What are the characteristics of the northern classical garden architecture

Garden as a part of traditional Chinese culture, full of traditional Chinese cultural heritage; especially in the garden hidden meaning is intriguing, let people forget. Northern classical garden architecture is characterized by what? Next and I came to learn about the characteristics of the northern classical garden architecture, welcome to read!

Northern classical garden architecture characteristics

China in the north and south aspects of the division of the concept, in a way refers to the Qinling? Huaihe River division, and roughly from the west to the east of the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the region. The North-South distinction has existed since the pre-Qin Dynasty, and was further deepened during the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties. Garden is in a fixed location and space, combined with the local natural environment and geographic and human characteristics, to provide people with a place for viewing, leisure, living and playing. It is a kind of form design that combines art and life produced in the peak period of social, economic and cultural development, and it is a comprehensive environmental design that combines the spirit of the Chinese nation with nature under the conditions of favorable weather and national prosperity. Throughout history, the garden from the earliest to meet the scope of the material and spiritual life of the feudal emperors, to the Tang and Song Dynasty reached the climax of the gardening heyday, the Ming and Qing Dynasty and produce gardening theory and professional gardeners. In the course of this development and evolution, the garden at the same time by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and many other factors of influence, and other categories of art in close combination, constitute a unique garden art and famous. It expresses the reproduction of nature, extraordinary, love of the landscape, the pursuit of aesthetic thinking, emphasizing the profound meaning of the inner letter.

In general, due to the different architectural styles and features, China's gardens according to the region, generally can be divided into northern gardens and southern gardens. The reasons for the difference between the northern and southern gardens are the difference in geographic location, cultural development and inheritance, historical relics, and the influence of climate, etc. The northern gardens are represented by Beijing, which is the most famous city in China, and the most famous city in the world. Northern gardens represented by Beijing, generally to the emperor's palace as a typical garden, can also be called the Royal Garden, while the southern gardens represented by the Jiangnan House Garden, also known as private gardens.

First, the north and south of the garden style comparison

Chinese classical gardens can be divided into four categories, namely, imperial palaces and gardens, residential gardens, temple gardens and scenic spots. From the distribution of geographic location, the Southern Song Dynasty after the garden is mainly concentrated in the north of Beijing, Chengde, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou and Hangzhou and the Pearl River Delta. Because of their different styles, customarily also known as the northern garden, Jiangnan garden and Lingnan garden. The first house garden, Jiangnan garden, can be called the essence of Chinese gardens, and its attainment is the use of Chinese painting theory in the art of gardening. It means that the landscape painting in two dimensions is three-dimensional, and the natural landscape is condensed into a smaller space, which is integrated with the architectural landscape.

The northern gardens, most of which serve the stage of feudal rule of the Royal Court, the layout of its construction and palace regulations are inseparable, large volume, large-scale pattern fully embodies the symbol of imperial rule. Although the garden is also surrounded by walls, because the garden is too large, so that the wall of the spatial limitations of the sense of disappearance. Although the garden is also partially closed within the garden space, which is mostly garden in the garden and garden in the garden.

North and South gardening techniques generally follow the same principles of gardening, but because of their different service objects, coupled with the regional environment and cultural practices of the differences, thus presenting the North and South different artistic styles. If the northern royal garden is an endless landscape, the feeling is that there is no specific environmental space limitations, and Jiangnan garden is to build their own heaven and earth, in order to? Hidden? The idea of the dominant, then Lingnan garden reflects the garden owner both want to have their own piece of heaven and earth, but also want to expand outward, to understand the outside world of thought and emotion.

We can analyze the similarities and differences from the following aspects.

1. Plane pattern: Jiangnan gardens built in the city, the space is small, often inward layout in the limited space to set up the landscape, so that the shape of the situation, winding and eclectic, and the garden of the stacked mountains, pools and water, trees, flowers, bridges and corridors cleverly combined with the small in the big, to achieve? Although someone made, like from heaven? The realm. Northern garden environment is wide and open, the garden landscape attractions to take outward dispersed layout or inside and outside the combined layout, attractions themselves have a good view of the field of vision, each other and can be widely borrowed for the landscape. Although some of the layout of the garden is also taken Jiangnan, but ultimately can not get rid of the symmetry of the axis and the influence of the courtyard type system.

