Development of Dai Medicine

In the history of the formation and development of Dai medicine, the Dai medical literature recorded in a wide range of content, a variety of classic description of the same and different, summarized in three aspects, one is the Dai people after millions of years of hard practice - knowledge - and then The first is that the Dai people, after millions of years of hard practice - understanding - and then understanding of the struggle to recognize the interrelationship between man and nature, disease; through the "Shennong tasted a hundred herbs" activities, know the experience of a variety of plants and animals to serve food and according to the complexity of its taste, and gradually produced a rational understanding, and give the classification of the name In order to adapt to the harsh climatic environment, the ancient primitive group of Dai ancestors according to different seasons, climate, often some of the cold, heat, can prevent disease of animals and plants, leaves, skin used to make clothes to keep warm, decocted as a tea to drink, resulting in health care knowledge, the evolution of this process is y rooted in the people.

The second is to absorb part of the theoretical knowledge of Chinese medicine.

Thirdly, it absorbed and developed the theoretical knowledge of ancient Indian medicine, which was introduced into the Dai society through the Southern Theravada Buddhism as a medium of communication.

These three aspects are integrated with each other and gradually formed the Dai medicine with unique national and local characteristics.

Efficacy and Process

The Dai medicine believes that the efficacy of medicines is closely related to the environment in which they grow, and that the efficacy of medicines varies according to the environment in which they grow. Where the growth in the steep cliffs and with the swelling section of the drug, most of the renewed sinews and bones, swelling and pain effects, can treat bone fractures, bruises and other diseases; where the growth of the drug in the deep mountain ditch, most of the heat detoxification, swelling and pain effects, can be used for the treatment of wind-heat and dampness paralysis and other diseases; where the growth of parasites in the tree most of the treatment of stones, sterilizing, anti-allergic and tonifying the kidneys and so on; where the growth of the water in the lakes, ditches and ponds, Field corners of the drugs are mostly fire detoxification, diuretic effect, can be used for the treatment of rheumatism and numbness, limb pain, edema and other diseases; where the red flowers, with red drugs can be used as a tonic for qi and blood, blood, menstrual pain; where the white flowers, white pulp of the drug, more can be used to calm and tranquilize the mind, analgesia, detoxification, swelling; all the drugs with yellow, more poly has a clearing of the fire and detoxification, regulate the role of tonifying the qi and blood. Used to treat hepatitis and fever.

The richness of these herbs involved in Dai medicine is obviously only located in the tropical rainforest, abundant rainfall, rich, dense jungle, more epiphytic plants of the Xishuangbanna primeval forests and the coast of many large rivers can produce.

The Dai doctors believe that the medicinal herbs taken according to the different seasons, times and directions have different curative effects. The collection of medicines must pay attention to these elements in order to make the collected medicines have the highest content of active ingredients and the best efficacy, and at the same time easy to store and apply.

The Dai people generally divide the year into cold season, hot season and rainy season. Cold season (November to February), the active ingredients of medicinal plants are stored in the roots of plants, the main collection of plant roots into medicine; hot season (March-June), the active ingredients of medicinal plants are concentrated in the leaves, flowers and fruits and other parts of the season is appropriate to use the leaves, flowers and fruits into the medicine; rainy season (July-October), the active ingredients of medicinal plants are concentrated in the leaves, flowers and fruits into medicine. In the rainy season (July-October), the active ingredients of the medicinal plants are mainly concentrated in the branches, stem bark and the whole plant, and the stem bark or the whole plant is taken in this season.

Dai medicines can be classified according to the material taken, medicinal properties, odor and taste. According to the material, it can be divided into plant medicine, animal medicine and mineral medicine; according to the medicinal properties, it can be divided into cold, hot, warm, cool and flat; according to the odor, it can be divided into fragrant, stinky and foul-smelling; according to the taste, it can be divided into sour, sweet, astringent, salty, bitter, numbing, spicy and light, each of which has its own efficacy.

The medicines used in Dai medicine are usually made according to the time, people, place and symptoms, and are commonly used in soups, pills, tablets, dispersions, creams, tinctures and grindings. In addition, according to the nature of the herbs and the characteristics of the drug can also be made into a dietary agent, fumigant, repellent, bath agent, hanging agent, massage agent, smell agent, suppository and other types of agents to use.

