What influence does the Biya tradition of The Book of Songs have on later literature?

The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, which contains 305 poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The Book of Songs has a lofty position in the history of China literature and is the glorious starting point of China literature. With its rich ideological content, noble aesthetic taste and exquisite artistic techniques, it has nurtured writers and poets of all ages and exerted a great and far-reaching influence on the literary creation of later generations. This paper only makes a shallow analysis and research on the artistic techniques of fu, bi and xing in the Book of Songs and their influence on the formation of poetry creation before the Tang Dynasty.

First, the vivid artistic techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.

Zhong Rong, a famous literary critic in ancient China, put forward that "Poetry has three meanings": "Therefore, poetry has three meanings: one is joy, the other is comparison, and the third is fu". His specific explanation of "three meanings" is: "the text has been exhausted and the meaning is more than enough, and it is also prosperous; Because things are metaphorical, they are better than others; Straight books, fable writing, and fu also. " Zhong Rong's "Xing" refers to poetic richness and meaning, that is, meaning beyond rhyme and meaning; The metaphor of "pen" entrusts the poet's inner feelings through the narrative of scenery; "Fu" is a direct statement and description of things, but when writing things, we should use meaningful language. This explanation is innovative. He put "Xing" in the first place to highlight the artistic thinking characteristics of poetry. The interpretation of "Bi" and "Fu" also shows that he noticed the aesthetic characteristics of poetry, such as lyricism, blurred image and rich interest. Fu, Bi and Xing are the three methods of expression pioneered in The Book of Songs, which contain the essence of artistic expression of China's ancient poems, and are now analyzed.

(1) Fu

Among the three meanings of Fu, Bi and Xing, Fu is the most basic and commonly used expression method, which is characterized by "presenting truth" and "expressing one's mind directly", that is, directly describing things, laying out plots and expressing feelings. In poetry creation, it is the art of telling things directly. Zhong Rong emphasized: Fu can not only write things directly, but also contain profound meanings in the things described. The so-called words and meanings are different, or they are expressionless, but they are long and meaningful, and they directly express their inner feelings, without twists and turns, obscurity and directness. For example, in the Book of Songs, Zheng Zun said, "Follow Xi, with the help of your son, I will do all kinds of evil, and there is no reason to lose! Just follow the road and hold hands. Not ugly, not beautiful! " There are no modifiers in the whole poem, which seems to reveal the true feelings naturally without thinking. The image of an abandoned woman begging by pulling her lover's sleeve is vividly on the paper. Another example is the fifth and sixth chapters of The First Month of Xiaoya, in which Fu describes the political crisis: "It is said that the mountain is low, and the mountain is the mausoleum. It is better to punish people's lies. Calling for old age, news is a dream. It is sacred, but who knows the sex of Wu! It is said that the sky is too high to lose. It is said that the ground is thick and I dare not hesitate. Hao Wei said there are ridges and ridges. Today people mourn, Hu is a lizard? " This poem reveals the dark reality of the disparity between the rich and the poor and the inversion of good and evil. Since rock salt has appeared, why not take action to stop it? Ask the elders to ask, now please dream and predict the good or bad. They all claim to be wise saints, but who knows the male and female of crows? Talk about how high, but people have to bow their heads. No matter how thick the words are, people have to walk slowly. It really makes sense for people to shout out these words. Hate the world, why bite people like snakes. "The author used rhetorical methods such as rhetorical questions, antithesis and exaggeration to express his anger. Another example is writing the landscape "I am in Dongshan" with Fu: "I am in Dongshan, and I am not coming back; I'm from the east. It rains when it rains. Fruit wins, and it is also applied to Yu Yu; One guard is in the room, and he is in the house; Maji Deer Farm, a bright night trip. Don't be afraid, I can get pregnant. "Describe the hero, a veteran, who set foot on the road to his hometown in a drizzle, imagining the desolation and decline of his hometown:" I drove to eastern Shandong, and my wish to go home was empty for a long time. "Now I come back from Dongshan, it's drizzling and foggy. Melon and fruit are covered on the vines of Trichosanthes kirilowii, and the vines crawl under the eaves. The house is full of lice, and spiders spin webs and hang doors. Deer stay in the wild, and wildfires flow at night. The desolation of home is not terrible, and the more I feel homesick. " Through the description of these details, the complex changes of the protagonist's mood are written. In this poem, the sadness of love is consistent with the desolation of the scene.

