In recent times the Chinese people have been clothed. Food. Housing and transportation changes in the performance, and analyze the factors of its change?

Changes in modern Chinese social customs

First, the basic lineage of modern folklore change

Modern folklore change is an important part of modern social change, and modern social transformation with always. Modern folklore change involves all corners and levels of society. The following eight aspects of etiquette, consumption, clothing, food, housing, travel, festivals, weddings and funerals are summarized below, which can roughly glimpse the basic vein of modern folklore changes.

1. Changes in etiquette and customs: For a long time after the Opium War, traditional social etiquette and ceremonial etiquette, including titles and meeting rituals, still dominated society. People would meet each other by bowing, arching their hands, running to pay respect, and inviting people to be at peace. Kneeling was originally a gesture of mutual salutation, but in feudal times it became a kind of etiquette of respect and submission to reflect the hierarchy of the feudal society. Kneeling was mainly for the elders, and the most grandiose was the three-kneeling and nine-kowtowing rite, while bowing and arching of hands were generally sufficient between the peers. There is also a set of "adults", "master", "Mrs.", "Mrs." and "old lady" and other titles. However, after the founding of the country, in the coastal areas, by the Western concept of equality, first in the new intellectuals, gradually used to shake hands, bow and other ways of meeting, and use "Mr.", "Ms.", "Miss", "Mr.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms.", "Ms." and "Ms.". "After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, it was explicitly decreed that during the Confucius Festival, "the ritual of paying homage to Confucius should be removed, and three bows should be performed instead, and casual clothes should be used for the festival." (Note: "The Ding Festival Removes Kneeling", [Shanghai] "Declaration", March 5, 1912.) Soon after, it was also ordered to abolish the old etiquette of kowtow, bowing, inviting, arching, etc., which was practiced in socializing, and replace it with bowing as the main etiquette. On August 17 of the same year, the R.O.C. *** published the Rites of Passage, which established the legal status of the new style of etiquette in the form of a law (Note: Oriental Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 4, September 1912 ...) . The use of the terms "Mr." and "Mr." in bowing reflects the equal relationship between people in modern society. In a word, new manners such as taking off the hat, bowing, shaking hands and clapping have gradually become the usual "civilized rituals" and "civilized rites" in China, reflecting the progressive tendency of social manners. In addition, the popularity of social dancing in the city, birthday parties and banquets for colleagues, etc., all reflect the new changes in modern social customs.

2. Changes in Consumption Customs: The invasion of modern western capitalism and the emergence and rapid development of new-style business in China have had a great impact on traditional consumption customs and directly led to changes in consumption customs. In the Daoguang years after the Opium War, enjoy foreign goods in the upper class has gradually become fashionable, but began to be limited to a few areas such as ports of entry and bureaucratic wealth, to the end of the 19th century, with the ports of entry to more than 70, so the consumption of foreign goods throughout the various strata of society, even in the remote places of the Yunnan traffic in the store, you can see a lot of foreign goods, including a variety of Harar tweed, beeping, feather yarn, facecloth, clocks and watches, Glass, etc., everything, and its price "is not shockingly expensive" (Note: Yao Hao edited: "China's foreign trade in modern times historical materials", [Beijing] China Bookstore, 1962 edition, pp. 1106-1107.) Many "peasants also compete to wear foreign cloth", the middle-class family is "out of the government yarn spinning silk is not considered wasteful", "the general young people are lamb fur such as cream carry on" (Note: Song Yanzhai: "Puqi Xiangshi Zhi"). (Quoted from Yan Changhong, A History of Social Customs in Modern China, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1992 edition, p. 82.) . In addition, horse racing, boat racing, tennis, soccer, western food, beer, western snacks, western drinks, amateur theater, parks, indoor concerts, movies, electric lights, telephones, running water, postal service, trams, and other western lifestyles have all influenced the change of the Chinese people's way of consuming, and have made a significant change in the structure of the Chinese people's consumption and the content of their consumption. In addition, in Shanghai, for example, pornographic consumption, amusement consumption has also become an important element in the consumption of businessmen and the rich.

