Why is the socialist market economy an insurmountable historical stage of China's economic reform?

The goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. Combining socialism with market economy is a great pioneering work of our party. This reform has entered a critical stage. We must strengthen our confidence, adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy and accelerate the pace of reform.

Determining and adhering to the reform direction of socialist market economy is a scientific conclusion drawn from summing up the practical experience of China's socialist construction and world economic development, and an inevitable result of the development of reform and opening up practice. For a long time after the founding of New China, China implemented a centralized and unified planned economic system. This system played an important role under the historical conditions at that time. With the expansion of economic scale and the increasing complexity of economic relations, the disadvantages of this system are gradually exposed, which hinders the development of social productive forces in China. This situation forces us to carry out reform. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with the deepening of the reform from rural areas to cities, Deng Xiaoping has profoundly analyzed the development and changes of the world economy, summed up the historical experience of China's economic development, and clearly put forward that socialism can also engage in a market economy. In particular, Deng Xiaoping 1992' s southern talk gave a comprehensive and incisive overall answer to the question of whether socialism can develop a market economy, pointing out that multi-planning and multi-market are not the essential differences between socialism and capitalism. Planned economy is not equal to socialism, and capitalism also has plans; Market economy is not equal to capitalism, and socialism also has a market. Planning and market are both economic means. This fundamentally removes the ideological shackles that regard planned economy and market economy as basic social systems. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China defined the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. China's reform, opening up and modernization have entered a new stage. Practice has proved that the full development of commodity economy is an insurmountable stage of social and economic development in the process of human social development. China, a country with relatively backward economy and culture, has to go through a long primary stage to realize industrialization, economic socialization, marketization and modernization after entering socialism, which is also an insurmountable historical stage. Our reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system conforms to the requirements of the development of productive forces and the objective laws of social and economic development. The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China comprehensively summed up the practice and theoretical achievements explored in recent years, answered a series of major issues in developing the socialist market economy, and clearly pointed out that we should continue to adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy.

The reform practice of establishing a socialist market economic system has not only effectively exerted the advantages of the market economy, but also fully exerted the advantages of the socialist system, which has injected new vitality into the development of China's national economy and laid a solid foundation for all-round social progress. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, reform and opening-up have been continuously promoted and remarkable achievements have been made. Especially since the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have vigorously promoted the reform of fiscal, taxation, finance, foreign trade, foreign exchange, planning, investment, price, circulation, housing and social security, and the basic role of the market in resource allocation has been significantly enhanced, and the framework of macro-control system has been initially established. Driven by the economic system reform, China's social productive forces have developed rapidly, its comprehensive national strength has been greatly enhanced, and people's living standards have been significantly improved. From 1992 to 1997, the gross domestic product grew at an average annual rate of 1 1%, ranking first in the world, which successfully curbed the once-present inflation; 197 GDP reached 7,477.2 billion yuan, 2.8 times that of192 2,663.8 billion yuan. 1997, China's foreign exchange reserves reached $654.38+039.9 billion, 7.2 times that of 1992, ranking second in the world. The total import and export volume of foreign trade reached $325,654.38 billion, nearly double the $654.38 billion 1992. At the same time, gratifying achievements have been made in various social undertakings such as science and technology, education, culture, health, sports and family planning, publicity and public opinion work and ideological and moral construction have been further strengthened, and significant progress has been made in building socialist democracy and legal system. Practice has proved and will further prove that the establishment of a socialist market economic system is the only way for China to become rich and strong.