2. Architectural form: Jiangnan garden architecture from the appearance of modeling, fa?ade form to the detailed decorative treatment, far lighter than the north, slender, delicate and transparent, its architectural space to meet the needs of living, but also as a place of emotional development and continuity. Northern gardens but the building as? Scenery? The composition of the main body, the pursuit of architectural beauty of the concept, but also as an important means of showing the royal style. Therefore, the North and South garden building image differences are very obvious, the North is more gentle, heavy, solemn, stout, simple; the South is stilted, light, lively, slender, dexterous.

3. Spatial scale: Jiangnan garden space is open and permeable, inside and outside of each other interspersed with penetration, scenery in the set of scenery, level changes are very rich. Northern gardens are more closed, inside and outside the space is clearly demarcated. In terms of scale, the north and south of the garden is extremely different. If compared with the palace building, the northern garden is already a small one, and compared with the southern garden, its scale is still much larger, visible? Jiangnan garden architecture of the scale of the small, to the extent that there is no reduction. Other similar buildings, space or water landscape are also so.

4. building color: the northern garden building colorful, bright and colorful, even if many buildings also used a green tile roof, its walls and columns, doors and windows of the color is still very heavy. Jiangnan gardens elegant and simple, almost all building colors are whitewashed walls, green tile, dark brown or dark green wooden decoration composed of, and the north to form a sharp contrast. This is closely related to the local climate. In addition, in the composition of the basic elements of the garden rocks, water, flowers and trees with planting, paths and bridges set up, the north and south also have their own characteristics. Such as the Jiangnan garden stone, seek leakage, penetration, thin, wrinkled, spirit of empty fantasy; trees freely arranged; the north is effective Thuja, the garden muddy heavy; trees arranged rules.

In short, the Jiangnan garden is presented? Tree without line, stone without position, mountain with the guests towards the situation, water has a meandering Ying belt of love, is a peaks and valleys, water and flowers in the natural scenery. Northern gardens make full use of the natural beauty of the development of environmental beauty, giving people a majestic, natural, clear sense of hierarchy, with the art of gardening to evoke aesthetic associations, so that the form of beauty embodies the unity of the world. Shift the sky and shrink the earth in Junhuai? to show the concept of heaven and man induction and the supremacy of the emperor, is accompanied by a certain political purpose and constitute the northern royal garden.

Second, cultural characteristics

Influenced by Confucianism, the northern Royal Palace embodies the strict and rules, pay attention to the symmetrical order, showing a strong Chongmao serious beauty of the artistic effect of its gardening style by the influence of the architectural style of the palace as well as the spirit of the need for constraints. In addition to the practical functionality of the material garden palace buildings, there is also the role of its spirituality. Taoism, Buddhism and other schools of thought also have an impact on the Royal Garden. Royal garden can be seen everywhere in the Buddhist temple or Sanskrit name of the building.

The literati garden of the southern scholar embodies the philosophical connotations of the old Zhuang, Buddha and Zen mixed into one. In such a garden realm, the literati not only get the physical and mental pleasure, but also to send their spiritual ideals. Lingnan gardens are influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and secularism. Confucianism and Laozhuang aesthetic thought reflected in the Lingnan gardens, is a kind of unity of opposites, Confucian aesthetic thought embodied in the garden gardening techniques, the latter manifested in the garden's environmental site selection. Compared with the garden in Jiangnan, the Lingnan garden is characterized by being an artificial art in the natural environment. Lingnan garden secular utility of the aesthetic concept of strong performance, gardening is not confined to the traditional form and pattern, to apply, focusing on the economic and practical garden, the layout of the convenience of the open Lang, decorative peace and commonplace, natural and real garden, in order to achieve the interest of elegance and secular **** appreciation.

Third, the north and south of the cultural and psychological structure comparison

Different natural and humanistic environment constructed a different cultural and psychological structure, and vice versa, the cultural and psychological structure of the natural and humanistic environment will also have a certain reaction. For example, in Lingzhou (Lingwu County, Ningxia), which is located beyond the border, there is no Qiangrong custom. There was no Qiangrong custom, but in the second year of Xuanzheng of the latter Zhou Dynasty, the Chen general Wu Mingcher was broken, and his people were relocated to Lingzhou. The people of the left side of the river are still polite and learned, and the customs are harmonized, so it is called the north of the Sebei Jiangnan.

The psychological structure of culture is often characterized by national character, value standards, emotional patterns and ways of thinking.

