Cultural Heritage —— Production Technology of Tibetan Black Yak Tent in Qinghai

? In the process of studying the historical development of human nature, we can know that the Tibetan people living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have survived and multiplied for several years in this harsh environment with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. In the long-term struggle with nature, they created a unique nomadic culture with their diligence and wisdom. As the most symbolic cultural heritage of Tibetan people, the black ox hair tent has extremely important cultural value in the whole Tibetan culture. It is one of the original ecological civilizations of nomadic people living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

? Black cow hair tent is made of black cow hair film, referred to as black tent. As a traditional handicraft handed down by the people, it has a history of more than 2,000 years and has certain significance. Tibetan black ox hair tent, 20 10 was listed in the provincial intangible cultural heritage project list.

? Generally, it is two pieces sewn into a rectangle, and the middle is connected by a buckle. Tibetans pay great attention to the terrain when they live, and generally choose auspicious and flat places to set up tents near the water and shelter from the wind. When tying the account, each family has its own emphasis, and the direction in which the door faces is generally low and leeward.

The so-called "black ox hair tent" has 9 long traction ropes, 9 tent poles, 30 large and small wooden nails, 16 large and small wooden buckles and 6 V-shaped traction ropes. There are eight three-strand twisted wool ropes about 36 meters long in the tent, which are used to fix the top, front, back, left and right of the tent; The tent has four corners, the lining is 1.6 meters long, and there are four "face ropes" * * *; There are four "face ropes" at the top of the tent, each about 2 meters long, and two "face ropes" about 4.8 meters long. 1 noodle ropes are arranged on the back of the tent, each of which is about 4 meters long; There are 1 face ropes fixed on the front, back, left and right vertical side curtains of the tent, which are about 4.8-6m long. The top of the tent is made of 12 black cow hair brown seeds, and the front and back of the tent are made of 16 brown seeds, of which 2 brown seeds are used as vertical edges. The total length of the black tent is about 6-7 meters. The skylight of the "black tent" has a 1 ridge purlin beam, and the spine joints of cattle at both ends of the beam are used as the tower connecting mechanism, and the beam is supported by two long poles to become the backbone of the tent. There are 6 equidistant connecting ropes from the rear pole of the rectangular skylight to the back of the tent, and 5 equidistant connecting ropes from the front pole of the skylight to the tent lintel. Each of the four corners of the tent has 1 "corner" tent poles. The skylight of the tent has a skylight cover, which can cover the skylight on cloudy days and lift the skylight cover on sunny days. On both sides of the door of the "black tent", black and white curtains with brown children and white cloth are hung side by side, which is called "You Guo" in Tibetan.

With the continuous progress and development of human history and society, the living environment of nomadic people has also been greatly different and diverse, but living tents are still a major feature of nomadic people all over the world. Nomads in East Asia, South Asia, Europe and America mainly live in tents. So from a sexual point of view, tents have a long history. According to the characteristics of different natural environments, there are various forms of tents, and tents made by different nationalities also have their strong national characteristics.

The tents commonly used by Tibetan nomads who have lived in Qingyuan area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations are all black ox hair tents. Black ox hair tent has a long history, reasonable structure and unique shape, and its shape contains rich Tibetan life universe, natural universe and religious and cultural concepts. Black ox hair tents are mostly made of ox hair and yak hair, with various styles, complicated workmanship and various types. In the process of compiling the black cow hair tent, herders mainly use black cow hair as the material and fluff as the bottom, twist the cow hair and fluff into quality line and bottom line respectively, and then spin it into a long brown cow hair with a self-made brown knitting machine. The width of the brown mouth is about 1 ft, and the length varies with the length of the tent. Tents made of this material play an important role in the production and life of Tibetan people. They are not only durable, warm in winter and cool in summer, and convenient to carry, but also save a lot of manpower and material resources. The herdsmen's practice of turning waste into treasure on the spot is in line with the green environmental protection concept advocated today.

There are many talented hand-made artistic creations and unparalleled artistic skills in the black ox hair tent, which can deeply touch people's hearts and touch people's emotions. We can vividly see the historical events at that time, people's living conditions and lifestyles, the living customs of different groups, their thoughts and feelings, artistic creation methods, artistic characteristics and artistic achievements, which show the industrious and simple Tibetan people's strong awareness of environmental protection and courtesy to the natural environment.

Due to the specialty of black tent making and the traditional craft is passed down from mouth to mouth, every link and step needs to be grasped with rich experience. Young people are unwilling to learn, and this art is difficult to master, and there is no successor. The traditional skills of making black tents are facing survival crisis, the handicraft skills are backward, the tradition is losing, the original multi-flavor characteristics are dying out step by step, and the characteristic handicraft skills are unsustainable. With the rapid development of the circulation field, modern materials are greatly increased, and people's choices of lifestyle are diversified, which is gradually changing the traditional skill culture, folk customs and space.