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Search advanced search statement This e-book is for readers' preview only. Please delete it within 24 hours after downloading. Please buy genuine books if you like. Author: Thomas Jefferson of Liu Wentao 1 Thomas Jefferson 1 US Secretary of State178917931743. Born in Virginia on April/0/3, 2008, 1760 entered the College of William and Mary, 1767 was qualified as a lawyer, 1774 joined the Virginia Communications Commission in April to write a summary of British North American rights, and 1776 was elected as a representative of the Continental Congress to draft independence. In 8+0776178/kloc-0, he served as senator and governor of Virginia, drafted the Virginia Religious Freedom Act, and 1784+0789 went to Europe. Published Virginia Chronicle 1789 180 1 Secretary of State, Second Vice President 1 801809, and was re-elected as President of the United States for two terms1. He participated in the first American revolution in his early years and made outstanding contributions to the anti-British independence war and domestic democratic reform. Jefferson played an important role in the political arena before and after the independence of the United States and during the founding of the People's Republic of China, and was regarded as one of the "three founding fathers". He has extraordinary talents in politics, philosophy, literature, art, natural history, agriculture, architecture, education and many other aspects. Americans believe that only Jefferson was the representative of the first American Revolution and the founder of the democratic tradition. Jefferson was the third child of his parents in his early career. 1743 On April 3rd, he was born in Friedrich Hirth Ville Farm in Guklant County, Virginia. The paternal ancestors were immigrants from Wales. Jefferson's father, Peter Jefferson, was a wealthy tobacco grower. He is hard-working, physically strong, with clear thinking and quick thinking. Through self-study and life tempering, he has high cultural quality and social skills. He is very famous and prestigious in the local area. He used to be a local militia commander and a member of the Virginia legislature. He is typical of early Virginia planters. Jefferson's mother's name is Jane Randolph, and her family background is very strong. It is said that her ancestors can be traced back to King David I of Scotland. Although his mother's family background made the family occupy a place in the upper class, Jefferson was not proud of it. He never mentioned this family background in public. Peter Jefferson didn't go to school for a few days, but he paid great attention to the education of his children. When they were very young, he hired a tutor for them. He not only taught them cultural knowledge, but also often took them to nature to cultivate their interest in learning from society and instilled in them the spirit of rigor, realism and enterprising. Jefferson showed his talent for language in his youth and read many classic works. He loved nature, was familiar with frontier life, understood the hardships of pioneers' pioneering work, and showed deep sympathy and care for Indians and blacks. When Jefferson was fourteen years old, his father died, leaving a large legacy, nearly 8,000 acres of land and 100 slaves. According to his father's will, Jefferson will become the main heir to this industry when he comes of age. In his will, his father also specifically told Jefferson to receive the best education-his father's last words are the most precious legacy and will benefit Jefferson for life. Thomas Jefferson came to james murray Pastoral School in his hometown, where he was classmates with his later political followers and successors James Madison and james monroe. Here, Jefferson mainly studied languages, classical literature and dance. Although he benefited a lot, he was not satisfied with Mr. Murray's rigid teaching method, so he came up with the idea of studying at William and Mary College in Williamsburg. 1760, he finally realized this idea and wanted to come to the bustling commercial city of Williamsburg. At first Jefferson was influenced by the impetuous hedonism here, but his innate self-knowledge made him feel that indulgence would corrupt him. From then on, he traveled wholeheartedly in the ocean of knowledge, interacted with books all the time, and studied very hard. His classmates noticed that Jefferson's diligence was persistent. He always gets up at dawn, studies in the morning and often falls asleep at midnight, showing his perseverance and abundant energy. Professor William Small, an outstanding educator, had a great influence on Jefferson. Small's main business is natural science, but his knowledge in humanities and social sciences is also quite profound. From him, Jefferson not only learned scientific knowledge, but also mastered scientific thinking methods. Jefferson soon got to know George Weiss, the best law professor in the college, and Francis Foucher, the more liberal-minded deputy governor of Virginia. They often enjoy famous works together, exchange learning experiences and sometimes talk about current affairs together. This was the first group of truly educated people that young Jefferson came into contact with, which had a significant impact on his life track. This is the old saying, "Whoever is near Zhu Zhechi is close to Mexico, and whoever is black". In his youth, Jefferson dared to explore, studied hard, dabbled in a wide range of classic works, browsed a large number of famous works, including classical works of Greece and Rome, masterpieces of Renaissance and Enlightenment thinkers, and was also proficient in Spanish, Italian, French, Latin and other languages. Years of studying hard at a cold window have enriched Jefferson's mind and broadened his horizons. But he never advocated an ascetic life, and thought that the ideal life realm should be the double enrichment of spiritual culture and material culture. Jefferson entered the Virginia legal profession on 1767, and achieved quite good results, maintaining a high success rate and a good reputation in litigation. Most of his clients are local rich people, but there are also poor and weak ordinary people. 