Introduction to Design Notes - Chapter 3, Section 3 05

(a) the main difference between porcelain and pottery

1, the tire quality is different: pottery with clay, firing more coarse and loose; porcelain with porcelain clay, firing is very firm.

2, with the glaze is different: most of the pottery without glaze, or with the glaze is crude; porcelain must have glaze, and glaze more and more delicate.

3, the fire is different: pottery lower, about 800 ℃ or so; porcelain higher, about 1200 ℃ or so.

(B) the development of Chinese ceramics

1, from the development of pottery to porcelain: after a long transition phase, that is, semi-porcelain pottery, porcelain pottery as far away as the Yin Shang era has appeared, to the Han Dynasty is becoming more mature, primitive porcelain glaze, glaze greenish-yellow, it is known as "primitive celadon". By the Six Dynasties, celadon has fully matured, replacing the status of copper and lacquer.

2, the six dynasties of celadon:

(1) six dynasties of celadon origin in the Zhejiang region as the center, and gradually formed a "South Xiu North Xiong" of different styles, formally established the two major systems of southern porcelain. Sixth Dynasty celadon to celadon chicken head pots and back over the lotus flower Zun most famous.

(2) Six Dynasties celadon styling design is rich and varied, to imitate the animal modeling (chicken head pots), while imitation of plant and flower modeling and decorative design has also appeared.

3, Sui and Tang dynasties:

(1) celadon to the south of Zhejiang "Yue kiln" as a representative of the Yue kiln is characterized by the thin tire bone, glaze uniformity, glaze green green glistening. White porcelain to the north of Hebei, "Xing kiln" for the best, Xing kiln and Yue kiln, and thus there is a "southern blue and white" said.

Tang porcelain decorated with floral motifs, decorated in a variety of ways. One of the underglaze color is first painted on the plain tire, and then glazed, which

is a pioneering step towards colorful decoration.

(2) The most distinctive ceramics of the Tang Dynasty is also known as the "Tang Three Colors" three-color glazed pottery. It mainly uses yellow, green and white glaze, the use of lead glaze is easy to flow characteristics, resulting in changes, gorgeous Huazhi effect, loved by the people, but also exported to the Arab region and all over Europe. The production site is mainly in Chang'an and Luoyang two places.

Tang Sancai (Tang) (noun explanation):

(1) Tang Sancai, is a low-temperature lead glaze colored glaze pottery. Because it often uses yellow, green and brown glazes to form a variety of colorful and variegated color glaze decorations such as flowers, spots or geometric patterns on the vessel, so it is called Sancai. In addition, there are also painted blue glaze, excavated quantity is very small, also more precious. This kind of work, most popular in the Kaiyuan period. Full of blue glazed ceramic donkey, is an outstanding work.

(2) Tang Sancai products, can be divided into vessels, figures, animals, three cold. Almost all aspects of life use water vessels, wine vessels, eating utensils, stationery, as well as furniture, architectural models and so on. Various pots, cups, plates, boxes, furnaces, trousseau, cabinets, pillows, etc., are new styles and colors. Among them, such as pill pots, also known as wannian pot, is to hide the ashes with, the shape of round and full, the body of the pot near the sphere, beautiful style, reflecting the Tang Dynasty plump and robust artistic characteristics. Tang Sancai figures, shaping women, civil officials, warriors, horse figurines, Hu figurines, heavenly kings, etc., generally according to the social status and rank of the characters, portraying their different personalities and characteristics. Tang Sancai animals, birds, lions, camels, horses and so on.

(3) Tang Sancai is made of refined white clay tire, twice fired. It is first about a thousand degrees of high temperature firing into ceramic tires, hanging glaze and then baked at about 900 ℃. Because of its fine materials and regular production, it is not deformed, cracked or unglazed. According to the different varieties of artifacts, Tang Sancai using wheel system, mold and plastic and other production methods.

Underglaze

Underglaze is a kind of porcelain glaze decoration, also known as "kiln color". Underglaze color is a major means of decorating ceramics, is the use of color pigments in the molded drying embryo (i.e., semi-finished products) painted on a variety of decorations, and then covered with a white transparent glaze or other light-colored glaze, a firing. After firing, the pattern is covered by a transparent glaze film underneath, the surface is bright and soft, smooth and not convex, appearing crystal clear.

