The difference between "Made in China 2025" and Germany's Industry 4.0

China is still a developing country, still in the process of industrialization, backwardness and advanced coexist, traditional and modern **** born, need to actively explore the road of industrialization with Chinese characteristics: to enhance the traditional industries and cultivate new industries; traditional handicrafts and advanced manufacturing industry combined; the first industrialization and the second industrialization combined; the combination of information technology and industrialization.

German Industry 4.0 has had a significant impact on the world, marking the acceleration of the world's full entry into the era of intelligent economy centered on intelligent manufacturing. German Industry 4.0 and the United States more popular third industrial revolution mentioned and some scholars say the fifth industrial revolution, etc., are based on the revolutionary breakthroughs in information technology, reflecting the development trend of the industrial economy digitalization, informatization, intelligence, networking. This article focuses on analyzing the main features of Germany's Industry 4.0 strategy, comparing with Made in China 2025, and drawing some important insights.

German Industry 4.0 main features

German Industry 4.0 can be summarized as follows: one core, two focuses, three major integrations, four features and six measures. A core: Internet + manufacturing, the information physics fusion system (CPS) widely and y applied to manufacturing, building smart factories, the realization of intelligent manufacturing. Two focuses: leading supplier strategy, to become the main supplier of "smart production" equipment; leading market strategy, to design and implement a comprehensive set of knowledge and technology transformation programs, leading the market development. Three integrations: flexible and re-combinable vertical integration within the enterprise, horizontal integration of value chains between enterprises, and end-to-end digital integration of engineering across the entire value chain (ERP, MES, SFC shop floor centralized control system deployment). Four characteristics: production can be adjusted, self-adjustment to cope with different situations; products can be identified, the product can be distinguished at any time; demand can be adaptable, according to temporary changes in demand and change the design, construction, planning, production and operation, and still have room for profit; fourth, the process can be monitored, can be real-time for the whole process of the business model to monitor. Six measures: standardization of technology and an open standard reference system; establishment of a complex model management system; establishment of an integrated set of industrial broadband infrastructure; establishment of safety and security mechanisms and regulations; innovation in the organization of work and design; and enhancement of training and continuing professional education.

The following five important features of German Industry 4.0 can be seen when comparing the findings by placing it in a global and historical context.

1. Foundational. Relevant to Germany's overall development strategy to capitalize on strengths and address global challenges. Germany is a country that attaches great importance to the development of strategic planning, especially since the 21st century, has been working to establish an inter-departmental coordination mechanism for high-tech strategy, the development of Germany's national strategy for innovative development. 2006. The German government formulated the "high-tech strategy", in July 2010, released the "Germany 2020 high-tech strategy" report, in November 2011, the German government especially put forward the German industry 4.0 as the "Germany 2020 high-tech strategy" center of gravity, has an extraordinary significance, fully explains the German manufacturing sector The fundamental role in Germany's overall development strategy. Industry 4.0 helps to promote industrial-research alliances targeting medium- and long-term scientific and technological development goals, formulate specific innovation strategies and implementation roadmaps to ensure the leading and dominant position of the German manufacturing industry, and is a foundational strategy for maintaining sustainable development in Germany.

2. Strategic. Related to the international community competition, in the international similar strategic thinking, seek different strategies. Accelerating the development of advanced manufacturing is not only highly valued by Germany, but also by other countries. In fact, as early as 2006, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) identified CPS systems as a key research area, and in March 2011, the European Union announced its "Europe 2020 Strategy," proposing a budget of 80 billion euros, making it the world's largest R&D funding program. Japan has also put forward a similar "industrial intelligence" strategy, focusing on the development of artificial intelligence, service robotics and other industries. Germany is well aware of its own unfavorable situation in the competition in recent years, facing great pressure. In the face of competition, Germany has adopted an inclusive, open and strategic strategy of cooperation in competition and competition in cooperation. Germany has formulated a leading supplier strategy and a dominant market strategy for Industry 4.0 supporting, focusing on connecting products with proper services and focusing on developing new business models. This is worth learning from.

