What kinds of porcelains are there in Ming and Qing Dynasties?

1) The main types of Ming porcelain: plates, bowls, jars, pots and other Ming porcelain are the same as those in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the jade pot spring bottle, plum bottle, holding pot and Gao Zubei basically retained the shape of the Yuan Dynasty, but they were slightly modified. In the Ming Dynasty, plates, bowls and rims were wider, which gradually changed the inner wall production and inner and outer glaze of most rims in the Yuan Dynasty. The "palace bowl" when Xuande proclaimed himself emperor was practical with a deep belly and a heavy tail. According to modern legend, when it is called "Zhengde Bowl", it is called Zhengde. Xuande white glazed teacups were also popular in Ming Dynasty.

Typical artifacts in Yongle and Xuande periods include small and exquisite hand-pressed cups, pots and small pots. There are also flat bottles with ears, square bottles with ears and celestial bottles with foreign flavor. In Chenghua, the general trend is that small vessels are the majority, and the "Tian" jar cover of Doucai Chicken Cylinder Cup is the most typical vessel.

In Zhengde, fetal bones and vessel shapes are thicker than Chenghua. Besides common plates and bowls, washing, honoring and arranging flowers are also common. Jiajing's cupping changes greatly, with the neck elongated, the shoulder bottom converging, the circle foot slightly outward and the ampulla flat. The outstanding achievements of Jiajing and Wanli are burning big vases and big dragon jars. At the same time, square utensils in various countries have been further developed, such as square bucket bowls, square polygonal cans, square boxes, multi-layer boxes and so on. By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there were more and more kinds of porcelain products, including beans, screens, Go, pen holders, dripping paper and paperweights.

During Jiajing and Wanli periods of Ming Dynasty, there were the most porcelain sculptures, mainly immortals and Buddha statues. The "supporting the army" in the export porcelain of the Ming Dynasty also evolved from the shape of the Yuan Dynasty to a short, fat and papillary body.

(2) The main types of celadon: The types and varieties of celadon have increased compared with those in the Ming Dynasty, which can be divided into three categories. It belongs to the daily utensils of food and beverage and containers-plates, bowls, cups, saucers, cups, pots, bottles, cans, washing pots, screens, pillows, candlesticks, etc. It belongs to the category of exhibition and appreciation-vases, flower statues, flower beds, bridge bottles, screen inserts, flower pots, flower holders, snuff bottles, original porcelain with fruit and animal shapes, various imitation porcelain, porcelain carvings and porcelain carvings. It belongs to stationery and entertainment tools-inkstone, water basin, inkpad box, pen container, pen container, ink bed, chess set, cricket jar, etc. In addition, there are all kinds of antique ritual vessels, sacrificial utensils and religious utensils.

In the Qing Dynasty, porcelain modeling and daily utensils mostly followed the traditional styles of the past dynasties, but the official kilns were antique, the bronze style imitated Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the porcelain modeling imitated Song and Ming dynasties. For example, the blue-and-white chicken heart bowl, Tianshi bottle, bodiless cup, chicken cylinder cup and "Tian" jar imitated by Yongle and Xuande in Ming Dynasty. There are some antique porcelain in folk kilns, but most of them are unique in Qing dynasty. The shapes of the bottles in the Kangxi dynasty are changeable, including those with big mouths and small bellies and statues with big mouths and small bellies. Those with big mouths and small bellies are called flower glazes or flower inserts (especially those with small flower beds are called slag barrels). During the reign of Kangxi, the distinctive varieties were croquet bottles, oil hammer bottles, square bottles, phoenix-tailed statues, etc., most of which were folk kiln wares. Famous kiln products include Guanyin Zun, Liuping, Elephant Leg Zun, Taibai Zun, Ma Tizun, Apple Zun and Dai Li Bowl.

Both Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties imitated Ming Xuande and Chenghua, but Kangxi imitated Xuande more, and Yongzheng imitated Xuande mainly. Among the blue and white flowers in Yongzheng, imitation Xuande large plate, chicken heart bowl, moon-holding bottle, jade pot spring bottle and cypress bottle are more common, while imitation Chenghua Doucai Tian Zi jar, horseshoe cup and chicken cylinder cup are more common. Olive bottles and elephant leg bottles appeared in Kangxi period were popular in Yongzheng period. At the same time, it began in Yongzheng, and the popular bull head statue appeared in Qianlong (because the vessel was covered with Bailu Zun, also known as Bailu Zun, etc.). The unique style of Yongzheng porcelain is that the shapes of many utensils are mostly based on the forms of flowers and fruits in nature. For example, begonia flower type, lotus type, pomegranate type, wicker type and so on.

During the Qianlong period, the shapes of porcelain were more diverse. Celestial bottle, gourd bottle, bull head statue, etc. are very common. Pastel pen holder, pen holder, paperweight, inkpad box, paste box and other porcelain stationery for learning are fashionable and finely crafted. Blue and white pastel porcelain faucet hooks snuff bottles, incense and other clothes, and the furnishings are beautifully made. There are many kinds of bottles, including two bottles, three bottles, four bottles and even nine bottles. There are also wall bottles, car bottles and rotating bottles. The eight treasures of Qianlong Buddhism have changed from flat patterns to three-dimensional pastel porcelain. There are many kinds of porcelain sculptures in Qianlong period, including portraits, Buddhist statues such as Dharma and Guanyin, and other animal porcelain sculptures (frogs, parrots, pugs, etc. ). Qianlong porcelain pays attention to carving and additional stacking, such as bottles with harsh ears, elephant ears, deer ears and sheep ears.