What you must know about wine.

Routine 1: Although "deep feelings, but boring" on the wine table; Love is shallow, lick it. " But don't say it while drinking.

Routine 2: Before it is the leader's turn to respect, they will drink with each other.

Routine 3: You can be respected by many people. Never be respected by many people unless you are a leader.

Routine 4: I am humble. Remember to add more wine to the leader. Don't just drink for the leader, that is, I want to replace him. I also want to pretend that I want to drink because I want to drink, not for the leader.

Routine 5: Pick up the glass (beer glass), hold the glass in your right hand and pad the bottom of the glass with your left hand. Remember that your cup is always lower than others'. If you are a leader, you should be sensible and don't put it too low, otherwise how can you be a person below.

Routine 6: If there is no special person present, it is best to touch the wine in chronological order, and don't favor one over the other.

Routine 7: clink glasses, toast and make a statement. Otherwise, why the fuck should I drink your wine?

Routine 8: No business on the table. After drinking, the business will be almost the same. Everyone knows that, otherwise people won't be free to drink with you.

Routine 9: Don't pretend to be crooked, say the wrong thing, do the wrong thing, don't plead, and consciously punish the wine is the last word.

Routine 10: If there is not enough wine, put the wine bottle in the middle of the table and let others add it themselves. Don't be silly to pour wine one by one, or what should the people behind you do if they don't have wine?

Routine 1 1: Don't say "I can't drink" (if you drink), lest others call you hypocritical. Believe it or not, people can really tell if they can drink.

Routine 12: The leader will accompany you to drink and give you face. No matter how much the leader tells you to drink, do it yourself first. Remember, put your hands and glasses down.

Routine 13: Keep a clear head. It is essential to be caring and attentive after drinking. A cup of yogurt, a cup of hot water and a hot towel all show your concern.

Pour the wine of popular science knowledge

Classification of wine

The types of wine can be basically divided into three categories according to their properties, namely fermented wine, distilled wine and mixed beverage wine (hereinafter referred to as mixed wine):

1, fermented wine

Fermented wine refers to alcoholic beverages produced by cereals, fruit juices, etc. As raw materials and stored in a certain container after a certain period of time. The alcohol content of this wine is generally not high, generally not exceeding 10%. This kind of wine mainly includes beer, wine, yellow wine, yellow wine, fruit wine and so on.

Beer is the general name of alcoholic beverages produced by malt, hops, water and yeast fermentation. Beer is divided into bottom fermented beer and top fermented beer according to fermentation technology. Bottom fermented beer includes dark beer, dry beer, light beer, cellar beer and Munich beer, while top fermented beer includes light beer, bitter beer, rye beer and Scottish light beer.

Wine is mainly made from fresh grapes. According to the different manufacturing processes, it can be divided into ordinary wine, sparkling wine, alcohol fortified wine and mixed wine. Ordinary wine is the red wine, white wine and pink wine we usually drink. Champagne is the most famous sparkling wine. Only sparkling wine produced in Champagne region of France can be called champagne, while sparkling wine produced in other parts of the world can only be called sparkling wine. The representatives of alcohol fortified wine are sherry and wine. Mixed wine such as absinthe.

Rice wine is mainly made from rice and glutinous rice by mixed fermentation with distiller's yeast. Its representatives are yellow rice wine from China and sake from Japan.

The sugar of fruit itself used for fruit wine is fermented by yeast into alcoholic liquor, which contains the flavor and alcohol of fruit. Therefore, folk families often brew some fruit wine to drink. Such as plum wine, bayberry wine, kiwi wine, etc. Because there are some wild yeast and some sucrose in the peel of these fruits, some fermentation can be carried out without adding extra yeast, but the traditional folk brewing methods are often time-consuming and easy to be polluted. Therefore, adding some active yeast is an ideal method to brew fruit wine quickly.

2. Distilled wine

Distilled liquor refers to highly distilled liquor obtained by distilling the above fermented raw liquor or fermented mash and fermented grains. Raw materials are crushed, fermented, distilled and aged. This wine has a high alcohol content because it is purified by distillation. According to the different raw materials, including China white wine, French brandy, whisky, Dutch gin, vodka, rum, tequila and so on.