Among the three coordinates of culture (i.e., history, race and society), race is the most stable and lasting imprint that will always be engraved in the culture. North people's resolute personality, straightforward and open-minded, so that the northern gardens present a just and dignified, grand and magnificent scene. South people gentle Wanqu, soft and meticulous heart, so that the southern garden to pursue a delicate and sinuous pattern. People often call the north of the water? Yang? , the water of the south called? Yin? , that the north more masculine gas, the south more feminine gas, which is more or less a little bit of the meaning of the weak north.

From the value standard, the north tends to enter the world, the south tends to come out of the world. The reason is that the North is often in the center of China's political struggle, the rise and fall of the dynasty is almost related to the fate of individuals. Together with the national personality and the group consciousness cultivated under the patriarchal system, their ideals are mostly rooted in reality and embrace the concept of "cultivating one's moral character, perfecting one's family and governing one's country". The ideals of the southern people are rooted in reality, with the beliefs of cultivating one's moral character, aligning one's family, ruling the country and leveling the world. While the southern people do not oppose to enter the world, but the weak personality, most of them are difficult to do as in the past, and often give up halfway, and turn into a passive avoidance of the world,? The same thing I? The same thing I? The same thing with me,?

These are the first time I've ever seen a woman in the world, and I've never seen a woman in the world with the same name.

It is not difficult to conclude from the above analysis, the different styles of North and South gardens, and their respective geographical natural and human environment and cultural and psychological structure is closely related to, reflecting the differences in North and South culture. Each society, in a certain period of history, inevitably in the art form or other aspects of the reflection of a unified style. Because? Style is the carrier of cultural code,? In all occasions, style becomes the artistic symbol of culture. Style is also the person,? JiangZuo GongShangFaYue, precious to QingQi; Heshuo words and meanings of chastity just, important to the temperament. It can be said that the style of north and south can be summarized. Although Qianlong had also? Returned with the map? , widely introduced the Jiangnan gardening techniques, and even imitated the Jiangnan gardens, such as the Summer Palace Harmonious Garden, that is, Wuxi sends a copy of the garden. The main view of the lake area of the mountain refuge Jinshan Pavilion, the north shore of the Qiongdao Xiyuan Ripples Hall, are playing again Zhenjiang? Temple color mountain? The pattern of Jinshan and Beigushan? River and sky at a glance? Winning concept. But he is the use of the north of the rigid pen painting Jiangnan silk and bamboo feelings, only? Slightly master their ideas, on its natural momentum, not to give up their own strengths. Still maintains the characteristic temperament and character of northerners. It can be seen that? The mood and spiritual essence revealed in the original ancestor, in the later descendants of the same.

In short, the south and the north of the garden with the same in the different, different in the same, each with its own characteristics, complement each other. From time to time, the Central Plains, northern gardens than the development of southern gardens early. But the south later on, of course, the southern garden is in the northern culture after the development of the southern gradient. Subsequently, the northern gardens were taken from the southern gardens. The beauty of Chinese gardens is mainly reflected in the "poetry and painting", which is y influenced by Chinese literature and art in terms of conception, materials, architectural layout, etc., forming the characteristics of emotions in the landscape, showing human ideals, tastes and spiritual pursuits through the scenery, and achieving the meaning of "nowhere can't be painted, and no scenery is not into the poem". The naming of the gardens and the buildings, landscape scenery titles and couplets, plaques, etc. are even more lyrical and symbolic, fully reflecting the meaning of traditional Chinese culture. We say that the difference between the classical gardens in the north and south depends largely on the design and construction of the garden of different social ideas and humanistic concepts. It is no exaggeration to say? Garden art? Is the human social and cultural elements of a very significant embodiment and direction. People have feelings for architecture, because the expression of feelings in architecture is more direct than other arts. From the cultural level of architecture, people's feelings for architecture are the feelings for life itself. When we talk about garden culture and garden art, we must not be completely separated from the background of social and historical conditions, and look at this art in isolation. In the construction of new urban gardens in the north and south of China's classical garden art of reference and inheritance can never be unreserved and unanalyzed.

The natural characteristics of the northern gardens

According to the regional characteristics of Chinese gardens, the most obvious style is the northern gardens, southern gardens and Lingnan gardens, and other gardens in the Central Plains, Jingchu gardens, Yunnan and Guizhou gardens, Sichuan and Sichuan gardens and gardens of ethnic minority areas. We often refer to the northern garden is more narrow, refers to Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin garden, which focuses on the Qilu, Yan and Zhao culture.