1770, he defended a mulatto for free, trying to make him free, but this defense failed because he used radical words such as "freedom" and "equality" in his defense. Jefferson in this period was already a handsome young man. He is slender, with red hair and hazel eyes, but he dresses casually and doesn't pay much attention to dressing up. He treats people peacefully, casually, with elegant taste and wide hobbies, so that some people think that Jefferson's talent is superior to his political ability. In addition to humanities and social sciences, architecture, collectors, agronomy, mechanical engineering and so on. All attracted his attention. He often participates in shooting competitions and plays the violin in the theater in his spare time. During this period, he also developed a good habit of exercising, often walking alone in the wild and forests and taking cold baths, which he attributed to his never catching a cold. Like most young Americans, he has his own romance. At the age of 2 1, he courted a friend's wife, which was exposed as a scandal during his presidency. Thomas Jefferson married a young widow, Martha Willis skelton, in a forest villa in Charles County, Virginia. The bride is 23 years old and her father is a local cultural celebrity and lawyer. Her blonde hair and brown eyes are beautiful and elegant, she plays the piano very well and her singing is very touching. What impressed Jefferson most was her pure, kind, peaceful and sincere character and temperament. This marriage doubled Jefferson's wealth and made him a famous planter. After his marriage, Jefferson began to build his magnificent mansion, Monticello, and undertook important work such as site selection and architectural design, which fully demonstrated his various talents. This marriage is a happy Jefferson, brilliant and ambitious, who has been running for official business all his life. Martha is talented, beautiful, well managed and considerate of Jefferson. The two are in perfect harmony, and the husband and wife love each other. Like many young people, young Jefferson wanted to make great achievements in the political arena, so he entered politics soon after becoming a lawyer. 1769, he was elected as a senator from Virginia. Soldiers in the War of Independence After the end of the Seven-Year War, the British authorities strengthened their policy of oppression against North America, and the contradictions between the two sides intensified, and the struggle of the North American people for independence became increasingly high. Jefferson has always been at the forefront of the anti-British struggle, and he is the mainstay in this struggle that determines the future and destiny of the North American people. 1773, Jefferson joined the Virginia Communications Commission and took part in the struggle against the British high-handed policy. Jefferson and others did their duty, but they angered the colonial authorities, so the parliament was dissolved at will. For this reason, Jefferson drafted the Outline of British North American Rights in 1774. The elegant and fluent writing of the book fully expresses the position of the North American people against the British oppression policy, and reveals a strong national pride and fighting spirit between the lines, which enhances the national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm of the colonial people. This book became a blockbuster bestseller and won wide acclaim in Europe and America. The idea of "natural rights" mentioned in the book was further elaborated in the Declaration of Independence. 1775 In April, the gunfire in Lexington started the American War of Independence. In May of the same year, Jefferson and his party came to Philadelphia to attend the Second Continental Congress-the presence of him and Franklin and other democratic political leaders brought a new atmosphere to the Continental Congress. 1776, he was appointed as a five-member committee to draft the declaration of independence. Franklin and john adams's political experience and prestige in the committee were far above Jefferson's at that time, but Jefferson, who was younger than them, was unanimously elected as the author. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, the most important official document in American history, almost in one go. After being discussed and revised by the continental congress, it was formally adopted on July 4. The declaration first pointed out that all men are born equal and have been endowed with certain inalienable rights by the creator, including the right to life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness. ? If any form of government harms this purpose, the people have the right to change or abolish it. Thomas Jefferson 4, a famous saying, provided the North American people with a political theory of opposing tyranny and striving for freedom and liberation. Then the declaration lists the crimes committed by Britain in North America to show that the British government has become an autocratic government that oppresses the people of North America. The declaration tells the world with eloquent facts that North America should be independent from Britain. The language of the declaration is vigorous, gentle, logical and eloquent, which fully expresses the American nation's desire for independence and freedom and his