Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional virtues - The Impact of the Talent Selection System in Ancient China on Today's Society
The Impact of the Talent Selection System in Ancient China on Today's Society
The selection and appointment of talents is the basis of governance. In our country through a certain form of selection, assessment and discovery, cultivation and use of talent as early as the pre-Qin period has appeared. In the primitive society, the selection of talented people to become the main way to elect the chief in the clan society had long existed. The "capable" refers to those who have a certain invention or specialty; the "virtuous" refers to those who are of high moral character as measured by the clan's tradition. At the end of the primitive society, the successor who was elected as the leader of the alliance, in addition to outstanding talent, his high moral character was also an important factor to be considered.
The Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou were the periods from the birth to the development of China's slave state until its heyday. The talent selection system in this period, such as the system of selecting talents by organizing official schools, the system of "Xiangxingxinxianneng", the system of tributes, the system of Shixing Shilu, and so on, mainly adopted the system of Shixing Shilu. Under this system, only the sons and daughters of princes and nobles could serve as officials for generations. The system of "recruitment" was mainly practiced during the Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. The system is through the examination and recommendation of the local officials, will meet the requirements of the court recommended talents, for the court directly appointed or after a certain form of assessment and then appointed. The so-called conscription system was a system in which the emperor directly issued an imperial edict to "conscript" talents to serve as officials and the chief executive of the government "dismissed" (appointed) subordinates on his own. Those who were recruited were given high official positions without having to be tested. Although the system of investigation and enlistment and the system of enlistment were more progressive than the system of "Shih Ching Shih Lu" of the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties, and a large number of talents with both virtue and talent who were good at ruling the country had been selected, the lack of objective criteria for the selection of talents, coupled with the self-serving and abusive behavior of officials with the right to recommend and enlist, had led to the emergence of the system in which "the sons of powerful and noble people were mostly selected by personnel, and their children were often appointed by personnel, and the government administrator himself "dismissed" (hired) subordinates. The children of the powerful and noble more to personnel to be raised, and poor about the will of the people often to poor and see left behind" [①] the phenomenon. Even appeared "lifting the show, do not know the book, inspection of filial piety, the father of a separate residence; cold and white turbid as mud, high good generals are as timid as a chicken" anomaly. This ancient proverb profoundly exposed and mercilessly mocked the recommendation system shortcomings. This phenomenon developed to an extreme when the "nine-piece system" was implemented in the Wei, Jin and North-South Dynasties. Selection of officials in the Han Dynasty, the "nine products in the system". It is in the Eastern Han Dynasty on the basis of the reflection of the system of examination and gain and loss of the creation, but in its actual operation, the election of the power is almost entirely monopolized by the high officials of the court of the scholarly family, and the standard of the character of the scholar will gradually give up the talent and virtue, regardless of the merits and demerits, and exclusively on the family lineage. In the late North and South Dynasties, the center of gravity of the implementation of the examination system began to shift to the examination, relying on the door capital selection of the nine products of the system can not adapt to the requirements of social development, the emergence of the "top grade without the cold family, the lower grade no scholarly family" corruption situation. Thus, the times called for a new, relatively reasonable system of selecting officials, and the imperial examination system came into being. As Zhang Zhidong, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said, "The method of taking the scholar, since the Han to Sui for a class, since the Tang to Ming for a class ...... Han Wei to Sui, the election is the main, but also between with the examination ......; Tang and Song to Ming, the examination is the main, but also participate in using the Election." [②] the creativity of the imperial examination system, focusing on the following aspects: First, the examination system shows that the Chinese feudal era to the establishment of the standard of knowledge selection of officials, which in the world more than a thousand years ago is unique initiative. Prior to this, from the combination of the will of the governor and knowledge in the examination system, to the reputation in the levy system, to the money in the postal election system, to the pedigree and family lineage in the system of the Nine Ranks of the Middle Ranks, the ancients, after thousands of years of searching, had finally found a new system. It excludes the element of the chief's will playing a decisive role in the examination system, and