3. Changes in Dress Customs: Chinese dress customs have a long history, and there are colorful dresses in all ages. To the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese dress is mostly robes and coats, and women wear cheongsam. There is a proverb that says "peacock plume, horseshoe sleeves". The dress code was characterized by hierarchical and formal attire, which was incompatible with the modern demand for equality and the ever-increasing pace of life. For this reason, some Chinese began to accept Western dress. In the 1850s, some people in Hong Kong and Guangzhou imitated Western dress, and many Chinese merchants wore Western clothes. In 1903, Wuzhou Middle School in Guangxi, where Hu Hanmin taught, allowed students to "dress in western clothes and greet Confucius and Mencius" (Note: Hu Hanmin's Autobiography, [[Beijing]] Modern History Sourcebook. (Note: "Hu Hanmin's Autobiography", [Beijing] "Modern History Materials", 1981, No. 2.) It can be seen that not a few students wore foreign clothes. At that time, many foreign students wore foreign clothes. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, there was a "foreign clothes fever", in the capital cities, people "tend to change to foreign clothes and hats, the number of which I do not know how many" (Note: "Pan Yueqiao please use the national products", [Shanghai] "Declaration", March 4, 1912.) In the remote towns, "the civil and military dresses, crowns with felt, shoes with leather, short clothes with tweed, completely European" (Note: Republic of China "Cili County Records" Volume 17, Customs.) . In addition, western-style shirts, suits, knitwear, western pants, yarn socks, rubber shoes, leather shoes and so on are gradually popularized and promoted, in short, the western factors in Chinese clothing is increasing. It is worth mentioning that the Zhongshan suit is the most typical symbol of the integration of Chinese and Western clothing in modern times.

In the broader sense of dress folklore, wearing and "dressing" are organic unity. For example, tattoos, make-up, hair styles, jewelry, foot binding and so on. Before and after the Opium War, Westerners to China, the first to see is stored in a long braid of men and wrapped in small feet of women, "many years, all of Europe is that the Chinese is the world's most ridiculous and most peculiar people; their shaved hair, stored braids, slanting eyes, strange clothing and women's ruins of the shape of the foot, a long time to provide those who make the comical cartoonist to the subject matter " (Note: [British] Harry: The Revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, translated by Wang Weizhou and others, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997 edition, p. 51.) . The basic attire of the Chinese people in the Qing Dynasty was that men wore pigtails and wide coats, and women were wrapped in small feet. However, after the 1880s, this image of Chinese attire changed significantly. First of all, a group of missionaries came to China to advocate the footwear. In 1883, Kang Youwei founded the Non-Binding Foot Association in Nanhai County, Guangdong, followed by the Non-Binding Foot Association in Guangzhou in 1896, and the Non-Binding Foot Association in Shanghai in 1897 by Liang Qichao and others, and soon the Non-Binding Foot Association spread all over the southeastern coastal areas. During the Hundred Days Reform period, Emperor Guangxu also issued an oracle to prohibit foot-binding. In 1901, Empress Dowager Cixi issued a decree urging the prohibition of foot-binding, and after the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the Provisional President Dr. Sun Yat-sen ordered the Ministry of the Interior to warn the provinces of the prohibition of foot-binding. From the point of view of opposing traditional morality and striving for women's liberation, the movement of no foot-binding carries the political significance of anti-feudalism and is a profound social revolution.

Although the braided hair is a symbol of the image of men in the Qing Dynasty, but it is the result of the assimilation of Manchu customs into the Han, in front of foreigners, but it has become a national symbol of the Chinese people, and this national symbol, in modern times, has become a "backwardness" with the enlightened world tends to the world trend of short hair, The "unenlightened" symbol is embodied.

During the Hundred Days of Emperor Guangxu, Kang Youwei openly requested the Qing Dynasty *** "to cut off the hair" and "change clothes", and the general enlightened people also issued a call to cut the braid. The Qing *** even allowed officials and citizens to cut their hair freely in 1911. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the braids were cut off one after another. There were even many barbershops instead of "shavers". Even Yuan Shikai cut off his braid. The founding of the Republic of China brought about the popularization of short hair.

4. Changes in food customs: China is the world's food culture developed countries, to the Qing Dynasty has gradually formed a variety of Sichuan, Guangdong, Lu and other cuisines and other local flavors and snacks. To the Opium War after a long period of time, the Chinese society's eating habits did not change significantly, but with the further penetration of Western culture, some of the Western diet has gradually been introduced to China, to the mid-19th century after the Western-style food began to be popular in some coastal trading cities. 1876 Ge Yuanxu noted that the opening of the Hongkou area of Shanghai's Western restaurants have " Chinese people also go to eat in the area". In 1876, Ge Yuanxu noticed that the western restaurants opened in Hongkou area of Shanghai had "Chinese people also go to eat" (Note: Ge Yuanxu, etc.: "Shanghai Travel Miscellany - Songnan Dream Shadow Records - Shanghai Travel Dream Shadow", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989 edition, p. 30.) . In the eighties and nineties, western restaurants in Tianjin and Beijing also opened one after another, and their reputation became bigger and bigger. When reading Ta Kung Pao during this period, one could often see advertisements of "Pinshenglou", "Deyilou" and other "foreign teahouses", claiming that they specialized in "English and French cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine", "Chinese cuisine" and "Chinese cuisine". They advertised that they specialized in "English and French cuisine" and "Western dishes prepared by skillful foreign kitchens" (Note: Ta Kung Pao, May 25 and August 23, 2008, Guangxu). . Beijing's Western restaurants are very high grade, such as "six hotels, Dechang Hotel, Chang'an Hotel, all Western-style meals carry" (Note: Hu Pu'an edited: "Chinese National Customs", Volume 1, Shanghai Bookstore 1986 edition, page 2.), and even the government and business circles. The Chinese government and businessmen from all walks of life often come in and out of these places. After the Xinhai Revolution, it became fashionable to eat western food in some big cities. Hai Chang Tai Han Sheng wrote in "Song Bin Zhu Zhi Zi": "The foreign food competition pushed a product of incense, Western flavor to see the first taste, the knife and dazzling pots and pans clean, I love champagne a goblet of wine" (Note: Gu Shuanquan: Shanghai customs and monuments of the examination of the [Shanghai] East China Normal University Press in 1993 edition, page 412.) . In short, in the "foreign" for the fashion, with the western flavor of the food gradually welcomed by the Chinese people, such as beer, champagne, milk tea, soft drinks, ice lollies, ice cream, bread, pastry, cakes and so on have been accepted by the Chinese people. That Western-style diet has caused a large change in Chinese dietary practices, enriching the daily life of our people.

5. Changes in living customs: the difference between Chinese and Western living customs is large, here both the degree of urbanization, but also different customs. Royal architecture is an outstanding representative of ancient Chinese architecture, but there is a clear hierarchical difference between it and residential. The courtyard houses in Beijing, the kilns in the northwestern plateau, the patio courtyards in the south, the hammocks and tulou of the southwestern ethnic minorities, and the felt packs in the northern grasslands are all typical forms of traditional Chinese dwellings. Usually, traditional Chinese houses are mainly bungalows, which is mainly related to the fact that China has a vast land and the backwardness of building materials and construction technology. In modern times, due to the influence of Western architectural style and the increase of urbanization, in some ports of entry, Chinese people also began to build Western-style or semi-Western-style houses, and there was a trend of "huán ① huì ② more imitation of Western style". Deng Ziqin in the "History of Chinese customs" said, "the late Qing dynasty garden pavilions, also involved in Western-style architecture, and the metropolis, almost everywhere in the car". In tianjin, small houses gradually replace the north of the courtyard and become the new trend of local apartment building; in shenyang, "the building is magnificent, all the law of Europe and the west, so the wide building even clouds, high roofs, stretching up to dozens of miles" (note: "fengtian zhongzhi" vol. 97, rites and customs, three, apartment ...); in qingdao, "garden pavilion in the late Qing dynasty, also participated in the western-style architecture, and the capital city, almost in every corner of the world is". In Qingdao, "most of the houses in the city were built in the European style" (Note: Yuan Rongshuo, "Jiao'ao Zhi - Minsha Zhi", p. 72). In Hankou, "the land and sky, huán ① huì ② day dense, Chinese and Western factories and restaurants, the corner of the competition" (Note: Republic of China "Xiakou County Records - Preface"). In addition to the construction of a large number of Western-style buildings in Shanghai, there is also a Western architectural style under the influence of Chinese residential - Lilong houses. Influenced by Shanghai, Hankou, Nanjing, Fuzhou, Tianjin, Qingdao and other places also built lilong houses in the vicinity of rented boundaries, wharves and commercial centers one after another. In addition, with the introduction of western-style buildings, steel, cement, machine-made bricks and tiles, building hardware, running water, electric lights and so on were also applied in large quantities. This has led to significant changes in the living habits of modern Chinese residents, especially in the cities.