(1) China liquor. Generally, raw materials such as wheat, sorghum and corn are fermented, distilled and aged. There are many kinds of liquor in China, and the classification methods are also varied.

(2) brandy. All wines made from grapes and various fruits by fermentation and distillation are collectively called brandy. Brandy refers to distilled liquor made from grapes. The manufacturing method is to store the materials produced in the above process in wooden barrels for many years to make them mature. So the predecessor of brandy is actually white wine. French-made liquor is the best, and natural French brandy is also the first. Other brandies include Calva Duo and cherry brandy.

③ Whiskey. It is distilled liquor made from pretreated grains. These grains are mainly barley, corn, rye and wheat, or other grains. The special process of fermentation and aging has long given whisky a unique flavor. The aging process of whisky is usually completed in charred oak barrels. Different countries and regions have different production processes, and the whisky products in Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States are the most famous.

(4) vodka. Vodka can be brewed from any fermentable raw material, such as potatoes, barley, rye, wheat, corn, beets, grapes and even sugar cane. Its biggest feature is that it has no obvious characteristics, aroma and taste.

(5) tequila. Tequila is distilled liquor made from tequila.

(6) rum. Rum is mainly made from sugarcane by fermentation and distillation. Generally divided into light rum, dark rum and aromatic rum.

(7) the degree of pine nut wine. People usually call it Jin Jiu according to its English pronunciation, and some people call it gin and Jin Jiu, which are distilled spirits with spices. Some people use the blending method earlier, so some people include it in the blended wine.

Step 3 blend wine

Blended wine, also known as blended wine, is a blended wine with special color, fragrance, taste and shape made by adding various natural or artificial raw materials on the basis of fermented original wine, distilled wine or edible alcohol. It's a special kind of wine. It can't belong to that kind of wine. This is a mixed wine. Blended wine is a complex wine series, which was born later than other single wines, but developed rapidly.

There are many famous mixed wines and medicinal liquors in China. Such as tiger bone wine, ginseng antler wine, bamboo leaf green and so on.

There are many kinds of blended wines abroad:

There are aperitifs, such as absinthe, absinthe, fennel and so on.

anisette

Sweet wines, such as Porto wine, sherry wine, Madeira wine, etc.

sherry

Liqueur can be divided into fruit liqueur, herb liqueur, seed liqueur, egg liqueur and cream liqueur according to the seasoning materials used.

? liqueur

Hot drinks, cocktails

Cocktail is a mixed drink, which is made up of two or more kinds of wine or drinks, fruit juice and soda water, and has certain nutritional value and appreciation value.

Cocktails are usually mixed drinks made of rum, gin, tequila, vodka, whisky, brandy (these six categories are the six basic wines for preparing cocktails) and other accessories, such as juice, egg white, bitter essence, milk, coffee and sugar. Finally, lemon slices, fruits or mint leaves can be used as decoration.

Spirits are usually customarily divided into eight categories: gin, whisky, brandy, vodka, rum and tequila, China white wine and sake.

Foreign wine: Foreign wine refers to the general name of imported wine. Including spirits, beer, wine, liqueur and other drinks with different alcohol contents.

Warm lens 2 wine

Regarding red wine, one view is that red wine is an abbreviation; The other is red wine, which is a general term for wine in China. 1990, American health magazine reporter Edward? Downick pointed out: French people's eating habits, especially drinking red wine, make their risk of cardiovascular disease far lower than that of Americans.

Next, the famous CBS TV program "60 Minutes" reported Sergej? Serge Reynolds' research achievements in this field. This discovery aroused the strong interest of English-speaking countries and people all over the world, so red wine became popular in Asia, eclipsing other kinds of wine. In addition, corresponding to the traditional "white wine" in China, red wine is catchy, so people regard red wine as a synonym for wine.

There are many ways to classify wine. According to the color of finished products, it can be divided into red wine, white wine and pink wine.

Red and brownish red wine is red wine; Golden yellow, transparent and greenish wine is white wine, and pink, pink and rose wine is pink wine.

Red wine is made from red grapes. Why is wine red? That's because red wine is fermented by soaking in skin. Red grape skin contains red pigment, and wine turns red. Of course, the peel also gives red wine tannins. Some people don't like the astringent taste, which is brought by tannins.