(2) ratio

Comparison is to compare two different things in a certain way, or to explain abstract truth and emotion with simple things, or to describe and render the characteristics of things and highlight the image of things. Bixing is a common artistic technique in The Book of Songs. In the specific application, there are two situations, one is the whole use comparison, the other is the local use comparison. He Ming, for example, uses comparison throughout: "heming heard it in Jiu Hao, not in the wild. Deep diving in deep pools, sometimes floating to the shore to stop. There is a sandalwood tree in the happy garden, and the house is under it. He has a good stone on the mountain that can be used to wear him. There was a faint noise of cranes in the swamp, which resounded through the sky. Swimming on the shallow beach, sometimes diving into the swimming pool. In the happy garden, there are trees and sandalwood, and the dimension is below it. Stones from other mountains can attack jade. " This poem teaches Wang Xuan to seek talents and visit scholars, and attaches great importance to talents. But from beginning to end, it has not been revealed. Among them, there are cranes singing in Jiugao or fish in boudoir or in Zhu Zhu, and there are "stones from other mountains" that can be processed into beautiful jade, all of which refer to talents, which are meaningful and intriguing. Another example is the local usage rate. Figurative sentences are sometimes in "happiness" and sometimes in "prosperity", including simile, metaphor and metonymy. One is simile. For example, Xiaoya Xigan: "Like wings, like spine, like birds, like flies." Four similes are used to describe the palace architecture: the palace is as tall and straight as people stand at attention, the corner is as sharp as an arrow, the building spreads its wings like a big bird, and the colorful eaves fly like colorful pheasants. Writing static inanimate objects into dynamic ones embodies the poet's rich imagination. The second is metaphor. For example, "I Dongshan": "People who fly are flying, all flying in mulberry fields; Deng Peter stayed alone and got under the car. " Sleeping in the wild with a curled wild silkworm is a metaphor for Zhao Fu sleeping under a car. Many poems in The Book of Songs have such a sentence pattern. The first two sentences are written as vehicles, and the last two sentences are written as noumenon.

The third is metaphor. For example, "Tai Gu Feng": "As for the depth, it is the boat of the party; Although shallow, it is a tour. " If the river is deep, use a raft to go there by boat; If the river is shallow, swim in it. "Replacing ontology with vehicle directly highlights some characteristics of ontology. On the surface, there are several different ways to write about crossing the river. In fact, it is used to describe that a girl can flexibly cope with different situations, which can stimulate the imagination of readers and is more intriguing.

(3) Xing

Xing, that is to say, is poetic and has rhyme, that is, there is intention outside the words and rhyme. Most of the sentences in The Book of Songs have euphemistic and vague internal relations with the following, or set off the environment atmosphere, or attach a symbolic central theme, which constitutes an indispensable part of the artistic realm of poetry. For example, "Zheng Fengye has creeping weeds in the wild": "There are creeping weeds in the wild, and there is no dew. A beautiful woman is walking on the road, very beautiful. I am willing to meet you. " A delicate and charming girl is as fresh and lovely as green grass dripping with dew. The green and vibrant scenery and the joy of meeting the poet just complement each other. Another example is "Nan Zhou Yao Tao", which begins with "Plum and Yao Yao, sparkling". The lush peach branches and gorgeous peach blossoms are in harmony with the bride's youthful beauty and lively wedding celebrations. Peach trees are in full bloom, thriving and flourishing, which can also be understood as a good wish for the bride to have many children and grandchildren and a happy family. Poets get excited as soon as they touch things, and the sentences and words they sing are connected through artistic association, which is a symbolic relationship. Xing in The Book of Songs contains metaphorical meaning, which is easy to arouse readers' association. Bixing, collectively called Bixing by later generations, refers to the creative technique of expressing thoughts and feelings with images through association and imagination in The Book of Songs.