3. Innovative. Related to the history of industrial development, it organically combines accumulation, inheritance, and innovation to form a high level of innovation. On the one hand, full consideration has been given to drawing lessons from the early stages of industrialization and inheriting and developing the core values of existing industries. In Germany, information and communication technology (ICT) in the general sense still supports 90% of industrial manufacturing processes today. Industry 4.0 therefore places great importance on building on traditional strengths in traditional industry and research. On the other hand, Germany's Industry 4.0 embodies deep innovativeness by constituting a new platform for social services and real-time security by means of a CBS system for all factors and resources in the field of manufacturing. Germany's "Industry 4.0" is a "re-industrialization" strategy. But with the United States and Japan's "re-industrialization" is different, Germany's "Industry 4.0" core lies in the use of the Internet, the Internet of Things and modular technology to achieve changes in the mode of industrial production, fundamentally change the traditional industry due to the geographic location of the production, R & D disconnect phenomenon, so that the development and upgrading of industrial production technology is no longer dependent on physical contact with each other, so that Germany can continue to enjoy the advantages of globalized production while maintaining its own technological R & D advantages. Through new concepts, new strategies and new technologies, Germany has pushed informationization to the stage of qualitative change and promoted a new industrial revolution characterized by intelligent manufacturing, the Internet, new energy, new materials and modern biology. This is very clever.

4. Forward-looking. Related to future trends, the correct study of the current situation and future trends, reflecting the law of development of things. Industry 4.0 is a long-term development strategy; smart economy, smart world is a medium- to long-term development goals. Between the reality and the medium- and long-term goals, Germany, on the one hand, pays special attention to give full play to its own advantages, and carries out multi-level and multi-perspective perspective and description of smart factories, which embodies both operability and foresight, and provides the theoretical and practical basis for the correct selection of strategic focus and the adoption of super-conventional corresponding initiatives. On the other hand, Germany puts the realization of technical standardization on the highest priority, pre-empting the development of industry standards, in an attempt to continue to occupy the commanding heights of the global manufacturing industry, in addition to obtaining real benefits in the economy, and more importantly for the long-term establishment of Germany's manufacturing advantage to create the conditions.

5. Marketability. Related to the market development needs, adapt to the market, build the market, lead the market, occupy the market high point. Germany's smart factory as part of the intelligent world, "industrial intelligence" to drive "social intelligence", "social intelligence" to provide a new generation of network infrastructure, Advanced communication technology, intelligent control system design, "big data" analysis methods and other types of hardware and software for "social intelligence", and transform mature "industrial solutions" into "social service solutions". We will transform mature "industrial solutions" into "social service solutions" and popularize their application in different regions and fields, so as to build a new market space. Germany in the process of building the market, especially the CBS technology and products established as the leading market, according to the needs of different consumers to design a series of intelligent products, the construction of an intelligent society, the establishment of new business opportunities and models, will certainly produce incalculable market value.

Comparison of 2025 and 4.0

In 2015, China, on the basis of analyzing the domestic and international markets, and following the objective law of industrial upgrading and transformation, compiled a medium- and long-term ten-year plan and promulgated Made in China 2025, which specifies ten key industries, including strategic emerging industries, advanced manufacturing industries, and other traditional industries related to the national economy and people's livelihoods, as well as the corresponding supply chain and sales network. Its main line is the deep integration of dualization, the main attack direction is to promote intelligent manufacturing, and the main form is Internet+. "Made in China 2025" and Germany's "Industry 4.0" are both an important strategic initiative for the development of the manufacturing industry in the context of a new round of technological revolution and industrial change. Comparison of the two strategies can be seen that each has its own characteristics, in addition to the technical basis and industrial foundation is different, there are also strategic thinking and other aspects of the obvious differences. Germany Industry 4.0 for the German industrial development depicts a detailed development blueprint, reflecting the German nation unique serious and rigorous, in the strategic thinking, basic research, technical education, policy institutions and measures have a lot to learn and reference.

1. Difference in Strategic Ideology

Comparing Germany's Industry 4.0 and Made in China 2025, an important difference lies in the fact that Germany's Industry 4.0 strategy is a revolutionary and fundamental science and technology strategy. Its foothold is not simply to enhance a few industrial manufacturing technology, but from the most basic level of manufacturing methods to change, so as to realize the qualitative leap in the development of the whole industry. Therefore, the core content of the German Industry 4.0 strategy is not confined to the industrial output data on this level of "quantitative changes", but more concerned about the industrial production methods of "qualitative changes". Compared to Germany's Industry 4.0, "Made in China 2025" emphasizes the structural change and increase in production through the application of tools such as "Internet +" on the existing industrial manufacturing level and technology. This difference is like "Made in China 2025" is at the current stage of industrial level and mode of thinking to seek improvement and development within the stage, while Germany is seeking to cross from the stage of industry 3.0 to industry 4.0 stage, to achieve "qualitative change". This difference in strategic thinking should be said to be a reflection of the objective conditions, in line with the reality of the basis, but also shows that China's manufacturing 2025 lack of strategic theoretical depth and technical height, but also lack of market appeal and influence.