The Dai medicine has many kinds of concoctions according to different medicinal properties and therapeutic requirements, and there are mainly five kinds of concoctions, such as frying, roasting, calcining, baking and steaming. Generally, before concocting, it is necessary to carry out preliminary treatment of herbs, such as cleaning and washing, rubbing, researching, grinding, water milling, cutting tablets, etc. For some more toxic herbs, it is necessary to carry out preliminary treatment of herbs. For certain herbs with strong toxicity, they can also be processed after concocting in order to avoid poisoning of the processors during processing. As the Dai medicinal herbs are all raw medicines, many of them have to undergo specific processing, i.e., general repair and finishing of the original medicinal herbs and special processing of some medicinal herbs, in order to meet the therapeutic needs and give full play to the efficacy of the medicinal herbs. There are many pharmaceutical tools for Dai medicine, among which retort, earthen pot, pestle and bamboo tube tablet press have distinctive Dai characteristics.

Status quo of R&D and production application

The project team learned in the research that the resources of Dai medicinal herbs are distributed in the west and south of China's Yunnan Province, concentrating in the two autonomous states of Xishuangbanna and Dehong in the south as well as 38 counties (cities) along the Jinsha River and the Honghe River. Xishuangbanna has 1,776 kinds of medicinal herbs, including 1,715 kinds of plant medicinal herbs, 47 kinds of animal medicinal herbs and 14 kinds of mineral medicines. There are more than 1,300 varieties of plant medicinal herbs in 228 families and 372 genera, and 1,858 kinds of commonly-used botanical medicines.

With the support of the government, Dai medicine has developed rapidly. The government of Xishuangbanna Prefecture set up the Xishuangbanna Prefecture Ethnic Medicine Research Office in 1974, specializing in deploying medical and health technicians to engage in the history of Dai medicine, the collection of famous old Dai doctors' clinical single, test, secret prescription and traditional prescription and the investigation of biological medicinal resources, and the establishment of the Institute of Ethnic Medicine in 1979, and the establishment of Xishuangbanna Prefecture Dai Hospital in 1988, which has the following specialties: outpatient and emergency department, Dai medical treatment, traditional specialties, surgery (orthopedics and bone-setting), and medical treatment and treatment for the elderly. Now it has outpatient emergency department, Dai medical treatment, Dai medicine traditional specialties, surgery (orthopedics and traumatology), obstetrics and gynecology, stomatology and orofacial medicine, medical technology, pharmacy, scientific research, and other clinical departments, and it has become the research institution of Dai medicine in China which integrates the clinical medical treatment, scientific research, and teaching of Dai medicine. Under the leadership of Yanlun, the predecessor of Dai medicine, a group of Dai medicine experts appeared in Dai Hospital. After their collection, organization and research of Dai medicine materials, they have collected more than 200 traditional holy books of Dai medicine and published more than 20 Dai medicine books, such as the Journal of Dai Medicine of Xishuangbanna (1-4 episodes), the Journal of Dai Medicine Traditional Formulas, Diagnostics of Dai Medicine, Dai Pharmacognosy, Stall Haa (1-2 episodes), the Colored Atlas of Dai Medicine in China, Dai Medicine Zoology, and Theoretical Research on the Four Pagodas and Five Implications of Dai Medicine.

The book is a collection of more than 20 books on Dai medicine.

The researchers of Dai medicine have also gradually developed from the theoretical organization to the clinical screening and therapeutic observation of traditional Dai medicine prescriptions, tested prescriptions, single secret prescriptions, the preliminary reform of dosage forms, bacteriostatic test, acute toxicity test and other aspects of the research and development. Xishuangbanna Dai Medical Hospital has screened more than 100 prescriptions from more than 7,000 Dai medicine prescriptions for further observation of clinical efficacy, standardization, reform of dosage form and some related physicochemical researches, and has developed and produced more than 10 dosage forms. As of 2005, 43 Dai medicine preparations have obtained the approval number for hospital preparations in Yunnan Province. At the same time, Dai medicine researchers are trying to speed up the formulation of standardization of Dai medicines. in May 2005, a leading group for research on Dai medicine standards in Xishuangbanna was set up, and the research on Dai medicinal materials standards was initiated, and the first batch of 16 commonly used Dai medicines were identified as the research varieties after screening. As of 2008, *** organization declared 24 Dai medicine national medicinal material standards. 2007 February, Xishuangbanna state organization research of the first 16 varieties of Dai medicinal material standards through the Yunnan Provincial Drug Administration review, and formally promulgated.