true feelings, and plays a great role in calling on and mobilizing the North American people to resist the British colonists. The publication of the Declaration won Jefferson an international reputation, but he deeply understood that what was written on paper could only be realized through down-to-earth actions and even bloodshed. Jefferson returned to Virginia Parliament in June 1776 and June 10 in order to promote democratic reform in Virginia and realize his beautiful social ideal. Jefferson believed that law should play an important role in protecting citizens' rights of equality and freedom. He has done a lot of hard and meticulous work for this. He urged the state legislature to pass a bill he drafted to abolish the eldest son inheritance law and the limited inheritance law aimed at protecting the feudal real estate system. Through his vigorous propaganda and unremitting efforts, he finally passed the law prohibiting the slave trade. In addition, he also proposed progressive bills such as popularizing knowledge and developing education, some of which were later formally approved and came into effect. For a long time, he tried hard to get rid of "spiritual tyranny" by passing his Virginia Religious Freedom Act in Virginia. Jefferson thought it was the most famous bill he independently drafted during this period. The spirit of the bill was later written into the bill of rights of the federal constitution. While working in his hometown, Jefferson met two boyhood alumni, james madison and james monroe, and found that they were not only brilliant, but also had very similar political views. Therefore, he tried his best to help and support them intellectually and politically, and since then he has forged a profound friendship. The Virginia legislature elected him governor of the state. Jefferson wanted to take this opportunity to further implement his social change plan, but many of his ideas were not well implemented because of the hardships of the War of Independence. During this period, 1779 178 1 He mainly devoted himself to providing logistical support for the mainland army and protecting the local area. At this time, Arnold, an Anglo-American rebel, invaded Virginia, burned and looted Monticello, which was also devastated. Jefferson had a great responsibility, but he had no military command or talent, which was severely restricted by the parliament. Although he was conscientious and treading on thin ice, he was criticized or even vilified, which gave him the idea of giving back. After the governor's term ended, he returned to his private residence in Monticello. In his spare time, Jefferson reads books, recites poems, makes friends and runs farms, and enjoys family happiness with his wife and daughter. During this period of seclusion, he deeply investigated the natural and human environment in Virginia and wrote a book "Chronicle of Virginia", which made him famous in American literature and natural history. The book was first published in France in 1785. The book describes Virginia's resources, religion, customs and society on the surface, but actually extends to the whole United States, involving major issues such as constitution, economy and race, which fully embodies Jefferson's erudition and the mind of a great democratic thinker. Thomas Jefferson's pastoral life lasted until1September 6, 782, when his wife Martha died. He was heartbroken for ten years, and his wife's affection made him unforgettable, and he vowed never to get married again. He kept his oath. Seeing things and thinking about people made him depressed for a long time and had to return to public office. Congressman and diplomat Jefferson was elected as a member of the federal parliament in 1783. During his tenure in Congress, he devoted himself to all kinds of important work and was an active advocate and promoter of all kinds of progressive legislation. He played a leading role in examining and passing the peace treaty with Britain, and managed to get Congress to pass the bill of adopting currency decimalization. He also drafted the bill 1784, and put forward pertinent suggestions on how to organize the northwest territory. He even advocated the abolition of slavery, although he was a big planter himself. 1784 in may, Jefferson took his daughter to Europe in order to win the support of the international community for the American revolution. Five years living in Europe is one of the most colorful periods in his life. At first, he cooperated with Mr. Franklin, whom he admired very much, trying to coordinate commercial relations with European countries and negotiate piracy with North African countries to safeguard American commercial interests. Jefferson and Franklin had a very harmonious relationship, and this exchange benefited him for life. During this period, john adams was also in Europe. Although his political views were quite different from Jefferson's, their cooperation was quite pleasant, and their friendship continued when the Declaration of Independence was drafted. The following year, he succeeded Franklin as the ambassador to France. Thanks to his efforts, the United States and France reached a consular treaty. Although France did not give up trade exclusivity, the United States benefited from it and the relationship between the United States and France was further developed. In Paris, fashion capital of the world, Jefferson also met the beautiful and elegant female painter Maria hadfield Cosway. They share the same interests and appreciate each other. They often walk and chat together and become close friends. Jefferson loved the ancient culture of Europe very much, and visited the splendid classical cultural relics and historical cities in many countries, which often made him linger. He also investigated the scientific