retains the criterion of knowledge, which has finally prevailed for thousands of years, reflecting its long-lasting vitality. Secondly, the examination system embodied the principles of fairness and equality in the process of selecting officials. Of course, in a class society, it is impossible for commoners to be educated in a "fair" manner, and naturally it is impossible for them to be selected and appointed in a fair manner. By fairness, I mean that the imperial examination system, after all, made it possible for the children of the common people to enter the civil service under a uniform standard of knowledge. According to the study of Pan Guangdan and Fei Xiaotong on the 900 jinshi in recent times, half of the jinshi in the Ming and Qing dynasties came from the countryside, and the imperial examination was a system of selecting officials with a certain degree of equal competition in the history of China. Third, the dynasties established with a complete set of examination methods and regulations to punish fraud, such as the lock courtyard system, paste the name system, avoidance system, retesting system, the temple test system, the school inspection system, etc., the imperial examinations are hosted by the Ministry of Rites (and sometimes the Ministry of mandarins), but there are prosecuting agencies to supervise. Examiners for favoritism, violation of the examination rules and regulations, light banishment, dismissal, heavy beheading. This is a strict constraint on the privileges of feudal bureaucrats, reflecting the principle of justice. Fourth, the establishment of the selection process. Under the imperial examination system, to the Ming and Qing dynasties have formed must be progressive, insurmountable four steps: First, the child test, also known as the "small test", "small test". Including the county exams hosted by the county, hosted by the governor of the government exams, hosted by the school government of the hospital exams in three stages. Children's test three years two exams. House test qualified person called "Xiu Cai"; the second is the township test, also known as the township examination, that is, the provincial examination. Held in the provincial capitals, held every three years. All belonging to the province of the students and supervisors, tribute students, shade students, government students, by the section of the examination, recorded section, recorded the examination of the legacy of those who are qualified, can be examined. Examiner appointed by the emperor temporarily, the qualified person is called "lifts", the qualification of the official; three is the test, that is, the Ministry of the examination, held in the capital, presided over by the Ministry of Rites, once every three years, the provinces of the lifts as well as the supervision of the State Prison of the students can be examined, those who are qualified are called "tribute", also known as the Chinese style of the scholar, also called the Chinese style of the scholar, the Chinese style of the scholar. The first is the Imperial Examination, presided over by the Emperor himself, only the test questions, on the spot, the participants are called "jinshi". Out of the list is divided into three a: one a is the first three: the first prize, the first prize, the flower, are given to the jinshi and the first; two a give the jinshi birth; three a give the same jinshi birth. A can do Hanlin officer, two, three a by "Pavilion election" qualified, but also into the Hanlin Academy three years of training, and then according to the results of the award. Strict screening, by and large, to ensure fair competition and merit-based selection of officials. Through the first two exams are only qualified to participate in a higher level of examination. Successful candidates, not immediately can be an official, but also only have the qualifications to be an official, do what the official, to what place to serve, but also by the Ministry of the Ministry of distribution. Because of the above characteristics, so that the general civilian intellectuals have the opportunity to become a member of the bureaucracy through "fair competition", that is, the so-called "towards the field for the Lang, twilight in the Hall of Heaven", to promote the mobility of intellectuals, expanding the basis of feudal rule. Firstly, it strengthened the officialism of the scholars; secondly, due to the limitations of the times, the positive principle of the imperial examination system, which emphasized knowledge, was limited to a very small extent. The so-called knowledge was actually only a content of the Confucian classics, and there was almost no natural science; its method was copied from the eight-legged essay, which was inevitably stereotyped. As the feudal system went into decline and China was gradually reduced to a colonial and semi-colonial society, its shortcomings were exposed. The eight-legged system, a serious obstacle to social progress and the development of science and technology. Until the end of the Qing dynasty Guangxu thirty-one years, that is, in 1905, began to stop the imperial examinations. Mr. Sun drew on the advantages of Chinese and foreign talent selection systems and eliminated the shortcomings of these systems, creating a civilian examination system centered on the independence of the right to take exams, replacing the eight-legged system of selecting soldiers. The civil service examination system was first created during the Nanjing Provisional Government, formally implemented during the Beijing Government, and the independence of the examination right was completed during the Nanjing National Government.
