What are the ethnic customs? A few in brief...

The population is 9821180.

The Manchus are distributed throughout the country, with Liaoning Province being the most populous.

The Manchu language is spoken in the Manchu branch of the Manchu-Tungus language family of the Altaic language family. There are two dialects: southern and northern. Because of the mixed living with the Han people, close interaction, so now the Manchu people are used to Chinese, only a few remote settlement villages, there are a few elderly people can speak Manchu. 16th century, on the basis of the Mongolian language was created in the Manchu language. Now the Manchus use the Chinese language.

The Manchus used to believe in Shamanism, a religion of many gods, which has now disappeared.

The Manchus are an ethnic group with a long history, whose ancestors can be traced back to the Sushin people more than 2,000 years ago, and whose descendants are called " ", "Yilou", "Beiji", etc. They have always lived in the area around Changbai Mountain. They have been living in the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River basin north of the Changbai Mountains. "The Heishui are the direct ancestors of the Manchus, who later developed into the Jurchen, and in the 12th century, the Jin Dynasty was established; in 1583, Nurhachu united the Jurchen ministries, created the Eight Banners system, established the Manchu language, and in 1635, decided to call the tribe "Manchuria". The Eight Banners system, with its political, military and production functions, became the fundamental system of Manchu society. 1636, Huang Taiji became the emperor and changed the name of the country to Qing. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs, and the Qing Dynasty became the last feudal dynasty with centralized power in China. 1911, after the Xinhai Revolution, it became known as the Manchus. The Manchus made significant contributions to the unification of China, the opening up of its frontiers, and the development of its economy and culture.

Customs

The Manchu are a people with their own traditional culture, and Manchu folk paper-cutting is an important part of it. According to scholars, Manchu paper-cutting began in the Ming Dynasty, due to the worship of the Sister God, Manchu paper-cutting produced "Sister People", cut into the characters are dressed in flag dress, head combed buns, or head wearing a "Dala wings" of the typical Manchu attire, the characters stand on the front, two hands hanging down, the five senses for the yin carving, the nose triangular, the paper-cutting is a masterpiece of Manchu paper-cutting, rugged and simple, and the Manchu folk paper-cutting. This kind of paper cutting, is a masterpiece of Manchu paper cutting, rough and simple, very characteristic.

Because of the worship of animal spirits, "dog", "turtle", "magpie", "deer", "bear", "python", "eagle" such paper cuttings are very common, often as a good-luck stickers on the wall.

Marriage

Manchu wedding both with the strong characteristics of the nation, but also the integration of a number of customs and etiquette of the Han Chinese people, generally speaking, to go through the following procedures:

Engagement: young men and women of the Manchu people are engaged in two forms. One is the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends, mutual understanding, intends to do marriage, they will be entrusted to the matchmaker to the children of the promise of life, there are men to the female side of the marriage proposal, there are women to the male side of the marriage proposal. The other is a man and a woman do not know each other, trust the matchmaker for the children engaged, and by the matchmaker to transfer the two sides of the "gateway sticker", open both sides of the flag Zuo, curriculum vitae, family name, three generations. In addition, they have to check each other's birthdays and birthmarks.

Put fixed: that is, handing over the gift of wealth. Divided into two kinds of put small fixed and put small fixed. Put a small fixed is the future daughter-in-law to meet aunts, brothers and sisters-in-law and other male relatives, get property. Enlarge the fixed is called "over the big gift", commonly known as "under the big dish", is to choose an auspicious day, the male will be the bride price to the female family.

One day before the wedding, the bridegroom should drink "wind wine". The bride left home to the male party to borrow a good apartment to stay, commonly known as "playing the next hair". Early the next morning, the woman's home color car to send the bride, escorted by her brother. Color car to the groom's home, the cave door on the ground in front of a fire pot, so that the car carries the bride from the fire pot, commonly known as "over the fire to avoid evil spirits". In order to drive away or kill the ghosts and monsters with the sedan chair, the groom to the door of the sedan chair virtual shot three arrows; there are also real shot, but generally are shot towards the bottom of the sedan chair, so as not to hurt the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair to heaven and earth before, with the groom together to the north three kowtow, commonly known as "worship Beidou". After worshiping the Big Dipper after the world-famous line "skimming" ceremony. That is, wearing a red head of the bride and groom, face south kneeling in front of the table in the courtyard, the table for a side of pork knuckles, wine three cups, a knife, the shaman kneeling one-legged in front of the table, one side of the Manchu chanting, one side of the knife with a knife to cut the meat into pieces and thrown into the air, while the end of the wine cup Qi wine splashed to the ground. The main purpose is to beg God to bless the newlyweds, so that they are full of children and grandchildren, and grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride by the whole family (i.e., parents and children all people) into the cave. When the bride crosses the doorway, a saddle is placed on the doorway, and the bride must cross over from above. The new room bed must be laid by the whole family, the bridal chamber to be laid in the room after the music, called "loud room". Bride into the bridal chamber, a little girl holding two copper mirrors, the bride to shine a little, and then hang the mirror in the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed over two tin pots, which holds rice, money, etc., the bride or hold in the arms, or clamped in the armpits, commonly known as "hold the bottle", also known as "hold the media pot". When the bride on the bed to sit still, the groom with a scale rod to cover the bride's head of the red cloth removed, called "uncovered". The next step is to drink the couple, and eat the happy noodles, longevity noodles or children and grandchildren biscuits and so on.