2. Difference in strategic foundation

The strategic foundation includes basic research, technical education, and talent cultivation, which are the basic conditions for the success of strategy implementation. Careful study of "German Industry 4.0", we are not difficult to find that the most important element of this strategy is the basic scientific research, many details of the tasks and objectives of the task, are based on "high-precision, sharp" theoretical knowledge. It is committed to improving the conditions for basic scientific research in Germany and enhancing the capacity for scientific research and innovation. In contrast, China's basic research is relatively weak, scientific research and innovation capacity is not strong, it is difficult to have a major breakthrough. The fundamental reason, in addition to the historical factors of basic conditions, there are also policy factors. In terms of policy support, China's horizontal research is much larger than vertical research both in number and in support, resulting in stronger applied research areas and weaker theoretical basic research in China. China also lacks experience and conditions in setting internationalized industry standards. Therefore, it is necessary for us to make great efforts to strengthen basic research. At the same time, it is also necessary for us to adopt an open approach to cooperation, actively become an important access to the advanced theories and advanced standard systems of networking, and actively engage in international cooperation to share theories, technologies and markets with developed countries, including Germany.

3. Difference in Strategic Measures

In terms of supporting policies, Germany pays more attention to assessing and adjusting technologies, policies and environment in order to effectively implement Industry 4.0. For example, Germany systematically evaluates the possible subversive impact of new technologies on relevant laws, and the shortening of the innovation cycle may lead to frequent updating of the relevant rule structure, etc., and timely modifications have been made to the existing rules and regulations that are not conducive to development. Germany pays more attention to building a legal environment to support Industry 4.0, timely adjustments to regulations related to corporate responsibility, data protection, trade restrictions, cryptographic systems, etc., fosters national competitive awareness, and pays more attention to reflection and self-adjustment. This is very worthy of our reference.

In terms of synergistic institutions, Germany has set up a unified governmental coordinating body and established a platform for the fourth industrial revolution. The German Association for Information Technology, Communication and New Media, the German Federation of Machine Building and the Federation of German Electronic Industries have established a secretariat for the development of a roadmap for priority subjects. China, in addition to the central government level to set up by the State Council leading comrades as the head of the leading institutions and strategic advisory committees, should also vigorously play the role of industry associations to strengthen the construction of industry synergistic mechanism.

Implications for China

1. Actively embracing the new era of smart economy

Industry 4.0 will bring about a brand-new shift in the interactions between human-technology (human-environment) and human-environment (human-environment). With the help of CPS systems, especially Internet+, human intelligence can be vastly improved. Intelligence is the transformation of human intelligence and knowledge into a capacity for action. The economy based on the organic integration of human intelligence, computer networks and the physical world has a higher efficiency, which cannot be achieved by traditional industry, and thus once intelligence appears, it will replace traditional industry with a new structure and form to form a "smart economy". In the era of intelligent economy, intelligent environmental protection, intelligent building, intelligent transportation, intelligent medical care, etc., constitute different fields of intelligent economy; intelligent family, intelligent enterprise, intelligent city, intelligent region, intelligent country, intelligent world, constitute different levels of intelligent society. In the era of smart economy, the wholeness of global economic integration is more prominent, the intrinsic connection between market subjects is closer, and the socio-economic system is more open to the outside world. The smart economy, characterized by smart factories, is also likely to be the highest stage of industrial economic development. It can be expected that the imbalance in the world will become more prominent, the form of competition will change, and there will be significant changes in global governance. In this regard, we need to be prepared to take the high ground in development strategy, scientific and technological innovation, humanism and morality, and to form a favorable situation.

2. Actively explore the road of industrialization with Chinese characteristics

China is still a developing country, still in the process of industrialization, backwardness and advancement coexist, tradition and modernity **** born, we need to actively explore the road of industrialization with Chinese characteristics: the combination of upgrading the traditional industries and fostering the new ones; the combination of traditional handicrafts and advanced manufacturing; the combination of the first and the second industrialization; the combination of informatization and industrialization. industrialization; and the combination of informatization and industrialization. For quite a period of time, China may also need to promote "Industry 2.0", "Industry 3.0" and "Industry 4.0" at the same time, not only to realize the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, but also to realize the leapfrog development in high-end fields. We should not only transform and upgrade traditional industries, but also achieve leapfrog development in high-end fields, so as to establish a Chinese industrial system that conforms to the actual situation in China and reflects the trend of development in the world, and to provide a solid and broad foundation for the realization of a moderately prosperous society and modernization in an all-round way. Consideration should be given to both improving labor productivity and solving the employment problem.