(a) The civil official examination system. Higher civil official examination is the highest level of national examination, organized by the Examination Yuan, and those who pass the examination are distributed to the central and local authorities to recommend the level of appointment. Higher civil service examination, Beijing government held two, **** admitted 684 people; Nanjing national government on the mainland, **** held 15 sessions, **** admitted 4,321 people. Ordinary civil officials exams organized by the provinces, and those who passed the exams were sent by the organizing unit to the various organs of the test site for appointment. Beijing government organized an ordinary civil service examination, admitted 295 people. [③] Nanking government held ordinary examination for 14 times, *** admission appointment level civil officials 6210 people. The level of the special examinations was either higher than that of the higher examinations or lower than that of the ordinary examinations. The Nanjing national government through the special examination selected talents, more than ten times than the higher examination or ordinary examination.
(ii) and the civil service examination complementary to the civil service system. It refers to the distribution, appointment, screening, performance appraisal, appointment and dismissal of officials, promotion, pension and other matters.
In addition to the civil service examination system, the talent selection system in the Republic of China period also includes the school education selection system and the selection system of foreign students. In the early years of the Republic of China, rewarding graduates for their origins was abolished. The Beijing government made an attempt to reform the secondary school entrance examination, and had also taken back the right of graduation examination of higher and secondary schools, and the graduation examination was held by the Ministry of Education and the Department of Education respectively. The Nanjing National Government introduced the baccalaureate examination system for primary and secondary schools and the unified entrance examination system for higher education throughout the country, in addition to the examination system for bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. When international students returned home after graduation, they were required to pass the national unified examination before they could be awarded their birth and given official positions during the Beijing government; during the Nanjing government, the examination and registration of returning international students and the screening system for students who stayed in Japan during the war were carried out.
In summary, China's historical talent selection system, from the vertical direction, can be divided into ancient, modern and modern three parts; from the horizontal aspect, can be divided into the selection of officials, the school examination system, and special talent selection system. From different perspectives, can be divided into: "meritocracy" and "nepotism", pay attention to the family and pay attention to the humanities, selection and recommendation-based, selection and recommendation and examination combined with the entire examination selection, education and training and selection of talent separation and combination of several levels, in other words, that is, the examination system is also the system of the ancient, modern and modern three parts; from the horizontal aspect, can be divided into the selection of officials, school examination system, and special talent selection system. In other words, the examination system, the election system and the appointment system. These talent selection systems, at different historical stages and under different social forms, have different forms of expression and emphasis, and their functions are also different. The election and appointment systems alone cannot identify the size of a person's ability; the examination system alone cannot identify the good or bad moral character of a person; only by combining the examination system and the election system can we select talents with both integrity and ability. As far as the relationship between the examination system, the election system and the appointment system is concerned, the examination system is the most important. --Promoted the development of culture and education. Whether it is the "selection of soldiers", "Chaju", "imperial examination", are inseparable from the level of cultural knowledge. "Chaju" also want to "lift" those "good learning and understanding" of the people. As for the imperial examination, not have a deeper knowledge dare not ask. First, the imperial examination is an important way for members of society to obtain fame, status and power, members of society in order to achieve this purpose, it is necessary to enter the school to study, to learn cultural knowledge, to participate in the imperial examination, which objectively promotes the popularization of culture and promotes the development of school education. Secondly, schools were set up in response to the examination system. What the state examined was what the schools taught and what the students learned. This examination system, which harmonized teaching and learning, learning and examination, played a positive role in the unification of curricula, teaching contents and standards. The examination required the writing of poetry and fugue articles, and thus countless candidates up and down the country had to devote themselves to the training of poetry and fugue articles for a long time, which greatly promoted the development of culture and education in our country, and made it possible to pass on the cultural heritage of thousands of years. Thirdly, there were subjects such as the calculation, law and martial arts in the imperial examination, which impacted on the stereotypes of education that emphasized literature over martial arts, scripture over calculation, and adults over children that appeared in the society at that time. Fourth, according to the statistics of some foreign scholars, before the modern era, the literacy rate in many areas of rural southern China was higher than in the 1920s and 1930s. These illustrate the great role of imperial examinations in cultural education. However, what the imperial examinations, the school to learn what the shortcomings of school education to the late Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty has gradually evolved into the imperial examination system of subordinate, become the preparatory place for the imperial examinations.