Establishing the socialist market economic system is a great pioneering work, and we must fully understand the arduousness, complexity and long-term nature of this fundamental change. The combination of socialist market economy with socialist basic economic system, basic political system and spiritual civilization needs to solve complex problems such as the combination of market economy with socialist public ownership, the construction of socialist democratic politics, and the construction of socialist ideology and morality. Because China is still in the process of transforming from the traditional planned economy system to the socialist market economy system, it takes a long time to improve the system, laws, policies and management, and various economic activities also need to adapt. Because the market has its own blindness and limitations, if it is not handled properly, its negative will also be reflected. Therefore, the establishment of a socialist market economic system is a long-term exploration process. After 1200 years of development, the capitalist market economy has been gradually established and improved. It's only been more than ten years since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and it's only a few years since the 14th National Congress set the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economic system. In the process of establishing this system, there are some unavoidable problems and difficulties. Perfecting this system has a long way to go. Our goal is: to initially establish this new economic system by the year 2000; By 20 10, a relatively perfect socialist market economic system will be formed; By 2020, this new economic system will be more mature and stereotyped. We firmly believe that under the strong leadership of the party and the government, many problems and difficulties in economic restructuring will be properly handled and solved in deepening reform. The goal of establishing and perfecting the socialist market economic system will certainly be achieved in our long-term unremitting struggle.

Look at China's economic reform scientifically.

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Guangming Watch Publication Date: May 2006-13

Recently, China's economic circles have had a heated debate on how to treat the problems in economic reform and the direction of further reform. This paper intends to talk about some views on this issue.

First, correctly understand the problems existing in the current reform.

Since the reform and opening up, China's economic reform and development have made great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. At the same time, some prominent contradictions and problems have emerged, such as the deterioration of ecological environment, increasing unemployment pressure, widening income gap, low level of independent innovation, lagging development of social undertakings, imperfect social security system and serious corruption. In view of the above problems, there are two diametrically opposite views in the current academic circles: one holds that the current problems in the economy are mainly due to the pan-marketization tendency in the reform, and there are problems of excessive superstition and dependence on the market in the direction of reform; Another view is that the root of the problem lies in insufficient marketization and excessive government intervention. Therefore, government intervention should be reduced and cancelled as soon as possible to speed up the process of denationalization.

A correct understanding of the problems existing in the current reform requires a correct judgment on the development of China's market economy. In this regard, the "Decision of the Central Committee on Several Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System" adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee clearly stated that "China's economic system reform has made significant progress in theory and practice. The socialist market economic system has been initially established, the basic economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and multiple ownership economies developing together has been established, and an all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level opening-up pattern has basically taken shape. " Many studies at home and abroad have also confirmed the above assertion [1]. On the other hand, we should also be soberly aware that China's economic transformation is not over yet, and its economic development still faces many institutional obstacles, such as the division of urban and rural systems, the imperfect property rights system, the unfinished task of state-owned enterprises to establish a modern enterprise system and adjust the layout of the state-owned economy, the lagging market for capital and other factors, the chaotic market order, the inadequate transformation of government functions, the weak functions of social management and public services, science and technology, education and culture. The existence of these institutional problems does not adapt to the new situation of building a well-off society in an all-round way, nor to the international environment of economic globalization and accelerated scientific and technological progress.

From the above judgment, we can draw the following three important conclusions:

First, although great achievements have been made in economic reform and the socialist market economic system has been initially established, the task of reform has not yet been completed, and the formed socialist market economic system is still immature and imperfect. Therefore, on the whole, we can't think that China's economy has a problem of pan-marketization or over-marketization. It is still necessary to continue to develop and improve the socialist market economic system and form a more dynamic and open system and mechanism.

Second, with the initial establishment of the market economy system in China, the inherent defects of the market economy have also emerged.

Gradually exposed, this defect is inevitable even in a relatively perfect and developed market economy. Under the condition that the market economy system and the operating rules of the market economy have played a leading role in economic life, we have no reason to attribute the main causes of various problems in the economy to the remnants of the planned economy or the lack of marketization. On the contrary, unemployment, economic fluctuation, widening income gap and corruption in power and money transactions are inevitable products of the development of market economy and belong to the category of market failure or market defect. To solve this market failure, we need to strengthen and improve macro-control, improve various social adjustment mechanisms, and hope that further marketization will solve the defects of marketization itself, which is tantamount to seeking fish from a tree.