3. Correct understanding of China's manufacturing industry in the re-industrialization of developed countries

In the current international situation, China's manufacturing industry is facing three challenges: on the one hand, from the high-end challenge. Developed countries through the "re-industrialization", "re-industrialization" and the new industrial revolution, will certainly make the developed countries in science and technology, information, capital and other aspects of the advantages accumulated for a long time to further strengthen, and become the main beneficiary of scientific and technological innovation and industrial revolution dividends! The "center-periphery" world division of labor system, which is unfavorable to developing countries, will be further solidified, further widening the distance between China and the rest of the world. On the other hand, from the low-end squeeze, India, Vietnam, Indonesia and other developing countries may be lower labor costs to undertake the transfer of labor-intensive industries, seize the manufacturing industry in the middle and low end, China's manufacturing industry in the middle and low end of the vast market advantage is facing the danger of losing. On the other hand, from the internal predicament. From an overall point of view, China's independent innovation capability is not strong, the core technology dependence on foreign countries is relatively high; manufacturing industry is still in the industry in the low-end level, the lack of world-class large-scale enterprises and well-known brands, in the global industrial chain in the high value-added link share is relatively small; the industrial structure is not reasonable, the proportion of technology-intensive industries and production-oriented services is low, the level of industrial agglomeration and cluster development is low, the problem of product quality is more prominent; resource utilization efficiency is low, the proportion of technology-intensive industries and production-oriented services, industrial aggregation and the development level of clusters, product quality The problem of product quality is relatively prominent; the efficiency of resource utilization is low, and the problem of environmental protection is serious; the level of management is not high, and the efficiency of management is low, resulting in high management costs, which seriously affects the competitiveness of products.

China's manufacturing industry has also ushered in three major opportunities. The first is a new opportunity. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change and China's accelerated transformation of the mode of economic development to form a historic convergence, the international industrial division of labor pattern has entered a remodeling stage, new ideas, new technologies, new ways to start the period there are a lot of blank spots, to a certain extent, for the world to provide a new starting line, but also for the development of China's catching up with the opportunity provided. Second is the new supply and demand. Developed countries "re-industrialization" and the emergence of a new round of industrial revolution organic combination, showing us a different from the traditional assembly line, centralized machine mass production of new production methods, factors of production, organization mode, will create a new market and supply and demand, these are our country can play a big role in the place. Again, the "de-industrialization" and "re-industrialization" of developed countries have provided us with lessons. Excessive "de-industrialization" and the development of high-risk, highly leveraged financial services in developed countries have led to a disconnect between the real economy and the virtual economy. China has fully learned from their lessons, and draws on the forward-looking policies and measures in their "re-industrialization" development strategies, which are in line with the general trend of development, to ensure that the real economy is in line with the development of different types of industries. China has fully learned from its lessons, drawing on its "re-industrialization" development strategy with forward-looking policies and measures that are in line with the development trend, and promoting structural optimization and upgrading in a focused and differentiated manner in accordance with the characteristics of different types of industries. It is entirely possible to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry through breakthroughs in the key links that constrain the upgrading of the industrial structure, such as research and development, design, marketing network, branding and supply chain management.

Turning challenges into opportunities, it may be necessary to consider the strategic planning pattern of "fighting for both ends and protecting the middle" to establish a modern industrial system with Chinese characteristics. One end is to focus on outstanding strength, vigorously enhance the integrated innovation capability, cultivate the original innovation capability, accelerate the possession of a number of core key technologies, in some important high-end areas, to fight for a place. This we have done in the past and should do in the future, so as to have a certain say in the international core club. At one end of the spectrum, we should continue to strive for a certain share at the low end and endeavor to create more employment opportunities. We should upgrade on the basis of the long-term bottom end, all to the high-end is unrealistic, up to the mid-range should be our main option. Overcome the difficulties faced by "Made in China" and become an important provider of excellent (mid-range) products and services for both domestic and international markets.