The second is the influence of xing technique on later poetry creation.

The Book of Songs is the summary and artistic sublimation of China's ancient poems. It was born in the rich cultural soil of the Chinese nation and has extremely rich cultural connotations. This makes its influence in the history of China far beyond the boundaries of poetry, and the exploration of its cultural significance is infinite. The artistic techniques of fu, bi and xing in The Book of Songs provided a successful reference for the creation of later poets. Poets endow the mind with vivid and concrete figurative images, which makes poetry euphemistic and full of poetic meaning. The basic aesthetic characteristics of China's poems are mainly lyrical, which is determined by the thinking characteristics of The Book of Songs. Now, only the poetry creation before the Tang Dynasty is taken as an example to demonstrate.

(A) the impact on pre-Qin poetry creation

Chu Ci is a new poetic style represented by Qu Yuan's works. It appeared in Chu after the pre-Qin literature inherited the Book of Songs, and it is another monument to the development of pre-Qin poetry. In the preface to Lisao, Wang Yi emphasized that The Songs of Chu inherited Fu Bixing's expression technique from The Book of Songs: "Lisao takes its meaning according to The Book of Songs and makes an analogy. Therefore, good birds and wonderful grass are worthy of loyalty; Bad birds and smelly things are metaphors of flattery; Spiritual beauty, in order to compare with jun; Fu Fei's wife is a good example; Yi Long and his wife, in order to raise a gentleman, floated in the Yun Ni, thinking that they were little people ... ". It was Qu Yuan who borrowed the expression of The Book of Songs and created a unique poem in Sao style, which can be called a model of positive romanticism in ancient literature. The evaluation of Chu Ci by literary critics is "yes, even more than 300".

There are too many words about Bi Xing in Qu Fu. Taking Lisao, the representative work of Chu Ci, as an example, nine categories are cited: First, cultivating herbs is more important than recruiting talents, such as: "I am not a nine-flowered orchid or a hundred-acre tree." Stay abroad, expose the car, Du Heng and local chronicles are mixed. The branches and leaves in Hebei are so lush, I hope I will mow the grass then. Even if it withers, it will hurt and mourn the filth of the public. Second, vulgarity is not as good as good people, such as: "change without fragrance, turn into hair." What grass was it in the past, and now it is Xiao Ai for this purpose? Is there another reason? Don't worry about fixing it! Yu Yilan can rely on me. She is unrealistic but tolerant. If you entrust a beauty to follow the custom, you will be among the best. Pepper is designed slowly, but it wants to be a husband. " Third, the good bird play and the bad bird play are better than the loyal subjects and traitors, such as: "Birds of prey don't flock, but they have existed in the past. "Fourth, sailing is not as good as virtue. For example," He Yaoshun and Geng Jiexi all learned the Tao with the Tao. "He is arrogant, and her husband only takes shortcuts step by step. Only party member steals pleasure, and the road is dangerous. I am afraid of the emperor's failure. " The fifth is to compare the loss of horses and chariots with the loss of ambition, such as: "If you regret not observing the Tao, you will be rebellious." I can't get back to the road until I get back to my car, and the journey is not far away. The rest of the horses are in Gao Lan, so it is not enough to stop. Sixth, compare the rules with public and private written laws, such as: "The work of setting customs is unique, and the rules are correct. "Pick up the pen and chase after Song, and compete with Zhou Rong." Seventh, a clean diet is more noble than a noble personality, such as: "Drinking Mulan dew in the morning and enjoying autumn chrysanthemums in the evening is not beautiful." With more affection and trust, you can practice, and it hurts when you grow up. Eighth, exquisite clothes are more faithful than morality, such as "making lotus flowers counts as clothes, and picking hibiscus counts as clothes." "I don't know it's already embarrassing, and I feel that I believe it. High risk is at stake, and Pei is far away. Fang and Ze were mixed, but they didn't lose. If you suddenly swim back, you will see four shortcomings. She is colorful and colorful, and Fang Feifei is a badge. " Nine is to learn from others in time, such as: "If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me. Mulan is embarrassed in the morning and embarrassed at night. " In addition, there are things like Ode to Orange throughout; Throughout, immortals are compared with seclusion, such as "traveling far" In a word, almost all Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu were written by the method of Bi Xing, and few of them were directly expressed by Fu. Later poets such as Song Yu, Jing Qiong all inherited the metaphor of the former pronoun. For example, Song Yu's "Gao", "Goddess Fu" and "Lothario Fu" all take this matter as the topic, satirizing the king not to make mistakes because of his lust for women.

