Summary of compulsory two knowledge points of geography in senior one

What are the knowledge points of compulsory geography in senior one? Little friends who want to know, come and have a look! I have carefully prepared "Summary of Compulsory Two Knowledge Points of Geography in Senior One" for you. This article is for reference only, and you will continue to get more information by paying attention to this site!

Summary of two knowledge points of compulsory geography in senior one 1. population growth

1. The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level affect the mortality and birth rate of the population, and then affect the population growth model. In addition, policies, social welfare and natural disasters will also affect population growth.

2. Population growth model (population reproduction model): original model: high and low (low level in developing countries), modern model: three lows (developed countries), traditional model: transition from "high and low" to "three lows" (high level in developing countries).

3. World population growth: Africa has the highest natural population growth rate and Europe has the lowest; Asia has the largest net population growth.

Second, population migration.

1. The main reasons for population migration: economy (migration from backward areas to developed areas), politics (political persecution, war, organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, and other factors (family background and marriage, visiting relatives and friends, escaping discrimination).

2, the significance of population migration (effect)

(1) Benefits: ① Strengthen national unity and promote national integration; ② Strengthen cultural exchange; (3) reducing the population pressure in the emigration area; (4) Providing cheap labor for immigrant areas.

(2) Disadvantages: ① Causing brain drain in the emigration area; (2) Increased the difficulty of social management in immigrant areas.

Three. Population distribution and population capacity

1. Population and environmental carrying capacity: the maximum population that can be maintained in a certain period of time.

Reasonable population capacity: the number of people who can continue to support. The reasonable population capacity is less than the population carrying capacity.

2. Factors affecting the environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity): resource status, productivity level, openness and consumption level.

Fourthly, the spatial structure of the city

1, urban functional zoning-agglomeration of the same urban land use type.

(1) business circle: located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic road-convenient transportation, developed communication and large flow of people; Strong ability to pay rent.

Central Business District (CBD): Dense buildings, high-rise buildings and convenient transportation-the area is limited, but the demand is large.

(2) Industrial zone: generally distributed on the edge of the city, with convenient transportation, and most rivers, railways and highways pass by.

(3) Residential area: it is the most extensive land use mode in the city.

(4) Cultural district: generally speaking, it is required to have a beautiful environment and stay away from the industrial and commercial district. Attention should be paid to the protection of cultural relics and historic sites in urban construction.

2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors and administrative factors.

3 city size, regional structure and service scope.

Small cities: the regional structure differentiation is not obvious, and the services provided are few in types, low in level and small in scope ★ Big cities: the regional structure differentiation is obvious, and the services provided are many in types, high in level and large in scope.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) urbanization

1. Signs of urbanization: ① the increase of urban population; ② The proportion of urban population in the total population has increased; ③ The scale of urban land use has expanded. One of the most important indicators is the percentage of urban population to the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after World War II: ① The development speed of big cities is faster than that of small cities; ② The number of big cities is increasing; ③ Megacities with a population of 1 10,000 have developed rapidly.

3. Urbanization in developed countries

① Features: Early start, high level, slow speed and anti-urbanization.

② Reasons for anti-urbanization: the demand for environmental quality has increased, and the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns has been gradually improved.

4. Urbanization in developing countries

① Features: late start, low level, high speed and obvious urbanization trend.

② Urbanization in China lags behind industrialization. (3) Unreasonable urban development: big cities expand rapidly, small and medium-sized cities develop slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few big cities.

5. The general law of urbanization: urbanization-suburban urbanization-reverse urbanization-re-urbanization.

Sixth, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment.

1, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment

(1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, rain island effect, thermal circulation in suburbs, and serious air pollution.

(2) Impact on hydrology: groundwater infiltration decreases, and the range and depth of groundwater funnel area increase.

For river water, the speed of slope water is accelerated, and the time of river catchment is shortened, which makes it easier to form flood peaks.

Water quality-urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage pollute urban water sources.

