Why are Huizhou woodcarvings in the Knights of the Hospital so beautiful? What is the cultural heritage of Huizhou woodcarving?

Why is Huizhou woodcarving so beautiful? What is the cultural heritage of Huizhou woodcarving? Interested readers can pay attention to Bian Xiao.

In ancient times, Huizhou woodcarving was mainly used in various buildings. Besides, these wood carvings are not simple patterns. Some are a scene, and some are continuous. Looking down the road is like reading a beautiful story. Huizhou woodcarving is very distinctive, and this exquisite indoor woodcarving is hard to see in other places. What is the historical and cultural background of Huizhou woodcarving?

Huizhou is located at the junction of Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces. It has a long history, prosperous writing style and outstanding people. Huizhou culture has bred many kinds of arts, among which Huizhou woodcarving is unique.

As early as the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hui ink was famous all over the country, and its ink patterns were carved with wooden boards, which was superior to ordinary wood carvings. A large number of ink and wash sculptures in the past dynasties have created a group of sculpture artists. In Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen initiated woodcut typesetting and printing and movable type rhyme wheel in Huizhou. Later, a group of famous sculptors appeared. They not only carve wood carvings, but also carve various books, illustrations and pictures. Huizhou woodcut prints have a long history, appearing 500 years earlier than European prints. During the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, with the rise of Huizhou merchants, Huizhou woodcarving entered its heyday, and Huizhou became the three major print centers in China, which was the golden age of China woodcarving. Huizhou woodcarving greatly promoted the prosperity of Huizhou woodcarving.

At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Huizhou merchants gradually rose, forming the trend of returning to their hometowns to build houses. In order to show wealth and elegance, carving and decoration fashion came into being, and the rise and fall of Huizhou woodcarving went hand in hand with the rise and fall of Huizhou folk houses. Since the Ming Dynasty, Huizhou merchants have become the "star" businessmen of social economy at that time. Following the Confucian cultural tradition, businessmen made their fortune and returned home, bought fertile land to build luxury houses, and scrambled to decorate buildings with carved beams and painted buildings, which promoted the development trend of wood carving art decoration in Huizhou residential buildings and formed local cultural traditions. The gene of local culture and the exchange and integration of north and south cultures make Huizhou merchants pursue Confucian culture more in woodcarving art, thus making Huizhou woodcarving a woodcarving art school with distinctive Confucian cultural characteristics.

Huizhou woodcarving materials are widely used in Huizhou architecture, adapting to local conditions. Ginkgo biloba, camphor tree, conifer and yew are commonly used plants. Cork is not only good for carving, but also can keep the humidity balance of the house. Huizhou woodcarving uses high-grade materials such as mahogany, pear and nanmu and rare tree species when carving decorative items such as classical furniture and screens.

The early Ming Dynasty is the development period of Huizhou woodcarving, which is very similar to the remains of Qin and Han Dynasties. It is mainly based on bas-relief technology. The lines are simple and straight, broad and profound, close to the style of portrait bricks in Han Dynasty. It is the simplicity of Gu Zhuo style, moderate exaggeration of characters, round and powerful modeling, simplicity and variety; From the middle of Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty, it was in its heyday, and its style tended to be refined. Developed deep relief, round carving and other techniques to make the decoration taste stronger. In the late Qing Dynasty, it gradually became meticulous, complex and delicate, and more techniques such as deep relief, round carving and through carving were adopted to show the luxury of skills on many levels. From the late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, fashion was exquisite, and some characters weakened their sense of power because of excessive carving; The composition of the Republic of China was influenced by graphic painting, with a strong sense of realism and a relatively weak sense of simplicity.

In terms of carving techniques, the expression techniques of Ming craftsmen are relatively simple, mainly using several carving techniques such as shallow relief, deep relief and round carving. However, influenced by the secularization of social culture, craftsmen in Qing Dynasty developed through carving, intaglio carving, line carving and multi-layer carving.