(B) the impact on the Han Dynasty and the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties poetry creation

Fu Bi's technique of arousing interest in The Book of Songs had a direct influence on the poetry creation in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liu Xie, a literary critic, said in Wen Xin Diao Long: "Fu Jie": "The giver is instructed by the poet to know the Songs of the South. It is emphasized that Fu is developed from The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, with The Book of Songs as its far source and Songs of the South as its near source. Peacock flies southeast in Han Yuefu and Mulan Ci in North Yuefu are famous works that describe character events in Fu style. For example, Mulan Poetry in the Northern Dynasties is a masterpiece that has been handed down for thousands of years. The poem first draws Mulan's sigh with the sound of a loom, and then draws Khan to point soldiers, and Mulan joins the army instead of her father. " Wan Li went to Rongji, if the mountain flew ..., the general died in hundreds of battles, and the strong man returned ten years later. "Described the battle and triumph in 10 with concise pen and ink. Use "I didn't know Mulan was a girl when I came back to see the son of heaven" to write the joy of Mulan's resignation and family reunion ... "... The poem uses narrative techniques to create a heroine who has been praised through the ages. In addition, a large number of folk songs in Han Yuefu followed the metaphors and ingenious techniques in The Book of Songs. For example, "Drinking Horses on the Great Wall" vividly expresses the feelings of missing women with the image of Bi Xing, which is memorable; Ode to a bald head refers to the purity of women's love as "snow on the mountain, moon on the cloud"; In Shang Mo Sang, there is a saying: "When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he put his shoulder on it and smoothed his moustache." ... the tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. "Exaggeration, such as writing the beauty of Luo Fu's appearance; The fifteenth conscription, "the rabbit comes out of the dog's sinus, the pheasant flies from the beam, the atrium grows the valley, and the inoue grows the sunflower", which sets off a desolate atmosphere; Its artistic effect is very strong.

Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are leading figures in Jian 'an literature. Cao Cao's poems not only inherit the four-character tradition and figurative techniques in the Book of Songs, such as "Although a turtle is a longevity", it begins with a turtle and says that life must end; Then compare the old horse, "the old horse crouches tiger, aiming at a thousand miles;" In the year of martyrs, go forward bravely. " Express the simple view that man can conquer nature with image metaphor. Cao Zhi's literary achievement is the greatest of the three. His Journey to Noda's Yellowbird is a masterpiece that inherits the metaphor of the Book of Songs: "The tall trees hate the Taiwanese trees, and the sea makes waves. If you don't have a sword in your hand, why make more friends! You can't see the birds in the fence, but you can see the harrier pouncing on the trap. Zhang set a net, how happy he was to see the oriole, and how sorry he was to see the teenagers struggling in Eurasia. He drew his sword to block the net, and Siskin of Eurasia was able to fly away from the land of suffering. Fly to the sky, come and thank the young man. " After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he persecuted alien forces and killed Cao Zhi's good friend Ding Yi and others, which was written when the poet was unable to rescue him and was extremely sad and angry. The whole poem is subtle and tortuous. In the poem, the oriole who is "trapped in a trap" is used to describe the situation of himself and his friends as very dangerous. He imagined a teenager "drawing a sword and catching a net" to rescue himself and his friends from their predicament, and expressed his grief and indignation at not being able to save their friends in distress with simple and sincere language and mixed feelings of sadness and joy.