Food customs

Manchu folk eat three meals a day when they are busy, and two meals a day when they are idle. The staple food is millet and sorghum rice, round-grained rice, dry rice, like in the rice with small beans or beans, such as sorghum rice beans dry rice. Some areas to corn as the main food, like to ferment cornmeal made of "sour soup". The majority of the northeastern region of the Manchu people also ate water rice habits, that is, in the good sorghum rice or corn leaders after the rice with water over again, and then put into the water soaked, eaten when fishing out, into the bowl, cool and delicious.

Manchu's meat and potatoes have a long history, the Qing Dynasty that has become a staple of the court. One of the most representative of the imperial meal "chestnut flour nest", also known as small nest. Manchu confectionery Saqi Ma has also become a nationally renowned pastry. The more famous Qingdongling pastry, also known as Qingdongling large meat and potatoes, Beijing snacks Dun meat and potatoes, Hebei Chengde snacks crispy meat and potatoes, Hubei Jingzhou snack lard meat and potatoes and so on.

Northern winter weather is cold, there is no fresh vegetables, Manchu folk often pickled cabbage in the fall and winter (i.e., sauerkraut) as the main vegetable. It is rumored that the method of storing vegetables in pickles began during the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. Sauerkraut boiled white meat, vermicelli is often eaten after the winter Manchu dishes.

The Manchu people love to eat pork, often cooked in white. The Manchu restaurant Najiakan in Shenyang, Liaoning, which has a history of more than 100 years, carries white meat and blood sausage, which is known as an authentic Manchu flavor.

Typical food: the Manchu people live in scattered, all over the representative of the typical food, mainly: ① white meat and blood sausage. ② hot pot. The traditional flavor of Manchu dishes. ③Sour soup. Typical food of the Manchu in Xiuyan, Liaoning Province. ④ Qingdongling Pastry. Also known as Qingdongling biscuits.

Festivals

Traditional festivals include the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. During the festivals, traditional sports activities such as "pearl ball", horse jumping, camel jumping and ice skating are usually held.

Awards Gold Festival

Manchu "clan celebration" day. 1635 lunar October 13, Huang taiji issued an edict, officially changed the name of the clan "female true" for "Manchuria! ", which marks the formation of a new national **** the same body. October 1989, in Dandong, "the first symposium on Manchu culture", the official December 3 every year as "gold festival".

Shangyuan Festival

The first month of the fifteenth, commonly known as the "Lantern Festival". The same as the Han Chinese, the Manchus also have the Lantern Festival to hang colorful lanterns and eat the custom of Lantern Festival.

Walking disease

Manchu women's festival. Generally on the sixteenth day of the first month. That night, the women in groups of three or five, accompanied by the far continent, or walking sand and ice, or playful and lively, called the "walk a hundred diseases".

February 2

Commonly known as "dragon head-raising day". On the morning of that day, the Manchu family to the stove ash scattered in the courtyard, ash path curved like a dragon, so it is called "lead to the dragon". Then held a ceremony in the courtyard, praying for good weather. The whole family also eat "dragon beard noodles" and "dragon scale cake". Women are not allowed to do needlework on this day.

Ching Ming Festival

Tomb worship is not like the Han Chinese paper money after the top of the grave on the pressure of money, but in the grave inserted "Fodor's". "Fodor's" is a Manchu word, translated into Chinese as "willow" or "willow branches". According to Manchu beliefs, the willow is the ancestor of man, man is the descendant of the willow, in order to show that there will be a successor, to insert the willow on the grave.

Midwinter Festival

Manchuans celebrate the Midwinter Festival on July 15, which is also regarded as the "Ghost Festival" for overcoming the dead. On that occasion, various temples set up Taoist temples, burn lamps and read scriptures, and hold various rituals to transcend the dead.

Mid-Autumn Festival

Manchu people also eat "reunion rice" on Mid-Autumn Festival. In addition, when the moon rises, but also for the moon. That is, in the courtyard of the west side to the east of a wooden screen, screen hanging with cocklebur, hairy bean branches, fresh lotus root, etc., for the moon for the rabbit. Before the screen set up a table, the table for a big moon cake. At the time of the sacrifice, burning incense and kowtowing, women worship first, men worship later.

Laobai Festival

Manchu people should be soaked on the eighth day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar "Laobai vinegar" and cook "Laobai meat". In addition to the family to eat but also to send friends and relatives.

Small year

Manchu small year's custom with the Han Chinese. The twenty-third day of the waxing moon is the "small year". At that time, every family should worship the God of the stove, commonly known as "send the stove king".