(3) Impact on biology: the variety of lawn and plantation is single; The destruction of biological habitats reduces biodiversity.

2. Protect and improve the urban environment-"eco-city"

① Establish satellite cities, develop new areas and disperse urban functions.

② Improve urban traffic and living environment. Broaden main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rail transit.

③ Protecting and managing the urban environment. Vigorously strengthen greening construction.

Seven, agricultural location factors

1. Natural factors (climate, water source, topography, soil): transformation-greenhouse agriculture, terraced fields, fertilization and watering.

2. Socio-economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor force)

The market determines the type and scale of agriculture.

With the development of traffic conditions (especially fresh-keeping and refrigeration technology), the influence of market on agricultural location has expanded geographically.

3. Technical factors (breeding, machinery, fertilizers and pesticides)

Cultivate improved varieties (high yield, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, storage tolerance and other varieties. ): it is conducive to expanding the planting area.

Mechanization: it can improve labor productivity.

Application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. : It can increase the output per unit area.

Eight, the main agricultural regional types

1, commodity grain agriculture

(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.

(2) Main varieties: wheat and corn (dryland crops, which are convenient for mechanized production).

(3) Formation conditions (location advantage): Natural conditions: flat terrain, vast arable land, vast land and sparsely populated.

Socio-economic conditions: developed transportation and high technical level.

Technical conditions: high degree of mechanization.

(4) Features: large production scale; High degree of mechanization; Family farms are the mainstay.

2. Rice planting:

(1) Distribution: East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoon regions.

(2) Location conditions: ① Climate: monsoon climate with both rain and heat is suitable for rice growth; (2) Terrain: the river plain or the lower reaches of the estuary delta, with flat terrain and deep soil layer, is conducive to farming; (3) Labor force: (labor-intensive agriculture) dense population and abundant labor force are conducive to intensive cultivation; ④ History: The planting has a long history and rich traditional experience.

(3) Features: ① Small-scale agriculture; ② High yield per unit area and low commodity rate; ③ Low level of mechanization; ④ The amount of water conservancy projects is large.

3. Mixed agriculture

(1) is mainly mixed agriculture of livestock and grain. Pond production in the Pearl River Delta of China is mainly a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.

(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia ("countries riding on sheep's backs" and "countries sitting on harvesters").

(3) Characteristics (Take the "Wheat-Shepherd Belt" in Murray-Darling Basin as an example).

(1) benign agricultural ecosystem:

Mutual benefit: planting provides feed for animal husbandry, and animal husbandry provides fertilizer for planting.

Fallow rotation, (conducive to restoring soil structure and improving soil fertility), planting and pasture.

(2) Effective and reasonable farming arrangement: during the busy season of wheat farming, the wheat will be grazed in leisure time (sowing in May-June,11-65438+February).

(3) Flexible production choice: according to the market, decide whether to breed more wheat or sheep.

(4) Location advantages:

Natural factors: ① climate: the climate is warm and humid; ② Terrain: flat and open; ③ Soil: fertile soil; ④ Water source: good irrigation conditions.

Socio-economic factors: ① the land is vast and the population is sparse, and the farm scale is large; ② Convenient transportation; (3) The market is broad and geared to the international market; ④ High degree of mechanization; ⑤ High level of science and technology; ⑥ Government encouragement and support.

4. Pasture animal husbandry

(1) Distribution area (USA, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries).

(2) Features: large production scale, high degree of specialization and high commodity rate.

(3) Location conditions: ① Warm climate and lush vegetation;

② The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low;

③ Close to the harbor, with convenient land and water transportation.

(4) Measures: ① Cultivate improved cattle and strengthen the study of bovine diseases; (2) Fence grazing and rotational grazing; (3) opening up water sources and planting feed; ④ Improve traffic conditions.

5. Industrial agglomeration and the formation of industrial regions.

(1) Leading factors leading to agglomeration: infrastructure such as roads, water supply and power supply; Cheap labor; Distribution of resources and energy, etc.

