I want to write a paper about providing for the aged! Seek the literature about the problem of urban pension! !

China, as the country with the largest population in the world, is also the country with the largest aging population in the world, and its social security and medical care are under great pressure. According to the internationally accepted explanation, if the proportion of people over 65 years old exceeds 7% of the total population, it is an aging society; More than 14% is an aging society. At present, most developed countries belong to an aging society, such as France, the United States, Britain and Japan. According to statistics, the proportion of people over 65 years old has increased from 7% of the total population to 14%, with French 1 14 years old, American 65 years old, British 45 years old, Japanese 24 years old and China only 20 years old. It is estimated that by 2050, the elderly population in China will reach one third of the national population.

There are two main reasons for the aging problem: First, life expectancy is prolonged. With the improvement of people's living standard and medical care level, the average life expectancy in China has increased from 35 years in 1949 to 75 years now, which has more than doubled, reflecting the social changes of the motherland and being a symbol of the country's prosperity; Second, the birth is unbalanced. Before the implementation of the family planning policy, the phenomenon of "multiple births in one family" was serious in China. The family planning policy since 1983 has slowed down the population growth in China.

How to solve the aging problem in China, based on the above two reasons, put forward different countermeasures. The aging problem caused by life extension is inevitable, and the consequences are usually insufficient pensions and inadequate old-age security measures, which can only be solved by delaying retirement and strengthening old-age security measures; The aging problem caused by unbalanced birth can only be solved by balanced birth. According to the census results in 20 10, the population of China increased by more than 70 million in the past 10, but the fertility rate was lower than 1.5, that is, the average number of children per negative rate was less than 1.5, far lower than 2.65438+.

Second, the living conditions of the elderly in cities.

(1) Basic information of the family

Since the implementation of the family planning policy for 30 years, the only children born in the first generation and the second generation have entered the age of marriage and childbearing. In this context, the "four-two-one" family model has gradually become popular, that is, the family model of four old people, one couple and one child. Four old people need two only children to support them, and at the same time they have to support one child. Coupled with the serious dependence of the only child itself, today, with the rapid development of society and the sharp increase of competitive pressure, they are often unable to take care of them.

In addition, the number of "empty nest families" and widowed families has gradually increased due to various reasons: (1) The elderly want to live independently and are unwilling to leave the long-term living environment; (2) The elderly want to live with their children, but because of their different lifestyles and values, they choose to live independently to avoid conflicts; (3) Children are busy with work, housing is tight, and objective conditions are not allowed; (4) leaving their parents to get married in different places because of their children's marriage; (5) Unwilling to support parents, etc.

(2) Economic situation

Compared with the rural elderly, the urban elderly basically have pensions after retirement, and with the general saving habits, their economic income and consumption level are higher. According to statistics, the main source of 85% of the urban elderly after retirement is pension, and 13% of the elderly rely on their children's support. It can be seen that the main source of income for the elderly is pension. However, there is an obvious gap in the pension benefits of retirees from different units, and the benefits of retirees from government agencies and institutions are much higher than those of retirees from enterprises.

(3) Health status and medical needs

With the continuous improvement of medical level, the life span of the elderly in cities has been prolonged. However, the extension of life expectancy does not mean the extension of health status. At present, the health status of the elderly in cities in China is worrying. Only13 of the elderly are healthy, and the remaining 2/3 suffer from different degrees of diseases, most of which are chronic diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. More common. Half of the urban elderly suffer from multiple diseases at the same time, and their self-care ability and physical health are not satisfactory.

The biggest difficulty encountered by the medical needs of the elderly is economic factors, followed by cumbersome procedures, followed by mobility and traffic inconvenience. In addition to the above factors, the elderly in different regions have different difficulties. In urban areas, the elderly often face difficulties such as reimbursement, registration and hospitalization. The main problem faced by the elderly in the suburbs is that there are no good hospitals around and they often can't get medical treatment in time. According to the survey, chronic non-communicable diseases have become the biggest killer of the health of the elderly in cities, but one-third of the sick elderly have not been treated, and one-quarter of the sick elderly cannot seek medical treatment for various reasons. Therefore, the medical service for the elderly presents the characteristics of personalization and diversification.