4, the two Song period

(1) the two Song period, China's ceramic production has been unprecedented development, official kilns, private kilns such as spring in the country. Celadon to Ru kiln, official kilns, Jun kiln, Yaozhou kiln and Longquan kiln (Brother kiln, the first kiln) the highest achievement.

① Henan Ru kilns: light azure as the main tone, color sense of ease, elegant, known as the five famous kilns in the Song dynasty (Ru, official, brother Jun, Ding) of the crown;

② Henan Jun kilns: glaze color green with red, the style of Yanli, the phenomenon of milky, known as the "kiln change";

③ Shaanxi Yaosu kilns: glaze color is olive The glaze color is olive green, mainly with carving, picking flowers decorative techniques, there is a shallow relief effect, decorated with plant motifs, branches and leaves, thick and full, quite Tang style;

④ Zhejiang Brother kiln: the glaze color is pinkish green or beige, glaze covered with winter rivers and ice cracks like openings, a kind of natural, rustic interest;

⑤ Longquan kiln (kiln): belongs to the southern celadon system, the tire is thin and thick glaze, and the glaze is thin and thick at the turn of the vessel. The glaze is thin and thick, and the thin glaze at the turn of the vessel reveals the color of the embryo, which is called "out of the tendons", and the glaze is emerald green or pinkish green, crystalline and clear, and as moist as jasper.

Song porcelain in the shape and decorative design have many original achievements, especially in the shape of the plum vase the most distinctive features of the era.

Plum vase: Plum vase is a small mouth, short neck, rounded shoulders, thin bottom, foot ring vase, small mouth can only insert the plum branch and named.

(2) the Song Dynasty North and South of the white porcelain (Song Dynasty white porcelain has been the difference between North and South)

① Hebei Ding Kiln: white porcelain glaze white and yellow, color warm, thin glaze through the tire.

② Jingdezhen kilns in Jiangxi: white porcelain white with green, clear and warm, color like jade, called shadow green porcelain. (The two kilns are mainly carved, printed decoration)

③ Hebei Magizhou kiln: white porcelain white yellowish, unique decorative methods, combined with the techniques of Chinese painting, brush painting on the porcelain embryo, the content of the characters, landscapes, birds and flowers.

④ Jiangxi Jizhou kilns: black glaze porcelain, original wood leaf appliqué and paper-cut appliqué decorative techniques, the formation of genuine natural, simple and interesting unique style.

(3) Song porcelain modeling and decorative design (Song porcelain in the modeling and decorative design have many original achievements)? P99

① rich molding styles: Song porcelain in the jade pot spring vase, vase, gourd vase, phoenix ear vase, the pot, Zhuge bowl, etc. are unprecedented new varieties.

② modeling style: simple and beautiful, proportionate scale is just right, to achieve a very perfect situation.

③ Song porcelain decorative techniques: carving, scratching the pearl ground, stranded tire, open slice, rabbit Bo, oil drops and tortoiseshell-like crystalline glaze, wood leaf appliqué, paper-cutting appliqué and underglaze coloring, etc., both the inheritance of the traditional methods, but also innovative methods.

④ Decorative themes: a reversal of the customary rules of the past pattern, replaced by fresh and lively birds, grasses and insects, landscapes, figures, poetry and calligraphy, etc.; the decorative performance of the free, concise and chiaroscuro.

5, Yuan dynasty porcelain: Jingdezhen became the center of the national porcelain industry. Yuan porcelain outstanding achievement, is the firing of blue and red porcelain glaze. Yuan dynasty blue and white porcelain, known as the "white blue porcelain", blue is painted under the glaze, mostly "white blue porcelain", fresh and bright hues, simple and elegant style, and folk blue prints with the same shape as the double wall, loved by the majority of people. Glazed red is after the blue and white, Jingdezhen porcelain craftsmen to create sister varieties, belong to the underglaze colored porcelain, first with copper and red material in the tire painting decorations, and then covered with transparent glaze, high temperature firing after the formation of red patterns, such as gelatinous effect of magnificence. Yuan dynasty ceramics in the shape of the design is generally very large, heavy tire bone, rugged and powerful.