Third, the problems in the current reform are caused by many factors: there are problems of insufficient marketization, such as imperfect enterprise system, imperfect market system and inadequate government functions, which are the main contradictions; There is also the problem of excessive marketization, that is, the so-called pan-marketization, such as arbitrary charges in public departments, industrialization of public services, and the proliferation of power and money transactions, which has aroused widespread dissatisfaction among the people; There are also problems in laws, regulations, policies and management; More problems are problems in development, such as backward scientific and technological level, low independent innovation ability, dual structure of urban and rural areas, heavy employment pressure and imperfect social security system. Although these problems are also related to institutional defects, they can only be fundamentally solved by continuous development. In many cases, the above factors are intertwined, which makes the problem complicated. Take education and medical care, which are generally concerned by the society at present, for example, there are not only problems of insufficient market regulation, but also problems of pan-marketization, policy and management, which are fundamentally problems of development level. Understanding these complex problems requires a scientific and rational attitude and cannot be simplified.

Therefore, we should make a concrete analysis of the problems existing in the current reform and gradually solve them by means of overall planning, coordination and comprehensive management. It is one-sided to simply attribute the problem to excessive marketization or insufficient marketization.

Second, adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy.

There have always been two opposing views on the direction of China's economic reform: the "Left" view holds that socialism fundamentally opposes the market economy, and market relations must be restricted to make it gradually disappear; People who hold the "correct" view believe that market economy and socialism are incompatible, and only by fully implementing privatization and liberalization can a real market economy be established. These two poles are interlinked. On the surface, these two views are opposite, but their thinking logic is completely consistent, that is, either socialism or market economy must be one. At present, the differences in the understanding of the reform direction in the theoretical circle can be regarded as the continuation of these two opposing views under the new historical conditions to a certain extent. A basic experience of China's economic reform is to constantly transcend this either-or metaphysical thinking logic, and strive to realize the organic combination of socialism and market economy, and achieved great success.

The success of China's economic reform is due to the choice of the direction of market economy reform. Developing market economy under socialist conditions is an unprecedented great pioneering work. The transformation from the planned economy system to the socialist market economy system has achieved a new historical breakthrough in reform and opening up and opened up a brand-new situation in China's economic, political and cultural development. The deepening of market-oriented reform has greatly promoted the improvement of social productive forces, comprehensive national strength and people's living standards. It is the only way for China's economy to become prosperous and strong, and no one can shake it.

However, while adhering to the market orientation of reform, we must bear in mind that China's market economy, socialist market economy and the development of market economy under socialist conditions are to give full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, give full play to the characteristics and advantages of the socialist system, organically combine socialist goals, values and systems with the market economy, and overcome the weaknesses and negative aspects of the market mechanism to the maximum extent. Promote sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy economic development, so that the development of market economy can serve the all-round development of people and the common interests of all people, and serve the great cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. The establishment of market economy on the basis of socialist constitutional system is the basic feature and successful experience of China's economic reform, which is different from that of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. At this point, we must also be firm.

At present, to adhere to the reform direction of socialist market economy, we must correctly handle the relationship between adhering to public ownership as the main body and promoting the development of non-public ownership economy, unswervingly consolidate and develop public ownership economy, give play to the leading role of state-owned economy, and unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of individual, private and other non-public ownership economies. We should correctly handle the relationship between distribution according to work and the implementation of various modes of distribution, encourage some regions and some people to get rich first, pay more attention to social equity, rationally adjust the distribution pattern of national income, take effective measures to solve the problem of excessive income gap between regions and some members of society, and gradually realize common prosperity for all people. We must correctly handle the relationship between market mechanism and macro-control, adhere to the laws of market economy, give greater play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, and at the same time strengthen and improve national macro-control to promote the dynamic, efficient and healthy operation of the national economy. We should actively promote reform and opening up in accordance with the requirements of overall planning, urban and rural development, regional development, economic and social development, harmonious development between man and nature, domestic development and opening up.