This region in the Taihang Mountains to the east, south of the Great Wall of Yanshan, with a vast North China Plain, Shandong Plain. Hebei region in the north, west and south of the three sides around the mountains, east of the sea, in the middle of the plains, the North China Plain north of the Yanshan Mountains to rely on, the Shandong Plain is located in the middle and south of the Taishan Mountains. Relative to the south, this area has less rainfall, fewer lakes in North China, it is not possible to be like Jiangnan both vast plains and longitudinal watercourses, and so, in the plains of the towering Taishan Mountain and Yanshan Mountain has become a symbol of the people's mind. Water sources and water limitations are the constraints of the northern gardens.

The local natural geography of the garden has a very close relationship. In the Shandong area, because of the neighboring Jiangsu, the garden has imitated the signs of Jiangnan gardens, such as the Shikwuyuan, is the owner of the garden traveled to Jiangnan and then returned home to build the garden. Beijing gardens in addition to the royal garden possession of lakes, the royal family and nobles can only get the royal scraps, water is not big, some can only be flat to make a dry garden, even if the garden has water, but also water is very small, modern parks are also a lot of dry parks. Relative to the area of the whole garden, the ratio of water in the northern garden is very small.

The northern gardens of the mountain performance in the garden of the mountain, the garden mountain majestic, high, strong for the United States. Mountain area is larger, higher height, of course, the Qing dynasty royal and aristocratic also have the power, financial resources as well as manpower to create such a majestic mountain. Such as the Beihai's Qionghua Island, the Imperial Garden's pile of Xiushan, Jingshan Park's Jingshan, Gongwangfu Garden's wigwam and so on. Landscape effect of the most famous Mount Tai and the Great Wall are mountain scenery. Mount Tai in Yue ranked first, Mount Tai Zen is the favorite of successive emperors, the garden of the isolated earth mountain is like Mount Tai. The Great Wall because of its location in the Yanshan Mountains, connecting the passes and famous, the garden often have a view of the city pass, is a reflection of the Great Wall.

The northern part of the garden with stone is mostly Fanshan stone, Taihu Lake stone, green stone, especially green stone has local characteristics, although Taihu Lake stone is the most favored stone in the aesthetic, but it is not very common, because this place is far away from Jiangnan. Thus, less around Beijing, relatively more in Shandong. Similar to the Taihu Lake stone Fangshan stone, known as the North Taihu Lake stone, is the most common, because this stone is produced in Fangshan District, Beijing, from mining to transportation is more convenient, however, Fangshan stone in Shandong is not very common. Green stone is more common in Hebei and Beijing, both flat and vertical.

In terms of plants, northern gardens in the willow, acacia, pine, cypress, poplar, elm and other trees are used more species, including pine and cypress and willow most, because of the cold hardiness, can winter. Shrubs such as lilacs, begonias, peonies, peonies, peonies, lotus, most of which cannot survive the winter, and in modern parks, many holly hedge shrubs are often used as boundary materials and winter scenery. The four seasons of the greatest difference in scenery is mainly expressed in the plants, spring to the recovery of all things, the trees spit green, the beginning of mid-spring, a hundred flowers; summer willow shade, lotus bloom; autumn maple maple becomes red, the mountains are full of color; winter to the fading of all the trees, the snowflakes fly.

Northern garden structures and nature have a close relationship, mainly reflected in the temperature and wind direction and the relationship between the building. Cold in the north, cold is the most important function of the building, all six sides of the building are showing cold-resistant and snow-resistant features. Such as four sides of the fence are used thick walls, small windows, is to reduce indoor heat loss. Whether it is a fence wall or a house wall, there are very few windows, and the sashes are made of glass, and many of them are made of blind windows. The relationship between the wall and the columns, the columns are not as wide as the wall and are encased within the wall.

Heating facilities such as underfloor heating and air conditioning are used not only for the interior of the building, but also for winterizing the grass. Indoor and outdoor pools in the winter to keep from freezing in addition to floor heating also used a high-strength barge and the bottom of the pool masonry means, such as materials with high grade cement, pool reinforcement encrypted to prevent icing or swelling.

Building roofs are used in thick eaves, suspended ceilings, in the lookout brick lookout board on the mud plaster thicker, multi-layer, tile with thick tube tile, the eaves are very shallow, mainly for the cold rather than for the water drainage. The beams are thicker, and one of the reasons for this is to prevent snow from accumulating in winter.

