What history and culture does the two national cultural relics protection sites in Qixian county carry?

On March 5th and 6th this year, Qixian Cultural Relics Management Office set up signboards for Lutaigang Site and Duangang Site, two national cultural relics protection units in our county, which aroused heated discussion from all walks of life. So what valuable information can these two national cultural sites bring in the study of historical culture and Qixian history? The author collected a large number of documents and dedicated them to people who love Qixian County.

Lutai Post is located in Peicundian Township, east of Qixian County. It was originally an unknown small village, but who would have thought that the legends and "mysteries" of ancient ancestors were buried under this ordinary small village. According to relevant records, it is said that in ancient eastern Henan, the climate was pleasant, the plants were lush, the elk were in groups, and hundreds of miles of Fiona Fang were swamps. There is a high mountain in the swamp, where a clan lives. The family hunted for many years.

One day, the tribal leader found a group of deer hunting, so he led his people to surround them with all their strength. At this time, it happened that another clan was also chasing deer. The two clans attacked from both sides and finally captured the deer. However, in order to compete for the spoils, the two sides had a fierce conflict and launched a bloody battle. In the end, the clan living in the post won. In order to commemorate the victory, the clan named Gaogang "Delugang", and later generations mistakenly wrote "Lutaigang", which is the origin of today's "Lutaigang" village. After all, this is a legend and cannot represent the real situation of Lutaigang.

It is understood that during the period of 1959, cultural relics workers in Henan Province visited here and collected clay gray pottery fragments, sandy brown pottery pieces, antler fossils, eggshell pottery pieces, bone needles and so on. In the same year, it was appointed by Qixian County as a cultural relics protection unit with the connotation of Shang Dynasty sites. 1963, the people's government of Henan Province announced "Lutaigang Site" as a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. In order to find the dividing line between Xia and Yi ancient cultures in Xia Dynasty, from 1989 to 1990, the teachers and students of Grade 86 majoring in archaeology of Zhengzhou University and the archaeologists of Kaifeng Museum conducted a series of excavations on "Lutaigang Site", and found the cultural remains of Yangshao, Longshan, Shang Xian or Yueshi, early Shang Dynasty, late Shang Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period. This amazing discovery proves that in the summer period of Qixian County, Huiji River and Guoye River centered on Qixian County were the meeting places of three ancient tribes: Huaxia, Dongyi and Shangxian, thus unveiling the mysterious veil of "Lutaigang Site".

In April 2006, "Lutaigang Site" was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Lutaigang site and Zhugang, Duangang and Niujiaogang sites in Qixian county are the witnesses of the deer struggle among the three ancient tribes of Xia, Yi and Shang in Lutaigang area.

The stratigraphic relationship of Lutaigang site is Yangshao culture, Henan Longshan culture, pre-Shang or Yueshi culture, Shang culture, Spring and Autumn culture and so on from bottom to top. The stratigraphic relationships of Zhugang, Duangang and Niujiaogang sites, which are only tens of kilometers away from Lutaigang, are Yangshao culture, Henan Longshan culture, Erlitou culture, Shang culture, Spring and Autumn culture and so on. Through the comparative analysis of the cultural connotations of Lutaigang site and Zhugang, Duangang and Niujiaogang sites, we find that although they are close at hand, their cultural characteristics are quite different.

In the cultural connotation of Lutaigang site, there is no relic of Erlitou culture, but there are Yueshi culture and pre-Shang culture belonging to the same period as Erlitou culture, which shows that Qixian should be the eastern boundary of Erlitou culture distribution. On the contrary, Lutaigang site is the westernmost site of Yueshi culture discovered so far, and it is the western site of pre-Shang culture in eastern Henan, while the remains of Yueshi culture and pre-Shang culture have not been found in Zhugang in the west and Duangang and Niujiaogang sites in the southwest. This tells us that in the summer period, with Lutaigang as the boundary, three ancient tribes of Xia, Yi and Shang competed. However, the cultural remains of the pre-Shang or Yue family in Lutaigang site contain Erlitou cultural factors, while those of the pre-Shang or Yue family in Zhugang, Duangang and Niujiaogang sites contain pre-Shang and Yue family cultural factors, which is a historical portrayal of the mutual exchange and influence of Xia, Shang and Dongyi ethnic groups in summer.