Some scholars believe that the market economy is a way of resource allocation, and the market economy under different countries and systems should be the same. In that case, why should we emphasize the socialist nature of the market economy and the characteristics of China? To understand this problem correctly, we need to grasp the relationship between general and special. Market mechanism is a common economic phenomenon in many social forms, and it is not unique to a social system. In this sense, it is neutral, neither called "Zi" nor "She". However, this does not mean that the market mechanism is an independent and technical tool that can be divorced from the special historical environment and the overall social structure. In China, the development of market economy is facing a series of special social and historical conditions or national conditions, including: it has a long and profound historical and cultural tradition; Implement the socialist economic and political system; In the process of dual transformation of industrialization and informatization; Large population and relatively scarce resources; It is in a relatively backward position in the world capitalist system; The territory is vast and the regional differences are huge. It is the combination of the general laws of market economy and the special national conditions of China that forms the socialist market economy model with China characteristics, namely the so-called China model. The main characteristics and basic idea of this model are: 1. Public ownership and market economy are not antagonistic, and the goal of China's reform is to establish a socialist market economy. 2. The establishment of socialist market economy should not only follow the general laws of market economy, but also conform to China's basic system and specific national conditions. 3. While adhering to the dominant position of public ownership and state-owned economy, actively develop non-public ownership and non-state-owned economy. 4. organically combine the basic adjustment function of the market mechanism with the macro-control of the government. Market economy is a historical category, and its content and form will change with the development of institutional environment, technical foundation and cultural tradition. 6. The transition to a market economy is a long and complicated whole process, including profound changes in social economy, politics, culture and other aspects, which cannot be achieved overnight. 7. While actively participating in economic globalization, we should adhere to independence and put our foothold on the basis of relying on our own strength. 8. Unify reform, development and stability. The development of market economy should focus on economic construction and obey the people-oriented goal. 9. Adhere to the organic unity of the party's leadership, the people being the masters of the country and governing the country according to law, and do not implement the Western-style political system. 10. Adhere to the guiding position of Marxism and guide new practice with developed Marxism. Obviously, the rich connotation of China's economic reform model can never be summarized by the word "marketization". In essence, it is an economic transformation development model that adapts to China's national conditions, aims at establishing a socialist market economy, and aims at realizing China's economic and social modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Taking one's own road is the fundamental experience of the success of China Revolution and China Reform. The more national it is, the more cosmopolitan it is. The success of China Road or China Model based on the socialist market economy will not only realize the glorious ideal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, but also be the greatest contribution of the Chinese nation to the development of human civilization.

Third, the innovative reform concept led by Scientific Outlook on Development.

Reform is not an empty slogan and a cheap label, but a complex, profound and comprehensive process of social change, a colorful and vibrant process of historical creation, and keeping pace with the times is the essence of reform. In fact, the history of China's economic reform since 1978 is the history of innovating reform ideas from reality. From "planned economy as the mainstay, supplemented by market regulation" to "planned commodity economy", from "combination of planned economy and market regulation" to "socialist market economy", from "establishment of socialist market economic system" to "perfection of socialist market economic system", China's economic reform ideas are developing in constant reflection and innovation.

At present, China's economic and social development is in a new stage of development, showing a series of new stage characteristics: the socialist market economic system has been initially established, but it is still not perfect, and there are many institutional obstacles; With the rapid economic growth, the pressure of population, resources, environment and employment is also increasing, the contradiction between man and nature is deepening, and the bottleneck problem of resources and energy is more severe; With the sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy, the gap between urban and rural economic and social development levels is widening; While opening up to the outside world is constantly expanding and the degree of internationalization is constantly improving, China's independent innovation ability and international competitiveness have not been fundamentally improved; The per capita income has greatly increased, and the people's living standards have generally reached a well-off level. However, there are still a considerable number of low-income people and poor people, and the danger of polarization has become a reality. At the same time of economic development, the development of social undertakings is relatively backward, and the problems of people's difficulty in seeing a doctor, going to school and finding employment are very prominent; Wait a minute. To further deepen economic reform, we must adapt to the objective requirements of the new stage of China's economic and social development, put forward correct reform objectives, tasks, principles and policies in view of the outstanding problems in economic and social development, and make the reform move forward better along the right path. Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as the general secretary has summed up the experience of reform and opening up for more than 20 years, accurately analyzed the new situation and new tasks faced by reform and development, and creatively put forward a series of major strategic ideas related to the overall situation of reform and development, such as Scientific Outlook on Development, building a harmonious socialist society, strengthening the construction of ruling ability, building an innovative country and building a new socialist countryside. These strategic ideas are very important for further deepening economic reform.