Liquor fermentation does not peel, so liquor is golden yellow and yellow green. White wine naturally has no tannin, only acidity. There are also some white wines made from the skins, stems and seeds of red grapes, but most of them are champagne.

Pink wine is generally a by-product of brewing red wine. After the red grape is broken, the peel and juice are mixed together and soaked for a period of time to obtain pink wine. If fully soaked, you will get red wine. These clothes are similar to different colors, washed together and dyed to different degrees.

Red grape varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Carmena, Merlot, Camry and Syrah.

White grape varieties: Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Gray Pi Nuo and Semillon.

Pink wine: It is a red grape variety.

Wine can be divided into dry wine, semi-dry wine, semi-sweet wine and sweet wine according to sugar content.

According to the brewing process, it can be divided into static (no foam), sparkling wine and fortified wine.

Sensually speaking, tannin is something astringent in the mouth after drinking red wine.

What is the use of tannin? Tannin is the soul of red wine, which cannot be overstated. Tannin determines how long this bottle of red wine can be stored, that is, how long the aging potential is. The stronger the tannins, the longer the wine lasts.

Tannin comes from two sources.

One is from the grapes themselves, the stems, skins and seeds of the grapes. Before red wine is fermented, grape skins and grape juice will be mixed and soaked. This process, in technical terms, is called impregnation.

In this process, any tannin and pigment (which is also the reason why red wine is red) will "run out" and enter the grape juice. Then, the grape juice and grape skin are fermented together. After fermentation, the residue of grape skin is removed, which is what we call red wine.

It's like, we've been cooking chicken soup for a long time, and all the nutrients in the chicken have gone into the soup. Of course, white wine loses the skins and stems of grapes before fermentation. Therefore, liquor does not contain tannin, so it will not taste astringent!

There is another one, which comes from oak barrels.

Red wine is still green after fermentation and needs to be aged in oak barrels. It's like in life, some rich second-generation college graduates don't rush home to take over, but go to some big business leaders to learn and experience.

Oak barrels contain tannin, and most red wines will "stay" in oak barrels for a long time. Red wine inevitably contains tannins in oak barrels.

Common high tannin wines

Nebiolo? Nai Piorro black grape

Cabernet Sauvignon

selah

Jin fen Dai xian fen Dai

Ordinary medium tannin wine

Dan Bo Tan Planus Luo

Ordinary low tannin wine

Black Pi Nuo, black Pi Nuo.

Gunnar Greener

Melo Melo

Mei Jia Gamay

So as to obtain a better drinking taste.

The best drinking temperature of white wine is 8~ 12 degrees, and the best drinking temperature of sweet white wine and sparkling wine is 6~8 degrees. The acidity of liquor is relatively high. After being chilled, the acidity will be more obvious, and the taste will be more sour and refreshing. The best drinking temperature of red wine is 16- 18 degrees, which is almost normal and does not need to be chilled.

Do you want chilled white wine at any time? According to the different seasons, it is usually summer and the months around summer. When the weather is hot, you need chilled white wine. You can put the liquor in the freezer at home, pay attention to the freezer, not the freezer.

White wines that pass through oak barrels need to be chilled to taste good, and pink wines need to be chilled!

The characteristic of the red wine glass is that it has a cup of du, just like a middle-aged man, with a round belly.

I saw a wine glass with a narrow mouth, a long body and a protruding belly. This may be a Bordeaux wine glass.

The difference between a white wine glass and a red wine glass is that the belly of a white wine glass is very small, even without a belly, which is close to a U-shape. Suitable for all kinds of white wine varieties, but also suitable for drinking pink wine.

Bubble cup, also called champagne cup, is flute-shaped, with a small mouth straight. It's easy to recognize in the glass.

ISO cup, used by professional sommeliers in class, is small in size and often used for professional wine tasting, so it is customized with ISO. This is the kind of wine glass that we used when we started the sommelier course. ISO cup, also a universal cup, can be used for all kinds of wines and spirits.

Whether it is red wine, white wine, pink, champagne or sparkling wine. All wines can be divided into two camps: the new world and the old world.

As I learned in history class, the camp of socialist countries headed by the Soviet Union VS the camp of capitalist countries headed by the United States, and then the Cold War began. The same is true of the wine industry, where the new world confronts the old world and then competes for consumer groups.

