What are the research methods of psychology and what are their characteristics?

(1) observation method. Under natural conditions, the emergence and development of psychological phenomena can be found through systematic and planned observation of external activities expressing psychological phenomena.

The regularity of development.

Observation method is generally used in the following situations:

1, unable to control the studied object;

2, under the control conditions, may affect the emergence of a certain behavior;

3. Due to the requirements of social morality, it is impossible to control a certain phenomenon.

The success of observation depends on the purpose and task of observation, the means of observation and recording, and the perseverance and attitude of the observer.

Defects in observation methods:

1. Under natural conditions, it is difficult to repeat events in exactly the same way.

2. Under natural conditions, there are many factors that affect a certain psychological activity, and it is difficult to accurately analyze the results.

3. Because the conditions are not controlled, unnecessary research objects may appear during observation, but the objects to be studied do not appear.

4. The observation result is easily influenced by the observer himself.

(2) Psychological test method. It refers to the method of measuring a certain psychological quality with a set of standardized questions (scales) in advance.

Psychological measurement should pay attention to two basic requirements: reliability and validity of the test.

1, reliability refers to the reliability of the test.

2. Validity refers to the psychological quality that the test needs to measure effectively.

In order to ensure the reliability and validity of psychological tests, on the one hand, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on certain psychological qualities. The deeper we know about intelligence or character,

Then the corresponding scale is perfect. On the other hand, the preparation of psychological scale should pay attention to rigor and scientificity.

(3) Experimental methods. Methods of observing psychological phenomena under controlled conditions. There are laboratory experiments and natural experiments.

Laboratory experiments are carried out under strictly controlled experimental conditions with the help of special experimental equipment. This helps to find the causal relationship between events and can.

So as to carry out repeated verification; But the disadvantage is that the examiner strictly controls the experimental conditions, which makes the experimental scene extremely artificial.

Natural experiments, also known as field experiments, can be carried out in normal learning and working environments by properly controlling experimental conditions. It ruled out experiments.

However, because the conditions are not strictly controlled, it is difficult to get accurate experimental results.

The experimental method contains a series of changing factors, which are called variables. Some of these variables are experimental conditions controlled by experimenters, which are called independent variables and independent variables.

Quantity. There are also behavioral and psychological activities measured by experimenters called dependent variables.

(4) case law. It requires in-depth and meticulous observation and research on a person, in order to find out the reasons that affect some behavioral and psychological phenomena.