The cultural connotation of Lutaigang site reveals the historical evolution of Xia, Yi and Shang tribes in Qixian County in the pre-Qin period.

During the Longshan period, there were many sites in eastern Henan (such as Duangang and Lutaigang in Qixian County), which indicated that Dongyi nationality had withdrawn from eastern Henan during this period, and the national strength of the Central Plains, which belongs to the Huaxia system, gradually became stronger. After the Longshan period, the eastern part of eastern Henan was once again occupied by Dongyi forces, and the cultural type of distribution was Yueshi culture, while the western part of eastern Henan was Erlitou culture distribution area (Xia culture). The fuzzy boundary between them is about the line of Qixian-Taikang-Huaiyang in Henan Province. At this time, the pre-Shang cultural forces entrenched in the Meng area also reached Lutaigang westward, which once formed the foothold of Xia, Yi and Shang forces in Qixian County, eastern Henan Province.

The site is high in the north and low in the south, and the plane is trapezoidal. The cultural layer is about 2-8 meters thick, and it is Yangshao culture, Henan Longshan culture, pre-Shang culture, Yueshi culture, early Shang culture and Spring and Autumn culture from bottom to top, belonging to village residential sites. The site used to be a large area, but most of it was dug up, and both the east and north sides were destroyed, and now a cliff with a height of 6 meters has been formed.

The artifacts unearthed at Lutaigang site include pottery, bone implements, stone tools, mussels, horns and bronzes. Among them, production tools and household utensils are the main ones. Daily utensils are mainly pottery with rich decorative patterns. The cultural connotation of Lutaigang site reveals the historical evolution of Xia, Yi and Shang tribes in Qixian County in the pre-Qin period. A hillock, like a historical book, describes the historical evolution of Xia, Yi and Shang tribes in Qixian County in the pre-Qin period. Through the comprehensive observation of the archaeological and cultural characteristics of Xia-Shang site in Qixian County and the Xia-Shang and Yi ethnic groups in Lutaigang, as well as the archaeological materials and literature records of the stratigraphic relationship of the site, we can roughly outline the complex historical evolution process of Xia-Shang ethnic groups in Qixian County and even the whole eastern Henan in the pre-Qin period: during Yangshao culture period, eastern Henan was controlled by Dawenkou cultural forces belonging to Dongyi system, while western Henan was controlled by Dawenkou cultural forces.

The Longshan Cultural Site in Duangang, Qixian County is located on the sand dunes in the north of Duangang Village and the south bank of Huanggang Gully, 6 kilometers southwest of the county seat. Unearthed ancient axes, stone chisels, bone daggers, gray, reddish brown, muddy, sandy rope patterns, stripes, pottery pots, pots, plates and other fragments, as well as incomplete pottery offerings, short, chest-shaped legs, antlers, animal bones and so on. , belonging to Longshan cultural relics. 1984 was announced as a county-level cultural relics protection unit. 1989, the site was excavated again, and a large number of pottery from Longshan, Erlitou, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were unearthed.

After identification, it is considered that the relics unearthed in this site are similar to those unearthed in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan Province. 1autumn of 989 and1autumn of 990, the archaeological department of Zhengzhou University and Kaifeng Cultural Relics Team excavated the site, and found rich cultural relics of Longshan culture, Erlitou culture, late Shang Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period in Henan Province, and made a comparative analysis of the relics in these cultural relics. It is inferred that the age of Duangang cultural site is from the middle of the third period of culture in Wang Wan to the early period of the third period of culture in Wang Wan, and the age of Erlitou culture is from the late period of the second period of Erlitou culture in Luo Yi to the late period of the fourth period of Erlitou culture in Luo Yi. The late period of Shang culture is equivalent to the second and third periods of Yin Ruins culture, and the Spring and Autumn Culture is equivalent to the middle and late period of Spring and Autumn. Because the late Longshan culture and Erlitou culture in Henan are both in the area where Xia people live, the time is equivalent to Xia Dynasty, so there is a relationship of inheritance. Therefore, the remains of the late Longshan culture and Erlitou culture in Henan belong to the Xia Dynasty. Therefore, the Duangang cultural site in Qixian County is the remains of Qi culture from Longshan culture in Henan to Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is of certain significance to understanding Qi culture before and after Qi moved eastward in the Spring and Autumn Period. 20 13 May, Duangang Cultural Site in Qixian County was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit.