(2) Four kinds of cut chrysanthemum flowers

It is the most popular cut flower in the world. Chrysanthemum has a long history of cultivation in China. Since the Jin Dynasty, people have regarded chrysanthemums as ornamental objects, leaving many praise poems, such as Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely".

There are many varieties of cut chrysanthemum flowers, such as Hanju, Xia Ju, National Day Chrysanthemum and Qiuju. According to the investigation of Nanjing Agricultural University, there are more than 3,000 kinds of chrysanthemums in China, most of which are traditional potted chrysanthemums. At present, most of the varieties used as cut flowers in the international flower market are cultivated in Japan. Chrysanthemum is characterized by bright colors, good luster, rich patterns, no petals falling off and long viewing period in water. Chrysanthemum grows and puts its bottle on the desk.

Chrysanthemum is one of the top ten famous flowers in China. There are many varieties, rich colors, changeable flower shapes and diverse postures. Every year in late autumn, chrysanthemum exhibitions are held in many places for people to enjoy. It can be arranged in flower beds, flower borders or rockeries in the garden, and can also be used to make potted flowers, bonsai, flower baskets, wreaths, dahlias, cliff chrysanthemums, tower chrysanthemums, tree chrysanthemums, and tied chrysanthemums. It can also be used as a cut flower in a vase. In recent years, ground cover chrysanthemum has been developed for "flowering ground cover" and so on. In addition, chrysanthemum has medicinal value. Medicinal chrysanthemums, such as Chu Ju, Huang Ju Ju, Bo Ju and Cha Ju, have certain curative effects on some diseases. Some chrysanthemums can also be eaten as vegetables. For example, Dnankingense, a chrysanthemum brain in Nanjing, is a very popular vegetable, with tender buds and leaves, refreshing and delicious, and rich nutrition.

In artistic flower arrangement, chrysanthemum is often combined with bamboo, red leaves, autumn fruits and other materials to express "autumn rhyme" or "harvest"; Plum, orchid and bamboo are also used as the "four gentlemen" of traditional literati flower arrangement. Chrysanthemum also has the characteristics of dried petals. Therefore, since ancient times, there have been poems praising "Leng Xiang in the evening breeze", "Cool in the evening breeze" and "Cold in English in the evening breeze". So it is very appropriate to send chrysanthemums to respectable old people, but pay attention to the color. Cut chrysanthemum ranks first among the "four cut flowers" in the world, accounting for about 30% of the total.

The annual supply of chrysanthemum cut flowers and the output of fresh cut flowers must reach a balance every year. There are spring chrysanthemum, Xia Ju, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum (cold chrysanthemum) cultivated conventionally, and there are many varieties. In the month when chrysanthemums don't bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially delaying the flowering period. The flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemum are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunshine and temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 10 leaves, the plant height is more than 25 cm, and it takes 45-60 days to bloom. Generally, the flower buds of autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum differentiate rapidly in short days (10-15 days), but not in long days. However, the flower buds of Xia Ju varieties can differentiate under the condition of long sunshine.

Under conventional cultivation conditions, Xia Ju's latest flowering varieties in Guangzhou are June Yellow, June White, Guifeihong and so on. But in summer, when the temperature is high and the sunshine is strong, these varieties should also be kept in the shade when they bloom. The earliest flowers of autumn chrysanthemum are Zaohuang, Zaobai, Baixiezhao and Huangnijin, which usually bloom in late June of 1 1 or early October of1. 7.8.9. 10 April, artificial lighting or shading, temperature and humidity adjustment, etc. It can make the autumn chrysanthemum blossom ahead of time, postpone the flowering period in Xia Ju, and make the production of cut flowers go on the market in batches all year round. For artificial lighting, generally, 65438 000-watt or 60-watt bulbs are hung at 65438 0 meters above plants, and the lighting area of each lamp is 4 square meters. There are three methods of lighting and shading: one is intermittent or short-term lighting, that is, adding 0.5- 1 hour in the dark, and the other is dark treatment for several hours during the day (shading during the day); Third, add light in advance in the morning and evening to increase the sunshine hours, or shade to extend the dark time.

The most important thing is to choose fertile sandy loam with good drainage. There are about 6,000 cut flowers per mu in the auxiliary field, that is, 8-9 plants per square meter. Leave 5 branches per plant, pick the heart 20 days after planting, peel off the lateral buds frequently, and peel off the buds in time at the budding stage. About 30,000 cut flowers can be harvested per mu. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of the above diseases are fungi, which are caused by high soil humidity and poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a place with good ecological conditions for cultivation, pay attention to drainage, remove diseased plants and leaves, and burn residual roots. Potted soil should be disinfected with 1: 8 formalin solution, and bordeaux solution, 80% wettable zineb solution or 50% wettable thiophanate solution should be sprayed during the growth period. Pests include aphids, red spiders, inchworm, crested tiger, grubs, liriomyza sativae larvae and so on, which can be controlled by artificial killing and spraying. Dendranthemamorifolium, a cultivated species of chrysanthemum in Compositae, is a valuable ornamental flower cultivated by long-term artificial selection, also known as artistic chrysanthemum, also known as treasure chrysanthemum. There are more than 1000 varieties. Perennial herbs. Plant height is 20-20-200cm, generally 30-90 ㎝. The stems are light green or brown, mostly erect branches except cliff chrysanthemum, and the base is semi-lignified. Simple leaves alternate, oval to oblong, with serrated edges. The head is terminal or axillary, and one or several flowers are clustered. The ligulate flower is female, and the tubular flower is bisexual. Tongue-shaped flowers are divided into four categories: flat, spoon-shaped, tubular and irregular, with rich colors, including red, yellow, white, ink, purple, green, orange, pink, brown, snow blue and light green. Tubular flowers have developed into "laurel petals" with various colors, such as red, yellow, white, purple, green, pink, multicolor and intermediate colors.

