, and the firing temperature is also low, showing originality and transition. China porcelain evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3000 years ago. In the Song Dynasty, famous kilns were spread all over most of China, which was the most prosperous period of porcelain industry. At that time, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln were also called the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, and Chai kiln and Jian kiln were also famous at that time. Blue-and-white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, known as the porcelain capital, became the representative of porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain enamel is as transparent as water, the tire is thin and light, and white porcelain is painted with blue patterns, which is elegant, fresh and full of vitality. Blue and white porcelain was all the rage as soon as it appeared. China red porcelain (26 pieces) is the same color as the national flag, making it the crown of Jingdezhen's traditional famous porcelain. Blue-and-white porcelain * * is also called the four famous porcelain, including blue-and-white exquisite porcelain, pastel porcelain and glazed porcelain. In addition, there are porcelain carvings, thin-walled porcelain and multicolored fetal porcelain, all of which are exquisite and unique. Colored porcelain is one of the great inventions in ancient China. "Porcelain" and "China" are the same word in English, which fully shows that China's exquisite porcelain can be regarded as the representative of China. The production of high-grade porcelain is much more difficult than ordinary porcelain, so the ancient royal family collected a lot of exquisite porcelain. Porcelain, as one of the luxury products in ancient China, has spread to various countries through various trade channels, and exquisite ancient porcelain has been collected by a large number of collectors as an antique with collection value. Some ancient China porcelains have been sold at sky-high prices, but some national treasure porcelains are not in China. When Europeans and Americans get married, they especially like to send high-grade porcelain tea sets. Judging from the current art market, the order of value is: Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelain, Song porcelain, Tang and Five Dynasties porcelain, Six Dynasties porcelain, primitive celadon, and late Qing and Republic of China porcelain. Evaluate (that is, artistic value) from an artistic point of view. It mainly includes three aspects: modeling, decoration and pattern. In modeling, furnishings have the highest value, and the order of value is: furnishings, stationery, funerary wares and daily utensils. At present, the value of colored ornaments is the highest (such as enamel in Yongzheng period), and the order of value (from high to low) is colored ornaments, glaze ornaments and tire ornaments. The figure patterns have the highest value, and the order of value (from high to low) is: figure patterns, animal patterns, plant patterns, landscape patterns, auspicious patterns and so on. From the research value (that is, scientific research value) to evaluate. For example, porcelain with chronological models and porcelain unearthed from chronological tombs have high academic value, but they are not the main body of evaluation value, so they do not account for a high proportion in the evaluation system of ancient porcelain value. The origin of firing fine porcelain with porcelain clay is a specialty of Han nationality. Primitive porcelain developed from pottery and was first seen in Erligang Shang Dynasty site in Zhengzhou. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, tea ceremony was boiled in MINO, referring to green glazed porcelain. Early porcelains were mainly celadon. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it developed into celadon and white porcelain, mainly with monochrome glaze, which produced porcelain decoration techniques such as engraving, painting, printing, applique, flower picking and hole carving. The porcelain of the Five Dynasties has superb production technology, belonging to Henan Chai Kiln, a northern porcelain department, and has the reputation of "a tile is a thousand dollars". Chai kiln was the official kiln of Chai Shizong in the late Zhou Dynasty. It is said that Zhou Shizong asked Chai Kiln to fire porcelain "as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror and as loud as a chime". The clouds break after the rain, and this color is for the future. " But so far, we haven't seen the handed down products of Chai Kiln, and we haven't excavated the real thing. The Southern Porcelain Department is famous for its "secret porcelain" in Yue Kiln. Porcelain in Song Dynasty is characterized by monochromatic glaze with various colors, which can cause ice cracks on the glaze surface, and can be used for kiln discoloration, double-sided color, blue glaze and red glaze. Jingdezhen, a famous "porcelain capital", was named after Song Jingdezhen (AD 1004- 1007) produced porcelain for the imperial court. The selected porcelain clay must be white and delicate, and the porcelain made is still thin, white as jade, and good at making exquisite flowers. Printed porcelain and multicolored gold were popular in Yuan Dynasty porcelain. "Blue and white porcelain" was popular in Ming Dynasty, and celadon was "shadow blue". Porcelain is extremely thin, with dark carved dragon flowers inside and outside, and the pattern is slightly cyan. There is also "Ji Hong Porcelain", which is named after the color of porcelain like Ji after rain. Kiln discoloration developed from one to three colors: kiln turned red, kiln turned green and kiln turned purple. The "colored porcelain" produced in the Qing Dynasty has novel patterns and luxurious colors, with "enamel color" and "pastel color" as prominent, as well as "azure glaze" imitating the color of the five dynasties Chai kiln porcelain, as well as purple sand and celadon in Hebei. Today's famous porcelain producing areas are: Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, which is famous for blue-and-white porcelain, blue-and-white exquisite porcelain, glazed porcelain and pastel porcelain. Tangshan, Hebei, Changzhi, Shanxi, and Shiwan, Guangzhou can all use traditional techniques and modern technology and equipment to fire various porcelains. In addition, there are Jun porcelain in Yuxian, Henan, Zisha in Liling, Hunan, Ru Ci in Linru and celadon in Longquan, Zhejiang. The successful firing of white pottery played a very important role in the transition from pottery to porcelain. The "green glaze ware" found in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty sites obviously has the basic characteristics of porcelain. Their texture is thinner and harder than pottery, and their tires are mostly gray. The sintering temperature is as high as1100-1200 c, and the fetal quality is basically sintered, with weak water absorption. Coat the surface of the device with a layer of lime glaze. But they are not exactly the same as porcelain. It is called "primitive porcelain" or "primitive celadon". After the appearance of Shang Dynasty, the primitive porcelain experienced