Write down the location factors of the formation of traditional industrial zones, the reasons for their decline and the rectification measures.

The Development, Decline and Renewal of Ruhr-gebiet

Location conditions of industrial development in Ruhr area: rich coal resources are the basis for the development of coal industry, iron and steel industry and electric power industry in Ruhr area; The combination of abundant water resources and coal resources has promoted the development of chemical industry in Ruhr District. Convenient land and water transportation provides conditions for the import of raw materials and the export of products in Ruhr District. Inland river shipping is particularly important, because the iron ore needed in Ruhr area is mainly transported by inland river through Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and the export of industrial products mainly depends on this transportation line.

The main reason of Ruhr-gebiet's decline: After 1950s, the economy began to decline, first of all, the coal industry, followed by the steel industry. There are four main reasons for the decline: (1) The production structure is single. Industrial production in Ruhr area is based on coal industry, mainly steel industry, and highly concentrated in five traditional industrial sectors. In such a production structure, if the production of an industrial sector declines, it will lead to the decline of the production of the whole region. (2) The energy status of coal will decline. After 1950s, with the extensive use of oil and natural gas, the energy status of coal will gradually decline, which directly leads to the decline of market demand for coal, which is the main reason for the decline of coal industry. The reduction of coal consumption in steelmaking is the secondary reason.

(3) Global steel surplus. The main reason for the decline of the steel industry is the comprehensive result of fierce market competition and declining market demand, which is manifested in the global steel surplus. (4) the impact of the new technological revolution, which is the root cause of the decline of traditional industrial areas.

Comprehensive renovation of Ruhr area: In 1960s, Ruhr area began to implement comprehensive renovation master plan, mainly from five aspects: (1) industrial structure adjustment, which is the core of comprehensive renovation. On the one hand, reform the coal and steel industries, on the other hand, actively develop emerging industries and tertiary industries. (2) Adjustment of industrial layout. In order to obtain iron ore imported through the nearby port of Rotterdam, the steel industry is increasingly concentrated in the west. Some steel companies even built blast furnaces to the seaside of Holland. (3) Strengthen traffic construction. Ruhr has a dense railway network and expressway network, and the Rhine River is also very convenient for water transportation. (4) developing science and technology, which is an important means to maintain economic development. (5) beautify the environment. By controlling industrial pollution and planting trees on a large scale, the situation of serious pollution in heavy industry areas has been changed and it has become a region with beautiful environment.