6. Changes in travel customs: travel customs are closely linked with transportation. In traditional society, the main means of transportation are horse-drawn carriages, oxcarts, marsupials (sedan chair), wooden boats, as well as riding horses, donkeys, camels and so on. Its *** with the same characteristics is more animal power, manpower or natural forces, slow speed, small range of activities. The backwardness of transportation inevitably causes the backwardness of society. In modern times, with the introduction of western trains, ships, trams, cars, bicycles, motorcycles, etc., gradually led to the transformation of China's traditional means of transportation. People traveled from "countryman" to "countryman" in no time. After the rise of the automobile, the stereotypes of "male and female are not close to each other" were broken, "men and women sit together and do not think it is too much" (Note: Republic of China "Xiakou County Records", Volume II, the customs and localities of the Zhi.) . So that the traditional way of communication has changed a lot.

7. Changes in holiday customs: the Chinese people's holiday customs are unique, modern seasonal festivals are still inherited from the ancient folk festival customs, such as New Year's Day (Spring Festival), Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Lahai Festival, etc., but these festivals are based on the traditional calendar, belonging to the feudal agricultural civilization of the product, and more than the color of the traditional folk beliefs, so it is not adapted to the backwardness of the modern industrial society. The backwardness of not adapting to the modern industrial society is also very obvious. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a call for a change in the calendar, and Liang Qichao wrote an article entitled "Changing to the Solar Calendar" in 1910, advocating the use of the solar calendar instead of the lunar calendar (Note: Liang Qichao: "Drinking Ice Room Collection", collection 25, [Beijing] China Bookstore, 1989 edition, pp. 1-2). . After the establishment of the Republic of China, it was announced on January 2, 1912, that the whole country would change to the solar calendar, in order to be in line with the internationally accepted calendar. The change of the calendar inevitably led to changes in the customs of festivals and festivals. First of all, some meaningful new festivals and anniversaries appeared one after another in people's political life and daily life. In the early years of the Republic of China, besides the Founding Day of the Republic of China (January 1) and the National Day (October 10), there were also the Memorial Day of the Revolutionary Martyrs (March 29), the National Shame Day (May 9), the Tree Planting Day (Ching Ming), etc. In the 1920s and 1930s, there were the International Women's Day (March 8), the Children's Day (April 4), the International Labor Day, the Memorial Day of the Students' Movement (May 4), the Teachers' Day (August 27), etc. The new holidays were also celebrated on the same day. Teachers' Day (August 27), etc. Christmas and Valentine's Day have also become popular in the cities, especially under the influence of Western customs. All of these festivals have added color to the Chinese seasonal customs.

8. Changes in marriage and funeral customs: Wedding is a folkloric form of marking and celebrating marriage. The main form of marriage in modern Han China is still the feudal arranged marriage. By the concept of equality between men and women and the influence of Western marriage customs, the 1850s and 1860s, a small number of close contacts with foreigners in the Shi Da Fu with the phenomenon of Western rituals of marriage, "the day before yesterday for the Chunfu wedding, the Yi ritual" (Note: Shanghai People's Publishing House edited by the Qing Dynasty Diaries, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1982 edition, p. 250.) ) . During the Guangxu years, in the more economically developed areas of the marriage of wealth without regard to the phenomenon of the family, Western-style wedding gradually have an impact. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, civilized forms of marriage in large cities and coastal ports of commerce began to popular, "the turn of the Guangxu Xuan, the prevalence of civilized marriages, advocated in the capital city of the port of commerce, the mainland is also gradually implemented" (Note: Xu Ke: Xu Ke: "Qing taolu class notes", book 5, [Beijing] China Bookstore, 1984 edition, pp. 1987-1988.) . Civilization of marriage, in addition to the wedding place is not in the church, do not use the priest to officiate at the wedding, many of the ceremonies are largely transplanted from the Western rituals, although mixed with some of the contents of the traditional Chinese wedding, but the spirit and form is basically Westernized. In short, in recent times in the ports of commerce and coastal towns "civilized marriage" popular, after all, reflecting the changes in Chinese wedding customs, representing the late Qing dynasty changes in wedding customs in the right direction.