1. Insist on taking Scientific Outlook on Development as the overall situation of economic and social development, and actively promote reform and opening up in accordance with the requirements of "five overall plans".

2. Improve the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development's institutional guarantee, accelerate the improvement of the socialist market economic system, and form a mechanism conducive to transforming the mode of economic growth and promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.

3. The fundamental purpose of reform must be to adhere to people-oriented and promote people's all-round development. Reform is for the people, reform depends on the people, and the fruits of reform should be enjoyed by the people.

4. Pay attention to social equity, especially the fairness of employment opportunities and distribution process, increase the adjustment of income distribution, and strengthen the supervision of distribution results.

5. Pay attention to improving the scientificity of reform decision-making, enhance the coordination of reform measures, make the reform take into account all aspects and take care of all parties' concerns, and truly win the support and support of the broad masses of the people.

6. Promote reform and development in accordance with the requirements of building a harmonious society, and focus on solving employment, social security, poverty alleviation, education, medical care, environmental protection, safety and other issues that people are most concerned about.

7. Improve the quality of development, change the growth mode, build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, vigorously promote independent innovation and build an innovative country.

8. Coordinate urban and rural development and build a new socialist countryside with "production development, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean village appearance and democratic management".

9. Efforts to promote the reform of government administrative management system is the key to comprehensively deepen reform and improve the level of opening up, with the focus on further transforming government functions.

10. While vigorously promoting economic development, pay more attention to accelerating social development, speeding up social reform and institutional innovation, and enhancing the vitality of social development, and so on.

These important reform principles put forward by the CPC Central Committee have enriched and developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic reform theory from the aspects of reform direction, principles, motivation, purpose and steps, and reflected the deepening of the Chinese production party's understanding of the development law of the socialist market economy, which is the fundamental guideline for further improving the socialist market economy and promoting the sustained and healthy development of economic reform.

Fourth, establishing a scientific view of reform is an important guarantee for promoting reform healthily.

At present, the differences in China's economic circles on reform are, in the final analysis, caused by people's different positions, viewpoints and methods on market economy. Without correct theory, there will be no correct practice, and it is impossible to form a benign "social understanding" of reform. Although the transition from planned economy to market economy has become a worldwide trend since 1990s. However, different economic theories have different understandings of the essence, significance and development law of market economy. Under the banner and slogan of market economy, there may be different or even contradictory reform ideas. Therefore, to further deepen the reform, we should not only continue to adhere to the reform direction of market economy, but also scientifically understand the development law of market economy, especially the development law of socialist market economy, establish a scientific reform concept, continuously deepen economic reform, and promote faster and better economic and social development.

To establish a scientific view of reform, we must adhere to the guidance of Marxism. Marxism provided China with a complete world outlook, a correct political stance and a scientific analysis method. The theoretical basis of China's economic reform is Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic theory formed by combining Marxist theory with China's reform and opening-up practice. The contents of this theory mainly include: the basic economic system theory in the primary stage of socialism; Establish and improve the theory of socialist market economy; The theory of distribution according to work, coexistence of various modes of distribution, and efforts to achieve the unity of fairness and efficiency; The theory of taking the road of new industrialization and independent innovation with China characteristics; The theory of building a new socialist countryside; Adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development's theory of building a harmonious socialist society: adhere to the theory of independence while actively participating in the process of economic globalization, and so on. Without these correct theories, it is impossible to achieve great achievements in Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic reform and construction, and it is impossible to form a model of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic reform and development. According to the development of practice, further perfecting and innovating Socialism with Chinese characteristics's economic theory is an important guarantee for further deepening economic reform.