the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and changed and developed in 1600- 1700 years, and China porcelain was from immature to mature. From the unearthed cultural relics, the porcelains made in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties are mostly celadon. These celadons are finely processed, hard and non-absorbent, and the surface is coated with a layer of cyan glass glaze. This high-level porcelain-making technology marks that China porcelain production has entered a new era. China's white glazed porcelain sprouted in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and reached a mature stage in the Sui Dynasty. There were new developments in the Tang Dynasty. The firing temperature of porcelain reaches 1200℃, and the whiteness of porcelain reaches over 70%, which is close to the modern fine porcelain standard. This achievement laid the foundation for the development of underglaze and overglaze porcelain. In Song Dynasty, the embryo quality, glaze color and manufacturing technology of porcelain were improved, and the firing technology of porcelain reached a fully mature level. Technically, there is a clear division of labor, which is an important stage in the development of China porcelain. There are many famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, including Yaozhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln, Jingdezhen Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Yue Kiln and Jian Kiln, as well as products such as Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln and Ding Kiln, which are known as the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, all of which have their own unique styles. Yaozhou kiln (Tongchuan, Shaanxi) has exquisite products, thin fetal bones and uniform glaze color; Cizhou Kiln (Pengcheng, Hebei Province) takes magnetic mud as the blank, so porcelain is also called porcelain. Cizhou Kiln mostly produces white porcelain with black flowers; Jingdezhen kiln products are thin, shiny, exquisite light-induced, and have high whiteness and transparency, which is one of the representative works of promoting porcelain in Song Dynasty. The products of Longquan kiln are mostly pink or turquoise, and the glaze color is gorgeous and bright; The porcelain fired in Yue Kiln is thin, delicate and beautiful. The black porcelain produced in Jian Yao is one of the famous porcelains in Song Dynasty, and its black glaze is as bright as lacquer. Ru kiln is the crown of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. The glaze color of porcelain is mainly light blue, and the color is clear and moist. Whether the official kiln exists has always been a controversial issue. General scholars believe that the official kiln is the official kiln in Bianjing, and the kiln site is in Bianjing to burn porcelain for the court. Where the Ge kiln is fired has always been a controversial issue. Based on the analysis of all kinds of data, the most likely firing place of Ge kiln is the same production as the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty; There are many colored porcelains burned in Jun kiln, and the porcelains in carmine, turquoise and ink are also good. The porcelain produced by Ding Kiln is thin, shiny, moist and white as powder, which is called powder setting or white setting. Porcelain The development of glaze color of ancient Chinese ceramics is from unglazed to glazed, from monochromatic glaze to multicolored glaze, and then from underglaze color to overglaze color, and gradually develops to multi-color and bucket color of underglaze and overglaze color. Colored porcelain is generally divided into underglaze color and underglaze color. The colored porcelain painted on the green body first and then fired in the kiln is called underglaze color. Glazed porcelain fired in a kiln is painted and then baked in a fire, which is called glazed porcelain. The famous blue-and-white porcelain in Ming dynasty is a kind of exquisite white glaze with underglaze color. The single-color glazed porcelain with copper as colorant was successfully fired, which made the porcelain in Ming dynasty rich and colorful. The diversification of glaze methods of Ming dynasty porcelain indicates the continuous progress of porcelain-making technology in China. During Chenghua's reign, he created the "Doucai" with the outline of underglaze blue and white, and during Jiajing and Wanli's reign, he made colorful colors drawn directly in various colors without blue and white borders, all of which were famous treasures. Porcelain in Qing Dynasty developed further on the basis of outstanding achievements in Ming Dynasty, and porcelain-making technology reached a brilliant realm. Plain tricolor and multicolor in Kangxi period, famille rose and enamel in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods are all world famous products. In the Ming Dynasty, a kind of porcelain was made by adding glaze color to the outline of underglaze blue and white. Because underglaze blue and white and underglaze colored paintings compete with each other, it is named "Doucai". Porcelain imitating the enamel effect of copper tires in Qing Dynasty. Enamel color is also called "material color". Porcelain and pottery are closely related. When some raw materials are mixed with kaolin (or natural glazes such as feldspar, timely, lime, etc.). ) and other natural color components such as copper oxide, iron oxide, lead oxide, etc. They are all sintered, and they will naturally form a thin layer of glaze on the surface of pottery (this is the first time that three colors appear in Japanese Xinle fired pottery). ) In the history of China, before the Ming Dynasty, China's porcelain was mainly plain porcelain (porcelain without decorative patterns was judged by the purity of color). Colored porcelain is the main popular porcelain after the Ming Dynasty. Japan, another big porcelain-making country, also developed its own unique tea set with the help of the tea ceremony cultural circle. The earliest plain porcelain was classified by color. There are three common colors of porcelain: celadon, black porcelain and white porcelain. Among other colored porcelain, the famous ones are: Tang Sancai (Tang Sancai is not porcelain, but low-temperature lead pottery), Xinle Shao, blue and white porcelain and so on. According to the origin of porcelain, there are different classifications. For example, China Zhejiang Yue Kiln (Secret Porcelain), Jiangxi Changnan, Hebei Ding Porcelain, Japanese/KLOC-characteristic porcelain developed after the 20th century: shigarakiyaki, aritayaki in Nagasaki, bizenyaki in Okayama Prefecture, etc. In addition, since18th century, Europe has also begun to manufacture porcelain. Today, Britain, France, Russia, Germany and other places, especially Britain, have established a number of high-end porcelain brands. At present, the most famous porcelain is Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, the world porcelain capital. The four famous porcelains recognized in the world are blue and white, exquisite, glazed and pastel. In particular, blue and white flowers are exquisite, and their quality and health attributes are far above bone China.