Qinghua (nomenclature): Porcelain color white with green, decorated with green patterns, looks very coordinated, beautiful. Although only one color, but due to the intensity of the seasoning, color levels, and can show an extremely rich and varied artistic effect. Qinghua, is a kind of porcelain painted with green patterns on white porcelain. The raw material of blue and white is metal element of salt, which is very strong, distinct and stable. Qinghua is both simple and gorgeous, both complex and unified, it is like folk blue prints, with simple, simple, elegant artistic characteristics.

Glazed red (nomenclature) : With the same period of blue and white porcelain, the Yuan Dynasty Jingdezhen porcelain workers also invented glazed red porcelain, which is also a major innovation project, can be said to go hand in hand with blue and white porcelain. Red porcelain in the glaze is to copper red glaze (copper oxide) in the porcelain tire painted pattern, and then on the transparent glaze, in the high-temperature reduction flame after firing, the pattern in the glaze shows red, soft and beautiful. The production of the red glaze evolved from the purple speckled glaze of the Jun kiln. The purple and red spots in Jun kiln were originally natural forms, some of which resembled bats, some of which resembled fish, and then gradually became controlled by human hands. The red glaze is often decorated with blue and white, called blue and white glazed red porcelain, or blue and white fire purple, forming a chic decorative pattern. Due to the greater difficulty of firing, the Yuan dynasty production is not much, and few artifacts have been handed down.

6, Ming porcelain: ?

(1) Jingdezhen, the center of the country's porcelain industry, set up official kilns. Ming porcelain achievements, mainly in blue and white porcelain, five colors and monochrome glaze, blue and white porcelain is the main varieties of porcelain production, Xuande years produced the best. Ming porcelain decorative techniques, painted has become the mainstream, marking the Chinese ceramics from the "celadon era" into the "colored porcelain era".

(2) blue and white porcelain: color and lustre, color depths of black blemish marks, later generations of blue and white are not this feature.

(3) five-color: the Chenghua years created a combination of blue and glaze a variety of colorful doucai, Jiajing, Wanli years in the doucai on the basis of the five-color porcelain burned.

(4) modeling style: the ball vase, double flat vase, handleless pots, embroidery pier and a variety of square ware, etc., style simple, simple, between the Tang's full and the Song's quite beautiful, pay more attention to the effectiveness of practical.

(5) Decorative techniques: color painting has become the mainstream, marking the Chinese ceramics from the "celadon era" into the "colored porcelain era". Ming porcelain painted subjects and techniques by the influence of Chinese painting, in addition to the traditional landscape, figures, animals and birds and other patterns, but also the emergence of foreign subjects.

(6) monochrome glaze: fired sweet white, red glaze, green glaze, yellow and other rich varieties. In particular, the Yongle years fired into the warm pure white sweet white glaze, glaze white as snow, for the development of the Ming and Qing colored porcelain to create more favorable conditions.

7, the Qing Dynasty period of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong three generations:

Chinese ceramic production reached a historical peak, Jingdezhen is still the center of the porcelain industry. Kangxi dynasty also created an extremely valuable enameled porcelain, later called "Gu Yue Xuan". Qing porcelain in the production level far beyond the previous generation, and in the design of the artisan, Qing porcelain lacks a higher aesthetic realm.

(1) in the shape of the design: can burn more complex shapes without going out of shape, the fine details are extremely fine. Kangxi porcelain modeling more just

healthy, full, but there are also far-fetched works. Yongzheng porcelain modeling more dexterous, elegant, creating a number of imitation flowers and fruits and artifacts form successful works. Qianlong porcelain Shang Qiqiao.

(2) in the decorative design: In addition to traditional subjects, Qing porcelain prevalent story into the object and auspicious drawings, long text decorations are also quite distinctive, but also out of the view of the Western painting using the techniques and themes of porcelain works. Qing porcelain decorative chase clever, the style tends to red tape. In particular, the Qianlong porcelain decoration, redundant pile; in general, the Qing porcelain in the production level far beyond the previous generation, and in the design of artisans, Qing porcelain lack of higher aesthetic realm, and there is no lack of both practical, and not beautiful defeat.

Ancient Chinese porcelain design with its exquisite and colorful shape, colorful decoration and colorful, in the world of ancient design history occupies an irreplaceable important position.