What are the logical methods of causal reasoning?

The logical methods to explore causality include seeking common ground, seeking differences, seeking common ground and seeking differences, combining usage, residual method and * * * transformation, which are collectively called "five induction".

1. seeking common ground method: it is to determine whether there is only one other situation in the antecedent of each situation by investigating several occasions where the phenomenon under study appears. If so, there is a causal relationship between this same situation and the phenomenon studied.

2. Difference method: it is to determine whether there is only one difference between the two occasions when the phenomenon under study appears and does not appear, and if so, whether there is a causal connection between this different situation and the phenomenon under study.

3.*** Reform: It is to determine whether only one situation has changed correspondingly by investigating several occasions when the phenomenon under study has changed. If so, there is a causal relationship between this situation with corresponding changes and the phenomenon studied.

4. Residual method: For a compound ending event (A, B, C), it is known that its related factors are within a specific range (A, B, C). Through the previous induction, it is known that B means B and C means C, then the remaining A must mean A..

5. Seeking common ground while reserving differences and usage: The usage of seeking common ground while reserving differences is also called the usage of seeking common ground while reserving differences. Its content is: if there is only one * * * identical factor in every occasion when a particular phenomenon appears (positive case group), but there is no such * * * identical factor in every occasion when the observed phenomenon does not appear (negative case group), then this * * * identical factor is the reason for an observed phenomenon. The steps of this method are seeking common ground twice and seeking differences once.