(C) the impact on the Tang Dynasty poetry creation

In the early Tang Dynasty, the poetic circles got rid of the influence of Qi and Liang's poetic styles and raised the banner of poetic innovation. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of poetry reached an unprecedented peak. Although the poetry in the late Tang Dynasty was not as prosperous as that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, many famous poets such as Du Mu and Li Shangyin also appeared. The creation of poets in the Tang Dynasty has its own style and characteristics, but most poets with artistic achievements have creatively inherited the artistic expression techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.

In the early Tang Dynasty, after Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, the banner of poetry innovation was raised. In Preface to Bamboo, he criticized Liang's Unique Poem and put forward the famous On. The so-called "auspicious star" means that poetry should have substantial content and meaningful meaning, which is precisely the metaphor advocated in the Book of Songs. His own thirty-eight poems "Feeling" express his ambition by chanting things, expressing people by things and expressing his views and opinions on social politics by things, which is the best practice and the clearest annotation of his view of "good luck". For example, the second part of "Feeling": "Lan Re was born in spring and summer, what is the prosperity? You are alone in the forest, and Zhu has purple stems. It's getting late and the autumn wind is coming. When China's age is declining, how can Fang Yi become! " The first four sentences praise Lan Ruo's beauty and loneliness, which is to write his own talent and nobility; The last four sentences lamenting Lan Ruo's withering are written about his grief and indignation over the destruction and disillusionment of reality. The whole poem is a blend of things and me, with profound meaning, fresh style, vivid and touching.

Li Bai can be regarded as a singer in the Tang Dynasty. His poems show infinite vitality with rich and romantic temperament, which successfully reversed the trend of poetry since the early Tang Dynasty. First of all, his poems inherited and developed the metaphor of The Book of Songs. For example, in Antique, in its thirty-ninth chapter, it is used to describe social injustice. For example, in the 37th edition of Antique, "pearls are covered with sand, and the grass is lonely", "Farewell to Peinan's eighteen pictures" and "The wind blows the orchid, and the birds don't sing" are all used to describe the rulers' corruption and darkness, regardless of the virtuous and the foolish. Secondly, his poems abandoned the flashy style of the Six Dynasties and traced back to the source of The Book of Songs. Deliberately using "halal" to save the disadvantages of "beauty", the language is straightforward, which is the so-called "clear water produces hibiscus, naturally carved." For example, Jiangxia gave Wei Nanling Ice: "I smashed the Yellow Crane Tower for you, and you smashed Nautilus Island for me." Fresh and natural, heroic spirit.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Du Mu were both called "Little Du Li", but Li Shangyin's poetry achievements were higher. Although his poems are deliberately deep and obscure, he is good at using metaphors, writing with deep feelings and implicit language. For example, Jinse: "I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval." Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring. Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun. A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it! " This is a poem telling one's own life and story. At first, it was aroused by Jinse, symbolizing my sad life and causing memories of the past in the New Year. The pattern of Guser is brilliant, and the tone is bleak. Next, I use the allusion of Zhuang Sheng dreaming of butterflies and looking up to the emperor to compare myself with the fact that the New Year has passed and life is like a dream. Then, the pearl of the sea and Yu Yun in Lantian were compared, and they were only sparse and ambitious, so they missed their sadness and felt disappointed. In addition, "Eating Bamboo Shoots First in the Seats" takes tender bamboo shoots as a symbol, expressing indignation at society and worries about their future. "Two peony trees that will rain when the bell rings" thinks that the peony that rains symbolizes itself and expresses its misfortune. These are good sentences that use comparative skills.

The Book of Songs is the summary and artistic sublimation of China's ancient poems. His artistic techniques of fu, bi and xing were born in the rich cultural soil of the Chinese nation and had a long-standing influence on later writers. This influence goes far beyond the boundaries of China's ancient poetry creation, and is also beneficial to the creation of many literary themes in ancient, modern and even contemporary China. The expression of Fu, Bi and Xing will continue and develop endlessly in the long river of China literature.