Third, the analysis of the pension model

(A) the family pension model

At present, the family pension mode which is most suitable for China's national conditions and has the lowest economic cost is family pension. At this stage, many old people are supported by their children and live with their children. Healthy old people usually take care of their children and even buy food and cook. However, there are still some elderly people who are sick and need the care of their children, especially those who are paralyzed in bed. No one can take care of them, which is undoubtedly worse for the economic and living conditions of ordinary citizens.

In order to improve the current situation of family pension mode, we put forward a professional family pension mode: 40% of the people in China belong to low-income groups, and for these people, they can choose to retire early to take care of the elderly, and the government will allocate special funds to pay social wages. These workers who go home to take care of the elderly need to participate in various professional trainings, sign agreements with the community, and regularly evaluate their home care through social work institutions in the community, so as to be rewarded. This not only takes care of the elderly, but also solves the work problems of low-income groups, killing two birds with one stone.

(B) Community pension model

Community-based old-age care model is a kind of old-age care model, which takes the children, relatives and friends of the elderly as the core and relies on community and professional service teams to provide life care, medical care and legal aid for the elderly living at home in cities. This mode of providing for the aged is characterized in that the elderly live in their own homes and are taken care of by their children. At the same time, community service agencies and professionals provide on-site services, which is beneficial to the physical and mental health of the elderly. At the same time, it makes up for the shortcomings that children cannot take care of the elderly for various reasons, and saves funds for the construction of nursing homes to some extent. The community pension model is different from the family pension model, and its essence is the family pension model in the community; Compared with the institutional pension model, introducing the pension service in social institutions into the community absorbs the advantages of the family pension model and the institutional pension model. It is a new mode of providing for the aged in China's social transition period.

The main service group of community pension model is social workers. At present, the development of social workers in China is not satisfactory. The reasons include: (1) China's understanding of the profession of social workers is not in place, there is no special institution to train social workers, and most universities in the Mainland do not have this major, which is very mature in Hong Kong and abroad; (2) The government does not invest enough in social work services, which leads to the lack of a good salary and welfare system for social workers and their low social status; (3) China people have a serious traditional concept, and they have the idea of "Don't wash your dirty linen in public". They are usually reluctant to hire social workers to solve family problems.

(C) Institutional pension model

The main body of institutional pension mode is nursing homes, welfare homes, hospitals and various rehabilitation centers. Provide centralized support and life for the elderly by staying in nursing homes, welfare homes and other old-age care institutions, and assign special personnel to take care of their daily lives. This mode of providing for the aged reduces the burden on children to a certain extent, and at the same time avoids life conflicts caused by living habits, values and other issues. Secondly, to a certain extent, it disperses the family's pension risk and realizes the * * * economy and * * * enjoyment of pension resources.

The cost of community-based old-age care model is very high, and at the same time it can't satisfy the old people's desire for family communication and provide spiritual comfort. Most of the nursing homes in China were established in the early stage, and the service facilities and professional service level are difficult to keep up with the development and demand of society. The facilities of the old-age care institutions are generally poor, the level of professional service personnel is not high, and the management mode lags behind, which can not meet the standardization and standardized management.

Fourthly, some thoughts on the problem of providing for the aged.

In terms of life, can the government provide the elderly with a monthly living allowance independent of the old-age insurance? As of 20 13, the elderly population in China is about 200 million, 2×12× 300 = 720 billion, and China's GDP in 20 13 is expected to reach 10 trillion US dollars, which will not cause a great burden on China's finance.

In terms of medical care, can the government open free medical care to the elderly? Although universal medical care is not realistic, it is not impossible to provide free medical care only for the elderly.

In terms of spiritual needs, the cultural department of the government should often organize cultural activities for the elderly, organize the elderly to watch movies, plays and other activities, and build universities and entertainment facilities for the elderly.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

At this stage, the author thinks that we should increase the government's investment in providing for the aged, with the family and community providing for the aged as the main mode, supplemented by the institutional providing for the aged mode, so as to realize the specialization of medical service for the aged, the rationalization of resource allocation, the systematization of community scale and the standardization of management, and construct the providing for the aged mode with China characteristics, so as to better meet the basic needs of providing for the aged in China.