research and economic situation in Europe. However, he was deeply impressed by the darkness, backwardness and ignorance of the old continent under the feudal autocracy, which provided an important foundation for the development and maturity of his democratic thought and the formation of his agricultural ideal country thought. At this time, the French Revolution broke out from the brewing. He hoped that the French Revolution would be successful and produced rich and beautiful political associations. However, he was also worried about the rapid development of the situation and the emergence of terror, and warned his French friends not to lose their achievements because of their imprudence. He even thought that France at this time did not have the conditions to establish a * * * peace system, and constitutional monarchy was a suitable choice. Jefferson kept reporting to China in detail the collected trends about the French Revolution. At the same time, the domestic situation changed dramatically, excessive democracy and the usurpation of power by the ruling class aggravated social contradictions and people's uprising broke out. Jefferson expressed a completely different view from the American authorities-is it a good thing to be a little rebellious? The tree of freedom must always be watered with the blood of patriots and tyrants. This is the natural fertilizer of the tree of freedom. Thomas Jefferson 6 When the United States formulated the federal constitution, Jefferson compared it with the French Revolution, so his first reaction was disgust and suspicion, fearing that this "conservative constitution" would shake the democratic ideal of the American nation and the cornerstone of the United States. He pointed out that the rule that the president can be re-elected will produce a "king of the Netherlands", which means lifelong system. Fortunately, the two factions in American politics quickly bridged their differences and decided to enact the Bill of Rights as a supplement to the Constitution. Jefferson changed his attitude after hearing the news. Secretary of State Jefferson wanted to retire from Monticello after leaving office, but Washington warmly invited him to be the first Secretary of State. In new york, he deeply felt the smell of political corruption and bureaucracy, and was surprised to find that many elites advocated the establishment of a British-style political system. He also showed great disgust at Washington's aristocratic style of paying attention to etiquette and dignity. When Jefferson took office, he was deeply trusted by the president and made great achievements. He founded the State Council, which not only presided over diplomatic work, but also took charge of many domestic affairs, such as managing territory, keeping state documents, contacting federal courts, taking charge of state seals, conducting population censuses, and minting coins. It can be said that American diplomatic work began under the planning and guidance of Jefferson. At that time, the State Council was very small, with only seven and a half staff members' offices in a small room on Broadway, and the office expenses were pitiful, so Jefferson was very busy with his work and had to do many things by himself. This seems to have become a tradition that lasted until Lincoln's time. But throughout this period, most of the secretaries of state were outstanding, and six of them later became presidents. During this period, Jefferson and Treasury Secretary alexander hamilton got along fairly well, and they even made a "deal". One of the key points of Hamilton's fiscal policy is that the state debt was repaid by the federal government, but it was blocked in the House of Representatives, so he turned to the prestigious Jefferson. Jefferson agreed without knowing the details, but made an exchange. Hamilton must support his plan to move the capital to Georgetown, Virginia. In the end, both sides are happy. Jefferson advocated moving the capital, and there was a deeper idea: moving the capital from an old city with a mixed population and a strong bourgeois atmosphere, and redesigning and building a new city to reflect the spiritual outlook and bright future of the American nation. At first, Jefferson and Hamilton had no contradiction in diplomacy. Both of them agree that the United States should implement the principle of neutrality in diplomacy, but they disagree on the specific implementation methods. However, Jefferson and Hamilton soon parted ways because of their completely different views on political principles and a series of major issues at home and abroad. Hamilton is an aristocratic political theorist who advocates the British political system and the American constitutional monarchy, while Jefferson has always advocated democratic politics, hated monarchy and hereditary system, and opposed hierarchical privileges. Hamilton pursued the policy of repaying public debt and advocated strengthening trade with Britain to safeguard the interests of the big bourgeoisie. Jefferson, on the other hand, loved the land and the people who worked on it, asked the state to protect agricultural interests, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, advocated extensive economic exchanges with other countries, and changed the colonial economy that relied heavily on Britain. Hamilton hated the French Revolution and advocated pro-British diplomacy. Jefferson sympathized with the French Revolution, but he supported Washington's neutral policy from the practical interests of the United States to avoid getting involved in European disputes. The differences and conflicts between the two men on many issues have caused crises in the Washington government from time to time and promoted the germination of party spirit. Even the