In addition, in terms of carving theme, the content of woodcarving in Ming dynasty is relatively simple, while in Qing dynasty, it pays more attention to the diversity of content. Themes from drama stories and folk customs are becoming more and more common, and plots and allusions are becoming more and more abundant. In content and form, there are not only landscapes, flowers and birds that reflect the elegant taste of master culture, but also historical scenes, stories and operas that cater to the aesthetic preferences of wealthy businessmen.

Huizhou woodcarving is the most outstanding performance of Huizhou ancient buildings, especially the railings around the patio and the window railings of the wings on both sides of the main hall. It is the first choice for artists to show their talents, and it is also an important carrier to show the financial resources of householders and the strength of craftsmen. The carving of any building component must be skillfully conceived and designed before production. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the representatives of Huizhou Painting School were Ding, He Jiasui, Li, Li Yongchang, Jian Jiang and Cha Tubiao. They often go to Huizhou merchants to talk about poetry and painting, and it is inevitable to help them with planning and design. The planning division of labor "local" is combined with the whole, which is consistent and compatible from beginning to end. The theme is outstanding, complement each other and achieve harmony and unity. At the same time, due to the tradition of cooperation between painters and craftsmen, this is also an important factor for Huizhou woodcarving to have high artistic value. Huizhou woodcarving is rich in local flavor and characteristics. There are "Ten Scenes" in Huangshan, Baiyue Mountain, Shexian County and Jixi County, and "Eight Scenes" in Xiuning County, yi county County, Qimen County and Wuyuan County such as Huangshan Mountain. No stone, no pine, no stone, like a dragon, green and strange. The buildings covered by Huizhou woodcarving are patchwork. The white wall, black tile, pine, stone, cloud, spring and exotic flowers and grasses on the horse head wall are typical landscapes in Huizhou mountainous areas.

Huizhou woodcarving shows a wide range of contents, including celebrity anecdotes, literary stories, drama manuscripts, religious ethics, customs and social life. Common figure carvings in Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea, Two Immortals Crossing the Sea and Guo Ziyi's Birthday; Preface to Hanging Pavilion and Lantern Festival are full of local characteristics. Mother-in-law's inscription, twenty-four filial piety, perseverance, Yang Jiajiang, Qi Jiajun, Changbanpo and Taoyuan Sanjie all showed the theme of loyalty and filial piety. There are "fishing", "firewood", "ploughing" and "reading" Among many themes, "filial piety" is the theme of Huizhou woodcarving and the core of Confucian ethics. The story of Yao Shunyu reflected in Huizhou woodcarving is one of the 24 filial piety classics of China culture. Xiaogan's integrity or detail endows him with imaginative understanding, and the filial piety feelings of folk artists and original owners can be presented in wood carving. "Justice" is also a popular theme. It is the ideological personality and important quality considered by Yi Confucianism and the perfect spiritual realm pursued by life. It advocates "inconsistency". Spiritual beauty is not only material interests, but the soul of China in the traditional sense.

The atmosphere and style of Huizhou woodcarving are also different from other areas. For example, the window frames of a pair of woodcarvings "Wang Wenfang County" and "Liu Yue Diao Tan" collected by the author after the Qing Dynasty mainly describe emperors, generals, literati and other figures and historical stories, highlighting the themes of loyalty, filial piety, honesty and righteousness, and showing the strong local flavor and distinctive local characteristics of Huizhou woodcarving. Deep carvings and reliefs in reliefs are represented by lines. These themes are vividly portrayed by the masters, with vivid and full composition, full picture tension, vivid characters, unrestrained expressions and powerful movements, which have the style temperament of Shenxiong and Gu Zhuo.

The woodcarving art of Huizhou ancient buildings is the accumulation of China regional culture, with distinctive themes, diverse contents, rigorous composition, distinct levels, vivid images and rich connotations. It runs through the orthodox thought and ideology of China's traditional culture, forming a unique cultural and artistic personality. For hundreds of years, this is a filtered and transformed cultural heritage. The research and analysis of it will help to enlighten the wisdom of modern people.