With the continuous advancement of the research and development of Dai medicines, Dai medicines have been widely welcomed for their good therapeutic effects. Dai medicine produces, like other national medicines, can be roughly divided into two categories: hospital preparations and enterprise production. As of 2007, there are 38 varieties of Dai medicines*** that have been granted national drug standards and are now on the market.

The general situation of the production of Dai medicines is as follows: most of them are produced and used in Dai hospitals, and some of these preparations have not yet passed the examination and approval of the pharmacological supervision department, but they are allowed to be produced and used in hospitals; there are not many Dai medicines producers, and their scale is not big. Compared with hospital preparations, Dai medicines producers produce standardized medicines, and their products have been certified by the GMP quality standard, and they can be sold and used in pharmacies and hospitals, but the market share of them is not very high. The products are certified to GMP quality standards and can be sold and used in pharmacies and hospitals, but the market share is very low and the scope of influence is very small; Dai medicine lacks a marketing platform and distinctive features, and the enterprises themselves have limited ability to develop the market and make little profit.

Existing Problems

The project team believes that, although Dai medicine is gradually developing and progressing thanks to the efforts of Dai medicine practitioners and experts, most Dai medicine products still remain at the level of hospital preparations, and only a few of them have been authorized to be listed on the market, and many of them are still in their original state. The development of Dai medicine is still facing problems such as backward research conditions, insufficient supply of medicinal materials and lack of relevant quality standards.

Nationally, there is only one full-time Dai medicine research organization in Xishuangbanna Ethnic Medicine Research Institute, and no more than five other part-time organizations in the country. These research institutes are poorly equipped with basic equipment, and the implementation conditions are very simple, so it is difficult to complete many basic researches on Dai medicine, and even preclinical researches cannot be completed, and it is even impossible to declare new drugs. Under such conditions, the development of new products and the improvement of the efficacy of old products are facing great difficulties, and there is no guarantee for the research on the production process of preparations and the efficacy of prescriptions, etc., so that the development, growth and industrialization of Dai medicines are fundamentally lacking in technical support.

Secondly, the insufficient supply of medicinal materials is also one of the problems facing the development of Dai medicine. The raw materials of Dai medicine are mainly collected in the wild. There is not yet a large-scale planting base for Dai medicine in the country, and there are only small bases invested by some enterprises in Xishuangbanna Prefecture to solve the problem of raw material supply.

The lack of relevant quality standards is also one of the factors restricting the development of Dai medicine. Currently, among the four major national medicine systems in China, only Dai medicine has not promulgated standards. So far, there is no drug standard album for Dai medicine, but it is only scattered in the pharmacopoeia, landmarks and varieties of the national standard. In the National Pharmacopoeia, Dai medicine has only one record of Xisheng vine, and more than 400 kinds of other commonly used herbs have not entered the Pharmacopoeia. Therefore, when manufacturing Dai medicine, enterprises can only reapply for it according to the new medicinal materials, and the state regulations stipulate that the declaration of new medicines must be provided with "the source of medicinal materials and the basis of identification", and the basis of identification of medicinal materials is the legal standard. If you use "herbs" without legal standards, it is understood as "newly discovered herbs". According to the provisions of the Administrative Measures for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals, a large number of studies and evaluations should be conducted on the quality standards, safety and efficacy of the "newly discovered herbs". The huge capital investment and the long research and evaluation cycle make many enterprises reluctant to develop and produce Dai medicine.

In addition, the backwardness of preparation and production process also hinders the development of Dai medicine. Most Dai medicines are still used directly after pounding the herbs as in the past, and some prescriptions are limited to folk medicine passed down from generation to generation. Because of the lack of introduction of new technology and new methods of modern science, the industrialization of Dai medicine can not be realized, and Dai medicine is difficult to be used in clinical practice on a large scale.