(2) Agglomeration benefits-scale benefits-(reducing costs and improving profits).

① Strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises;

② Reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products;

(3) * * * Utilize infrastructure such as roads, water supply, power supply and communication in the industrial zone to save investment in production and construction;

(4) It is conducive to centralized treatment of environmental pollution problems in the production process.

Nine. Traditional industrial zone

1, mainly distributed in Ruhr, central England, industrial zone in northeast America, industrial zone in south-central Liaoning, China, etc.

2. Characteristics of traditional industrial areas

(1) Generally, it is based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the main industries;

(2) Take large enterprises as the axis, and gradually develop.

X. Concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones

1. Concept: Emerging industrial zone refers to the industrial zone dominated by flexible small and medium-sized enterprises in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.

2. Main distribution: in northeast and central Italy, southern Germany, and "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

XI。 An important transportation network

1, railway network

Five horizontal:

Beijing Baobaolan Longhai Lanxin Line.

Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Kunming-Binzhou-Binnan-Kunming.

Seven cases

Beijing-Shanghai-Beijing-Kowloon-Beijing-Harbin-Jingguang Transportation-Liu Zhi Baocheng-Cheng Kun Lanqing-Qinghai-Tibet.

2, the significance of railway construction:

Political strategic significance-(1) is conducive to people's exchanges and cultural exchanges and promotes national unity; (2) It is conducive to consolidating national defense security.

Economic significance-(1) Promote resource development and turn resource advantage into economic advantage; (2) Promoting the production and circulation of commodities and promoting the economic development along the route; (3) Improve the transportation and railway network.

Twelve. Face up to environmental problems

1, environmental problems

The environment has a certain ability to contain and remove human production and living excreta (environmental self-purification ability). When human beings demand resources from the environment faster than the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, environmental problems will occur.

2, the performance of environmental problems:

(1) Resource shortage.

(2) Ecological destruction.

(3) Environmental pollution.

Environmental problems in today's world are mainly manifested in two categories: environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, marine pollution and radioactive pollution) and ecological damage (including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increased carbon dioxide content and ozone destruction, resource depletion and decreased biological species).

3, the distribution of environmental problems:

Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; Backward economic and technical level; Industrial transfer with serious pollution in developed countries).

Thirteen. sustainable development

Prevention and control of environmental problems;

The main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, unreasonable utilization of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth); Generally speaking, the essence of environmental problems is development, which is produced in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development.

2. Sustainable development

(1) The concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of its contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Its connotation is summarized as: ecological sustainable development (foundation), economic sustainable development (condition) and social sustainable development (purpose), which are interrelated and mutually restricted to form a system together.

(2) Principles: fairness, continuity and * * * same sex.

Extended reading: What are the methods for reviewing geography in senior two? First of all, master the knowledge of geography.

It is not easy to remember the knowledge points and master the knowledge points of physical geography, especially autobiography of revolution and time difference of the earth, which usually appear in the multiple-choice questions of the college entrance examination. Our solution is to master the map of the earth's rotation in the textbook.

Not only geography, but also other disciplines and knowledge points are very important. Only by laying a good foundation will the future road become more and more practical.

Second, it's a good habit to ask if you don't understand.

Ask if you don't understand. This is a correct learning attitude and a very good study habit. It needs the cultivation of teachers and the efforts of students, which is helpful to the formation of a good learning atmosphere in the class, especially to the improvement of students' academic performance. Don't be discouraged because you don't understand, but stick to it, stick to it and stick to it.

Third, take geography notes.

Let's not underestimate geography notes. Geography notes are very important. We must take notes. We don't have to take notes all the time. We just need to write down the knowledge points of frequent exams, and then sum them up to see which ones are easy to take and which ones are more. Focus on what to watch, but don't review without the finish line. This is a big taboo when reviewing in senior three, because it takes too much time and is easy to forget, and the effect is not good.

Fourth, think and summarize.