authority and prestige of Washington failed to stop the rapid development of party politics. Thomas Jefferson 7 179 1 In the summer, Jefferson and Madison made a "plant investigation tour". While collecting specimens and enjoying the natural landscape, they established a political alliance with activists in new york, which was a key step in the formation of * * * and political parties. Although Jefferson sympathized with the French Revolution and hated the monarchy, he was pragmatic and rational in dealing with international affairs. He always tried to keep the United States from getting involved in European politics and wars, so he supported the neutrality declaration of 1793 in principle. The difference between him and Hamilton on this issue is that Hamilton demanded the abolition of the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, while Jefferson advocated avoiding this issue. 1793 In the spring, Edmund Geneva, the new French minister, came to the United States. Jefferson warmly met the emissary from revolutionary France and warned him to be careful. However, this man is fanatical, trying to use people's love for the French Revolution to stir up Chou Ying sentiment in the United States, and make Jefferson, who has always sympathized with France, realize that "this man will ruin this party". So he cleverly asked the French government to recall Genet, thus resolving a crisis. 1792 1793, Hamilton's opponents formed a national political party under the leadership of Madison-* * * and the party was recognized as the spiritual leader of the party because of Jefferson's social status and political influence. 1792 at the turn of summer and autumn, Hamilton made a fierce personal attack on Jefferson by using the incident that Freino published an article attacking Jefferson in the National Gazette. Jefferson once recommended Fraineau as a translator in the State Council, but he said that he never instructed Fraineau to engage in party activities and refused to suppress Fraineau. At this time, Jefferson was tired of political life and asked to resign, but the president refused. On the last day of 1793, his resignation was finally approved and he left for home. In Monticello, Vice President Jefferson avoided all official duties and concentrated on running his farm for scientific research, and had fun in books and family life. In the two years after his retirement, his farm production reached the first-class level in the state. But the development of domestic political situation still affects his heart from time to time. He was deeply dissatisfied with the increasingly conservative tendency of the Washington government, regarded the Jay Treaty as a "shame" of American diplomacy, and accused Hamilton of favoring the interests of the big bourgeoisie and being an aristocratic political theorist who opposed the government's pro-British foreign policy. However, he has repeatedly vowed never to step into politics. However, because of his great prestige in the people and political circles, the party still recommended him as the presidential candidate. Although Jefferson himself was always an outsider in the election, he lost to john adams by only three votes and became the vice president of the Adams administration. According to analysis, as long as Jefferson makes a little effort, the election will be another outcome. Adams's election also benefited from a vague view that the vice president should succeed the president. Jefferson, however, showed openness and generosity. He even said that according to his qualifications, Adams should be president. Adams government was the first national government with obvious partisanship. Federalists controlled all power departments, uniting others and persecuting dissidents. The promulgation of unpopular high-handed laws in China has seriously violated people's rights. The pro-British policy brought American-French relations to the brink of war. All these aroused Jefferson's strong dissatisfaction. To this end, he drafted the Kentucky Resolution to safeguard the spirit of "1776" and democratic principles, and unite all progressives against the perverse actions of federalists. Since then, most people have lost favor with the Adams government. Thomas Jefferson's 8 1800 general election was one of the most intense and grand elections in American history, and the struggle between the two parties reached an unprecedented climax. Federalists criticized * * * and Republicans for their jacobin doctrine and terrorist tendencies, while Jefferson's supporters accused the other party of political arbitrariness, deprived the people of their democratic rights, and even accused them of restoring aristocratic politics. Jefferson finally won a great victory. For the first time in modern history, the opposition party took over the state power from the ruling party, and Jefferson became the first opposition leader in American history to defeat the ruling party and be elected president. Since then, the Federalist Party has gradually entered history, followed by the "Virginia Dynasty" and the party's political rule for more than 20 years. At noon on March 4th, President180/KLOC-0, Jefferson refused to be escorted by the guards, and went to the meeting with several friends who wore swords like his predecessors, and delivered an inaugural speech aimed at clearing obstacles and strengthening cooperation. This kind of inauguration ceremony is short and simple, which fully embodies the civilian spirit and the principle of being close to the people, and has been imitated by many successors. Jefferson hoped to establish a democratic, rational and limited authority government. As soon as he took office, he began to get rid of the accumulated disadvantages in order to create a government that embodied "18".