-Promoted scientific and technological innovation and development. China's ancient times, whether philosophy, history, literature and science and technology, has always been at the forefront of the world, which is consistent with the development of school education and talent selection system. China's five basic disciplines of astronomy, arithmetic, agriculture, geography and medicine are all based on the theoretical systems formed during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and reached their peaks during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. For example, after many calendar reforms, the "Taichu Calendar" has reached a fairly perfect point; the mathematical system based on the "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" is better than the ancient Greek mathematical system. Tang Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty talent selection system to promote the development of culture and science is more obvious. The Qing dynasty in the Kangxi emperor's support, from 1690 onwards, the domestic scholars in the natural sciences in the Qing dynasty palace, compiled astronomical algorithms book, compiled "the origin of the legal calendar", **** 100 volumes, in 1723 printed and distributed. The abolition of the imperial examinations and the establishment of schools, the school talent selection system and the selection of foreign students promoted the development of modern science and technology.
--To a certain extent, it influenced the civil custom of the scholarly habits. The examination only asked whether one could pass, not the origin, so even the most humble people, as long as they could pass the examination, they would have an official to do, as far as the minister. This has had a great impact on the hearts and minds of Chinese people for thousands of years.
--Promoted national unity and national solidarity. China is a vast area, a large number of nationalities of the country, since the Qin and Han dynasties have long been aggregated in a unified family, although China has had a number of splits, but soon returned to unity. The reasons for this, in addition to historical factors and economic, political and cultural ties, the examination system as the core of the talent selection system is an important factor. First, because of the open and objective examination, the admission of true talent, with cohesion. The examination system unified the system of appointing officials, the criteria for accepting soldiers, and the content of education in various periods in general. The criteria for admission were the Confucian classics, and what was taught in schools was mainly Confucianism. Confucian culture was the fundamental means by which the feudal state maintained its orthodox status, and it was the force by which the feudal rulers exercised effective control over the whole society. The political standards and value system of Confucianism became the basic means of uniting people's hearts and constituting the means of acquiring status, fame and power. As a result, the ethics and morality advocated by Confucianism, the idea of great unity, benevolent government, the proposition of moral rule and the feudal concepts of ethics and morality such as loyalty and righteousness took root in people's realm of thought and formed the characteristic *** same psychological qualities. Since the unification of the Qin Dynasty, any talent selection system implemented by the central government has spread far and wide to the borderlands. The Tang Dynasty extended the imperial examination system to the south of the country and introduced the "Southern Selection" measure in Guangxi to select local talents. The Song Dynasty introduced a variety of preferential policies to encourage ethnic minorities to establish schools and participate in the imperial examinations, thus motivating more outstanding children of ethnic minorities to "win the gold medal". The Ming Dynasty stipulated that the first son of any native official was allowed to enter a nearby Confucian school, and explicitly protected the enrollment of indigenous scholars in schools, tributes, and examinations, and did not allow the impersonation of scholars from other places. To the Qing dynasty, the Kangxi emperor also twice explicitly ordered the children of the soil division would like to study the scriptures, allowed the nearby provinces, states, counties enrollment exams. It is for this reason, China's history, in the ethnic minority areas to cultivate a large number of jinshi, lifts, only according to Liuzhou, a state statistics, there have been 96 jinshi, lifts 827. [④] At the same time, the various minority regimes living in the border diaspora also modeled their talent selection system after that of the Chinese dynasty. According to the Book of Tang - East Barbarians Biography and the Old Book of Tang - Goguryeo Biography, Goguryeo established the Imperial College to study the Five Classics and Three Histories as the main content at an early stage, and in the fifth year of Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (958 