Whether reading a book or doing a problem, we should learn to think and sum up constantly. Only in this way can we improve our grades. Remember that learning without thinking is useless, and learning and thinking go hand in hand.

What are the majors with good employment prospects in liberal arts? 1, business administration?

Business administration majors have a wide range of employment. According to the needs of China's rapid economic development, there is an urgent need for at least 350,000 business administration professionals. At present, there are only about 80 thousand people with practical qualifications, which is far from meeting the needs of the industry. Business administration majors can engage in marketing, enterprise management, international business, human resources, international logistics, etc., with a wide range of employment and high salaries in various industries.

2. Major in International Economics and Trade

In the 1990s, those who studied international trade became "hot items". At the end of the last century, international trade talents showed signs of "slow sales" in the market. Fortunately, in recent years, the international trade major has ushered in the second spring. The advantages of international trade graduates in the field of international business are self-evident. Excellent foreign language level, solid professional knowledge and solid computer skills will naturally lead to a superior job.

3. Journalism

The employment of journalism graduates is not limited to traditional media. With the development of online media, two new employment directions have emerged. One is public opinion analysis. Many government departments and enterprises at all levels need to recruit students to analyze public opinion. The second is the operation of new media, especially social media.

4. Foreign Language and Literature Major (Foreign Language)

I mainly study English, German, French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish and minor languages. Be awarded a bachelor of arts degree.

Senior language talents engaged in translation, scientific research, teaching, enterprises, undertakings and management in foreign affairs, economy and trade, culture, press and publication, education, scientific research, tourism and other departments after graduation.

5. Radio and television journalism.

I mainly study the introduction of radio and television, the technical basis of radio and television, news interview writing, my production, photography and so on. Be awarded a bachelor of arts degree.

After graduation, I can be a reporter in the news media, I or a host, I can also do advertising planning and copywriting in advertising companies, publicity planning, secretarial work in enterprises and institutions, or film and television production.

6. Psychology major

With the development of economy and the intensification of competition, the pace of people's life and work is getting faster and faster, which makes each of us feel unprecedented psychological pressure, and the word "mental health" is getting more and more attention. At the end of 2005, a psychological survey report showed that more than 1/6 people in China had psychological problems in different degrees.

Therefore, psychological counselor will become a new and popular occupation. Many people think that psychology major is specially for science students, but in fact, many normal universities' "applied psychology" majors are both arts and sciences.

7. New Media Major

Authoritative data show that the employment rate of related majors in the new media industry is over 98%. At present, the talent gap in the film and television post-production industry is about 200,000, among which broadcast hosts and news editors are the most scarce, and their wages are much higher than those in traditional industries. 60% graduates can get more than 7000 salary when they enter the industry. Moreover, most film and television companies have perfect welfare systems and incentive mechanisms. Therefore, in recent years, the new media major has been widely welcomed by students and parents.

8. Marketing major

Marketing personnel refer to those who engage in market analysis and development research, provide suggestions for enterprise production and operation decisions, and promote products.

At a recent graduate double election meeting held in Chongqing, marketers have become the highlight of many employers' recruitment. For example, among the 32 positions openly recruited in a home life plaza, there are 20 marketing professionals.

In recent years, marketing has penetrated into all kinds of enterprises, and the demand for talents in this field will continue to be optimistic and may continue to heat up.

9. Chinese as a foreign language major

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, Chinese teaching is developing vigorously all over the world, and the total number of people learning Chinese in all countries in the world has exceeded 20 million. At present, the United States, New Zealand, Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Canada, Australia and other countries have included Chinese scores in university courses.

As more and more people are learning Chinese, many countries are facing a serious shortage of Chinese teachers. Therefore, learning Chinese as a foreign language has a good employment prospect.

At present, in many countries, Chinese teachers have become one of the well-paid and enviable occupations.

10, major in international economy and trade.

I mainly study political economy, western economics, international economic law, international trade theory, finance, accounting and statistics. (pay attention to foreign language scores). Was awarded a bachelor's degree in economics.

Engaged in international marketing business or research management after graduation.