4. attach great importance to the Internet + enterprise organizational change

"Internet +" is the organic combination of science and technology and the economy, in the implementation of the "Internet +" strategy, the Internet + enterprise organizational change is of particular importance. Enterprises, as the important main body of the market and the cells of the economy, in addition to using the Internet to strengthen the interconnection and connection with the market, and to promote networked collaborative manufacturing and services, but also to make great efforts to enhance the endogenous power, renewed internal vitality. How to use information technology to improve and reconfigure the factors of production, deepen enterprise organizational change, innovative production methods, improve the quality of assets and service functions, and adapt to market demand and changes, is a global issue affecting the Made in China 2025 strategy. Answering this question first requires a correct understanding of the relationship between technology and organization. The relationship between technological structure and enterprise organizational structure is a process of mutual promotion and mutual construction, especially the Internet technology will be the enterprise consumers, suppliers, partners and enterprise employees and other relationships all organized in the computer network, so that the acquisition, processing, transmission and application of information has become high-speed and convenient, and will inevitably require enterprises to make corresponding adjustments and changes in the production mode, management mode and organizational structure. In this case, only to deepen the enterprise organization change, the Internet technology and enterprise production mode closely united, the formation of effective information communication feedback mechanism, in order to realize the benign interaction between technology and organization, in order to make the development of Internet technology for the enterprise needs, the enterprise in order to become the main force to promote the technological progress of the enterprise.

5. Strengthen the basic work of Made in China 2025

China has certain understanding and measures on the importance of basic research, basic training, infrastructure, etc., but it lacks depth, core and soul. A big strategy, especially one that involves a country's medium- and long-term development, must have its own systematic and deep theoretical foundation, must have its own core key innovative technologies, and must have innovative ideas, courageous and problem-solving talents.

While we can narrow the technological gap by learning from the western developed countries, if the theoretical research can not catch up, then it will always lag behind others, and then lose the real competitiveness. Germany has a lot of valuable experience in both basic research and basic training that we should learn from.

How to strengthen basic research and basic training? You can consider starting with infrastructure development. Infrastructure construction is also an important part of the content of Made in China 2025. Made in China 2025 must have supporting infrastructure and access to the appropriate materials. Comparative in-depth study and analysis of the Made in China infrastructure project, can find problems, solve problems, reflecting the innovative research ideas of problem-oriented, both targeted to strengthen theoretical research, but also to provide the basic conditions for the Made in China. From the current situation, it is very necessary to sort out the names of important infrastructures for manufacturing in China, such as broadband Internet infrastructure, efficient large-capacity data infrastructure, IT infrastructure, unified security framework and unique identifiers. On the basis of comparative reference to the corresponding international advanced infrastructure, it is necessary to formulate the theoretical research program and engineering construction program of China's manufacturing infrastructure projects one by one, so as to consolidate the foundation for China's manufacturing 2025.

It is undeniable that a new wave of industrial revolution is emerging, the prospect of an intelligent world is unfolding, and the horn of fierce competition has blown. We can't be in a hurry, nor can we be slow. The key is to study in depth, long-term layout, appropriate measures. "Made in China" needs to change from factor-driven to innovation-driven; from low-cost competitive advantage to quality and efficiency competitive advantage; from resource consumption, pollutant emissions of crude manufacturing to green manufacturing; from production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing. The core essence of China's manufacturing development strategy should be: to accelerate the integration of a new generation of information technology and manufacturing industry as the main line, to improve quality and efficiency as the center, to meet the economic and social development and national defense construction of major technical equipment needs as the goal, to open up the means of cooperation, to strengthen the basic capacity of industry, improve the level of integrated, improve the talent system at multiple levels, cultivate a manufacturing culture with Chinese characteristics, and to promote the transformation and upgrading of industry. to realize the historical leap of the manufacturing industry from big to strong. It is entirely possible for China to become an important beneficiary of the new industrial revolution and to make important contributions to the new industrial revolution.

6. Smart factories should have samples in line with national conditions

The "Industry 4.0" strategic plan, which was first put forward at the Hannover Messe in 2013, has opened the curtain of a new industrial revolution dominated by smart manufacturing in the world.

In 2015, in the process of moving towards a manufacturing powerhouse, the Chinese government drew on "Industry 4.0" and put forward the "Made in China 2025" plan, which intends to realize a comprehensive development of the country in the next three decades. The plan aims to realize the comprehensive strength to enter the forefront of the world's manufacturing powers through three "ten years" of efforts. "Made in China 2025" and "Industry 4.0", but the reality of the national situation is very different. For the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry, "Industry 4.0" can be learned, but it is difficult to refer to, "Made in China 2025" must be in line with the national conditions of the reference sample.

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