The building's south-north orientation is especially important in northern gardens, where the winter is long and the northern cold snap comes at a time when everything is dormant, and people use the building as the best shelter. In order to prevent the cold building orientation are the main facade towards the south, the back towards the north, the front door open window, the north side of the window is rarely open.

Artistic Characteristics of Classical Gardens

1. Relying on the mountains and the water, precious trees and flowers, comprehensive art

Classical Chinese gardens are comprehensive works of art consisting of plants, landscapes and buildings. Commonly used ornamental flowers and trees are pine, bamboo, plum, camphor, orchids, chrysanthemums, willow, lotus, roses, camellias, spring and peonies, etc., and its selection of planting is generally related to the geographic environment of the garden and the garden owner's sentiments. The water in the garden also reflects the literati's interest through the choice of type and form. Garden water in various forms: lakes, pools, rivers, streams, streams, springs, waterfalls. In the garden according to the specific situation of the water source and the terrain of the garden, to natural channeling, in size, static and dynamic, zigzag contrast and connection to achieve the purpose. Its modeling on the implementation of the curved water on the shore of the wandering, seemingly even the pursuit of points. Wen Zhenheng in the "long thing Zhi" on the water is very detailed, especially on the wide pool, on the small pool, on the waterfall is very incisive. Indeed, the modeling of landscape is the main framework of the leading garden. So some people think that the garden of the mountain, such as human bones; garden water, such as human blood.

In the art of gardening, purely man-made landscape pavilions, although the pursuit of? Humanized nature? The garden is not the main elements, but some specific scenic spots can still be the main scenery. There are a variety of buildings in the garden, such as salts, buildings, lounges, pavilions, boats, pavilions, galleries, halls, halls, halls and Xuan and so on. No matter which type of building, its shape, size, proportion, location, sparse, high and low, with the garden theme needs and adaptive. This requires: the shape of light and light to push not to seek magnificent solemn, exquisite decoration dynamic not to seek rich and gorgeous-looking, spatial open circulation not to seek closed and strict. In addition, the color and texture for the garden is also important. Red warm, blue calm, gold noble, white clean, different colors have different moods. Gardeners in order to imitate nature, reflecting the interests of the literati, basically take the natural color state. There are two kinds of texture: one is the material itself, such as wood warmth, glass transparent, stone simple; another is from the treatment of materials, such as stone polished rough on the heavy rough, polished and clean on the elegant and noble. Different texture also has a different sense of beauty. These different aesthetics in the garden of the mountains, water, buildings, flowers, plants and trees are expressed. Visible, texture and color, plus volume and lines, and contours, proportions, scale together, constitute the artistic elements of garden modeling.

2. The pursuit of intention, generalization and refinement, and strive for similarity

Chinese gardens set of the world's famous mountains, after taking and highly generalized and refined, although the material is taken from nature and is not a purely natural imitation, novel intention, show a peak is a peak, a spoon of Taihua thousands of search, a spoon of the lake is the realm of the God-like, the beauty of this art through artistic processing, rich in immersive, déjà vu, but do not know Its sense of mystery, giving people a poetic or touching the beautiful inspiration.

3. Landscaping subtle, intriguing, a little square understanding

Chinese classical gardens for the wonderful subtlety, a mountain and a stone intriguing. Beauty Peak the more carefully look like; mandarin ducks Hall a little square understanding; pavilion plaque has become a scenic instructions. Another example is the Humble Administrator's Garden of the Lotus Wind Pavilion on all sides, in the presence of, although no Lotus Wind, but also feel the wind in which, hair people reverie. And then the fan pavilion in the west of the Humble Administrator's Garden, only a few two chairs, but with the great poet Su Shi in the Song Dynasty? With whom to sit? Bright moon and clear wind I? The best lines, in the feeling of the poet's lonely state of mind at the same time, will sprout a kind of elegant sentiment and interest.

4. Dynamic layout, like a scroll, never get tired of watching

Dynamic sequence layout, so that the garden space becomes a continuous sequence of scenery, there are? The mountains and the water is no way out, dark flowers and a village? The artistic effect. Suzhou Liyuan, for example, the space treatment of the wonderful when it is listed in the first of the garden, whether from the crane into the garden, through the Wufeng Xiankuan area, to the Qingfeng Museum, the curve to the central mountain pool; or from the garden gate zigzagging into the curved building through the Wufeng Xiankuan into the East Garden, the size of the space, dark and light, opening and closing and the height of the contrasts, are the formation of rhythmic spatial connection, there is a rise and fall, like an elegant painting, never tire of looking at it.

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