Inflorescences vary in size and shape, with single and double petals; There are flat and spherical; There are long flocs, short flocs, flat flocs and rolled flocs; There are hollow and solid ones; There are straight, drooping, diverse styles and complex varieties. According to the flowering period, there are early chrysanthemums (from September (1 October to1month), late chrysanthemums (1month to next year1month), August chrysanthemums, July chrysanthemums and May chrysanthemums. According to the flower diameter, those with flower diameter 10 cm or more are called chrysanthemums, those with flower diameter 10-6 cm or less are called zhongju, and those with flower diameter less than 6 cm are called Xiao Ju. According to the type of valve, it can be divided into three types: flat valve, pipe valve and spoon valve. Also known as carnation, Dutch Dianthus and Carnation, they are native to the northern coast of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, as well as from France to Greece, and are now widely planted all over the world. Carnation has fragrance, wrinkled petals, rich and bright colors, long flowering period, good decorative effect and high grade. Therefore, carnations are widely used to decorate flower baskets, garlands, bouquets, corsages, headdresses and wedding cars.

Red carnation: I wish my mother a long and healthy life.

Light red carnation: to show admiration, dark red carnation: to show deep love and care. Pink carnation: I wish my mother always young and beautiful. Yellow carnation: long-term friendship. Pure white carnation: pure friendship. Decorating carnations: an apology for refusing courtship.

Carnation symbolizes mother's love. International Mother's Day requires mothers to send red carnations when they are alive, which is also an expression of their love for their mothers. Mother sent white carnations to mourn her death.

Carnation flower language-enthusiasm, charm, weak love, true feelings, mother I love you, warm wishes, love you, warmth, kindness, motherly love without cost, tolerance, mother's flowers, deep affection, female love, family yearning, pure affection, warm love, enthusiasm, sadness and regret, pain, greatness, sacredness and kindness. Evergreen subshrubs are cultivated as perennial flowers. Because of petals? It is widely cultivated for its fragrant smell (modern carnations have almost no fragrance). Generally divided into flower bed carnations and flower shop carnations; The stems are tufted, hard, gray-green, with swollen nodes and a height of about 50㎝. The leaves are thick, linear and opposite. The stems and leaves are similar to Dianthus China, which is thick and covered with white powder. Flowers are large, fragrant, solitary, with 2-3 flowers in strings or cymes; There are four rhomboid ovate bracts under the calyx, and the apex is short and sharp, which is about a quarter of the calyx tube; Calyx tube green, five-lobed; Petals are irregular, with toothed edges, single or double petals, and there are four colors: red, pink, yellow and white.

The flowering period is from April to September, and it is cultivated in protected areas all the year round. I like a cool, dry, sunny and well-ventilated ecological environment. It has good cold tolerance and poor heat resistance, and the optimum growth temperature is 14-2 1℃. When the temperature is above 27℃ or below 14℃, the plant grows slowly. It should be planted in calcareous soil with rich humus and good drainage. Love fat.

China's coastal areas of origin like cool and sunny environment, and are not resistant to heat, dryness and low temperature. It should be planted in calcareous soil with rich humus and good drainage. The flowering period is from April to September, and it is cultivated in protected areas all the year round. Carnation is an excellent variety of cut flowers, with delicate color, fragrant smell and long flowering period, which is suitable for all kinds of flower arrangement and often forms a beautiful bouquet with gladiolus, asparagus and bracken.

Liking bright light is an important feature of carnations. Whether it is indoor interdisciplinary, potted summer or greenhouse cultivation, it needs sufficient light and should be placed in the sunny position of direct sunlight. 1. Soil: slightly alkaline clay with good drainage, rich humus, good fertilizer conservation performance.

2. Watering: Carnations grow vigorously and are more drought-resistant. In rainy and humid areas, the soil is easy to harden. Due to poor ventilation, the root system develops abnormally, so attention should be paid to loosening the soil and draining water in rainy season. In addition to watering in time at the peak of growth and flowering. It is advisable to water less at ordinary times to keep the soil moist. The air humidity should be kept at about 75%, and proper water spraying before flowering can prevent the bud from cracking in advance.

3. Fertilization: Carnations like fertilization. Before planting, sufficient baking fertilizer and bone meal should be applied, and liquid fertilizer should be applied continuously during the growing period. Generally, decomposed thin fertilizer water is applied once every 65,438+00 days, and topdressing is performed once after picking flowers.

4. Others: In order to make the carnations bloom more and more, coring should be carried out many times from the seedling stage: when the seedlings grow 8-9 pairs of leaves, coring should be carried out for the first time, and 4-6 pairs of leaves should be kept; When more than 4 pairs of leaves grow on the lateral branches, the second core removal is carried out, and 3-4 pairs of leaves are left on each lateral branch, so that the whole plant finally has 12- 15 lateral branches. When pregnant, only one bud is left at the top of each lateral branch, and all buds and lateral branches sprouted in the axils below the top should be pulled out in time. Cut off the stem in time after the first flowering, leaving only two buds at the base of each branch. After such repeated enucleation, plants can be beautiful and flowers can be colorful.

Liking bright light is an important feature of carnations. Whether it is indoor interdisciplinary, potted summer or greenhouse cultivation, it needs sufficient light and should be placed in the sunny position of direct sunlight.