A.D.), the imperial examinations were first set up. The first to set up the imperial examination", to Confucianism to select officials, net talent. Another example is the Song Dynasty, the Duan's Dali regime established in Yunnan, also follow the example of the Central Plains, open the examination for its cultivation of Confucianism to open the door to a wide range of career opportunities. The Xixia state established by the Danghang tribe, also modeled on the Song system, the implementation of the imperial examination, to Confucianism to get a scholar. Jin Xizong of the Jin State established by the female Zhenren, also advocated respect for Confucianism and reading the scriptures, "to the scriptures and words and fugues of the two disciplines to get a scholar." [⑤] The state of Jin was established by the female Zhenren. [⑤] the central government at the same time pay attention to the cultural standard of each place, keep the minimum quota of each place, for example, like the Qing dynasty after the middle of the Qing dynasty, the first prize, the first prize, the first prize, the scout flower award to sichuan, guizhou, shanxi, yunnan, guangdong, guangxi, and so on remote provinces, so that this special honor, not for a few provinces of the cultural standard of the exceptionally high, and thus to the remote provinces of the talent to special encouragement, the hearts and minds of the remote provinces occurred great This was the result of the examination system's attention to the equality of the provinces. The best part of the unified cultural thought and ****same psychological quality was the "additive" of national cohesion. Secondly, it is due to the establishment of the avoidance system, which is the examination and Ambrose link. Once upon a time the state with people, regardless of appointment, removal and transfer, are coordinated in the Ministry of mandarins. The Qing dynasty prevailed "civil officials across the province, military officials across the road" practice. With this system, not only can prevent the slightest step, to avoid the abuse of favoritism, and the role of communication and cultural exchanges of talent, so that people around the world gradually become a solidified union. For these two reasons, it has been possible to maintain the unification of the country for more than two thousand years.
--Contributed to world civilization. According to records, as early as in the Tang Dynasty, Japan established a system of examination and selection of officials imitating the Tang Dynasty system. 16th century, China's examination system has increasingly attracted the attention of the world, in less than 300 years, the Western countries only in English published more than 70 kinds of books introducing China's system of imperial examination, the widespread circulation of Chinese traditional examination experience, for modern Europe and the United States to establish a civil service examination system provides a useful blueprint. The Chinese traditional examination experience was widely spread, providing a useful blueprint for the establishment of civil service examination systems in modern European and American countries. Mr. Sun Yat-sen pointed out after examining the examination systems of European and American countries that "the examination systems of various countries nowadays are almost all based on the British system. If we trace the origin of the examination system of Britain back to the past, it was originally learned from China". Hu Shi said: "When I was abroad, I often felt that one of the great contributions of Chinese culture to the world was the open and objective examination system for civil officials. There is no country whose examination system can be as long, rigorous & open as ours." "On the contrary, the Western countries practiced the civil service examination system for not more than two or three hundred years, and all of them were influenced by China." British civil service system founder Northcote and Du Wei Lian two people are on the Chinese imperial examination system for a long time, they proposed in the 1850s and in the United Kingdom to implement the "open competition and a fair examination" of the civil service selection system, it is from China to learn from the past. This is exactly what happened in history. When our country implemented the "examination" period, Europe is still in the barbaric and backward stage of slavery, still do not know what the examination; when our country has been practiced for more than a thousand years, Europe in the employment of people are still engaged in "personal inquiry" and "political parties to fertilize". When the imperial examination system was already in place in China for more than a thousand years, Europe was still engaging in "personal inquiry" and "party fertilization" in the recruitment of personnel. China's selection of talent system of the western graduation, so that the western system of appointment of officials, the education system for a new.
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