New world and old world wines, or new world and old world wine producing countries, all refer to geographical division.

France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Hungary and so on. These countries with a long history of growing and brewing wine produce wine, which is called Old World wine.

The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile and South Africa, including China and Israel. There is a relatively short planting and brewing time, which is called New World Country, and the produced wine is called New World Wine.

Simply put, the wines produced in Europe belong to the old world, not Europe, but the new world.

Warm lens three champagne

When it comes to sparklingwine, many people's first reaction is "champagne". But just like red wine is a part of wine, champagne is just a sparkling wine. Not all sparkling wines are champagne, and not only champagne is sparkling wine.

Champagne is a special sparkling wine. According to the law, only sparkling wine brewed with the specified grape varieties and according to the specified production methods and processes can be labeled as champagne as a wine name and protected by French law. Even sparkling wine produced in the Loire Valley, which is close to the champagne producing area, cannot use the word "champagne" on the label.

At present, the French champagne origin protection system has been recognized by most countries. But drink it cold, drink it cold, drink it cold!

Sobering up: sober up, also known as decanting wine for bottles. This tradition is formed because the original brewed wine is generally unfiltered. When wine is put into a hip flask or wine bottle from the barrel of the wine cellar for everyone to enjoy, there will be some sediment at the bottom of the kettle or bottle, so the winemaker will first pour the wine into the decanter to separate the wine from the sediment. We usually change a bottle of red wine to sober up. It is not common for white wine, especially pink wine, but we will also sober up some white wine aged in wooden barrels.

Sobbing: Sobbing, also waking up a wine bottle or hip flask, is a kind of vessel used when drinking newly fermented wine. Its function is to make wine contact with air, give full play to the aroma of wine and separate the sediment in wine. The shape symbol of a decanter is generally a long neck and a big belly. With the change of fashion trends, various new styles of containers emerge one after another, and with beautiful decoration, the desktop with wine is more elegant.

Mostly glass or crystal utensils, old red wine "change bottles" or old and young red wine "sober up".

Warm lens four Bordeaux five famous wines

1, Lafite

Lafite is one of the top famous wines in Bordeaux, France. There are five first-class wine companies, including Mouton, Margaux, King Hou Bo and Latour. In the Bordeaux rating system of 1855, they are equally famous, just as we all know that LV is the top luxury clothing bag, and there are Gucci, Hermes and Chanel, and LV is not the only one.

Lafite is one of the world-renowned Bordeaux wines in France. Originally, it was short for Chateau Lafite Rothschild, the world's top winery. People are used to calling Lafite Castle dry red wine brewed by Lafite Castle (also known as Big Lafite, Lafite Winery dry red wine and authentic Lafite) and Lafite Treasure dry red wine (also known as Little Lafite, Lafite Deputy Brand and Carruades de Lafite) Lafite. At the same time, Lafite also represents the winery owner-Baron Rothschild (DBR).

Strictly speaking, only the big Lafite brewed by Lafite Castle is the real Lafite wine, and the little Lafite is the second brand of Lafite. The wines of other wineries of Lafite Rothschild Group belong to other brands of Lafite Rothschild Group, and these wines belong to commercial wines produced by Lafite Group instead of Lafite wines.

Three major differences between Lafite and Lafite

1. chateau lafite Rothschild is marked on Lafite's wine label.

The target of Little Lafite is Carruades de lafite, Moulin des Carruades before 1980.

2. The wine label of little Lafite is a little bigger than that of big Lafite.

3. The color of the sealing paper is different. Big Lafite is bright red, and little Lafite is purple.

Then, the standard of printing quality should be very clear and as strict as RMB.

In addition, in terms of price, the prices of big Lafite and small Lafite are very different. For example, 1999 is about 10,000 in lafite 2, and in 2008, there were more than 8,000 in Lafite. The gap is about 2~3 times.

2. margo

Margo (Margo Castle)

Margo, the red castle of Hong Ting Castle.

"The designer was inspired by the Parthenon in ancient Greece, which is an iconic colonnade design. Unlike the Loire Valley, another famous French producing area, this Bordeaux is called the back garden of the French king. There are many castles. In Bordeaux, a grand castle like Margaux is very rare! "

3. latour

Latour is a real card, Latour (Grand Vin de Ch? teau Latour)