To establish a scientific view of reform, we must learn western economics correctly. There is a popular view that Marxist economics advocates a planned economy, while western economics advocates a market economy. Therefore, the market economy should be based on western economics, and some people even confuse the establishment of a socialist market economy with the implementation of neo-liberal policies. This view is wrong. The fundamental difference between Marxist economics and western economics is not whether to study the market economy (in fact, Capital, the classic work of Marxist economics, takes the movement law of capitalist market economy as the research object), but how to study the market economy. It should be admitted that all schools of modern western economics more or less reflect the general law of market economy operation and the general requirements of resource allocation. It is helpful to promote China's reform and opening up to the outside world to learn from western economic theories correctly. However, it should be emphasized that western economic theory is based on certain assumptions, historical experience, value orientation, cultural background and logical structure. Without these premises, these theories will lose their scientific value. It is particularly important to note that western economic theory has always been dual. In addition to its scientific side, it also has undeniable ideological color, which often reflects the special values and interests of developed capitalist countries. Therefore, it is impossible to deeply understand Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road and China's special national conditions only by copying and introducing western economic theories, and even make China's reform and opening up go astray.

Market economy is a ubiquitous and insurmountable economic form in human society, and there must be some common elements in markets under different social conditions. Therefore, there will be some "* * * knowledge" between Marxist economics and many other economic theories, including neo-liberal economic theories, such as the independence of property rights, the marketization of resource allocation, the openness of economy and so on. However, as far as the direction, principles, objectives and contents of the reform are concerned, there are important differences between China's socialist market economy theory guided by Marxism and neo-liberal market economy theory:

1. The former thinks that market economy is a historical phenomenon associated with a certain social structure; The latter thinks that market economy is an abstract resource allocation mode suitable for any era and country.

2. The former thinks that the establishment of socialist market economy is an inevitable requirement of social and historical development, while the latter thinks that market economy is a unique patent of capitalism.

3. The former thinks that adhering to the dominant position of public ownership is of great significance to economic development; The latter regards privatization as the master key to solve all economic and social problems.

4. The former thinks that the basic adjustment function of the market and effective macro-control are the essential requirements of the market economy; The latter denies the rationality of government regulation and regards the market as the only effective resource allocation mechanism.

5. The former worships the gradual institutional change model based on the spontaneous interaction between individuals; The latter emphasizes the important role of national overall planning and overall coordination in institutional changes.

6. The former advocates that "the market economy has no borders" and "the nation-state collapses", while the latter insists on the independence and development of the country.

7. The former thinks that individual freedom is both the source of efficiency and the highest value standard, while the latter emphasizes the unity of fairness and efficiency and the important value of social interests.

8. The former confuses marketization with democratization and tries to advocate western freedom and democracy; The latter strives to make the development of market economy obey the people-oriented goal.

In a word, the neo-liberal market economy and reform view advocate the unconditional promotion of privatization, liberalization and globalization, and think that the establishment of market economy must completely abandon the "Four Cardinal Principles" that the Chinese production party has always adhered to, and deny the historical rationality of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's market economy model and economic development path. The Marxist view of market economy and reform regards the market economy as a historical and complicated social structure as a whole, and tries to deeply combine the development of market economy with the national conditions of China and the historical requirements of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's construction. While promoting the marketization of resource allocation, the autonomy of enterprise management and the globalization of economic movement, we should proceed from the reality of China and choose a market economy model and economic development path suitable for China's national conditions. Adhere to the fundamental interests of all the people as the starting point and the end result of considering all issues, and adhere to the basic socialist system and the road of state-led and independent development. Obviously, there is a fundamental difference between Marxist scientific reform view and neo-liberal one-sided reform view. Only by adhering to the scientific concept of reform can China constantly eliminate the interference of "Left" dogmatism and "Total Westernization" neo-liberalism and continue to advance along the correct road of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

[1] According to some scholars' analysis, in 2003, China's marketization index was nearly 74%, and the contribution rate of non-state-owned economy to GDP reached 69%. More than 90% of product prices were completely determined by the market, and the tariff rate was lower than the average level of developing countries. See China Market Economy Development Report 2005 by Institute of Economics and Resource Management of Beijing Normal University, 153, China Commercial Press, 2005.