What is included in Chinese literature

Including five parts: poetry, lyrics, music, prose and novels. 1. Poetry

Poetry is one of the basic genres of literature. The Great Preface to Poetry: "Poetry, where the will is, is in the heart for the will, and the speech for the poem." The difference between a poem and a song is that a poem is mainly recited and a song is mainly sung, so that the poem recites its words and the song chants its voice. Poetry is mostly composed with feeling. Poetry is one of the most universal arts, like sunshine shed in every corner of human society.

Our ancestors, the primitive human beings, could not understand many natural phenomena, such as wind, electricity, thunder, rain, etc., so they all attributed them to the gods. Out of reverence, they sang and danced to the gods, expressing their hopes for good weather, good harvests, and so on. This is the origin of poetry.

It originated in religion. There is another form, originating in labor. Primitive man worked while making simple and rhythmic calls to forget the temporary pain of labor and to lift his spirits and coordinate his movements. Gradually, this simple and rhythmic call developed into a poem that imitates the sound of labor itself and expresses the feelings of the laborers themselves. Mr. Lu Xun once said, "Poetry is rhyme, which occurs during labor; fiction is prose, which occurs during rest." Therefore, we say that poetry is a universal art, and it is one of the oldest styles of literature and art.

The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Whether it is a novel, an essay, a drama, the most beautiful place, there is no place where the aura of poetry does not shine. Thus, poetry is the literature of literature. In the field of art, poetry is omnipresent. Poetic beauty is the highest expression of the universal element of artistic beauty. The beauty of poetry also appears from time to time in the field of non-literary arts, the beautiful fragments of scientific works, and even in the state of human life, work, also exudes the glory of wisdom are the trace of poetry.

Poetry is not found only in poems, and lyrical beauty is the ****same quality of all literary styles and types of art. Therefore, poetry is a universal art, even beyond the boundaries of art．

2. Word

Pinyin: cí

Interpretation

1) the smallest independently usable unit of language: dictionary | noun | inappropriate word. ② utterance; discourse: line｜song lyrics｜words that do not make sense. ③ an ancient form of poetry in which the sentences are of varying lengths: lyrics｜Song lyrics.

vocabulary A general term for words used in a language, e.g. Chinese vocabulary, English vocabulary.

〖Example sentence〗To master a language skillfully, we not only need to read, listen and speak more, but also to master a certain vocabulary.

Words are a literary genre that started in the Five Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty and became popular in the Song Dynasty.

The name of the genre, a form of poetry, a form of rhyme, developed from the five-character poem, seven-character poem or folk ballad,

Started in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Originally, it was a form of poetry sung to music, and the length of the lines changed according to the tune of the song,

so it is also called "long and short lines". There are two kinds of poems: small order and slow lyrics, which are usually divided into two sections, one above and one below.

3. Yuanqu Opera

Yuanqu is one of the wonders in the splendid cultural treasury of the Chinese nation, which has embodied unique characteristics in its ideological content and artistic achievements, and has become one of the three important milestones in the history of literature in China, along with the Tang poems and Song lyrics.

Yuanqu originally came from the so-called "Fanqu", "Hu music", first circulated in the folk, known as "market small order" or "village workshop ditty". The first to circulate in the folk world was called the "marketplace ditty" or the "village ditty".

With the destruction of the Song Dynasty by the Yuan Dynasty, it was spread in the north and south of the vast area centered on Metropolis (now Beijing) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou).

The Yuan opera has a strict metrical pattern, and there are fixed format requirements for the sentence style, number of words, and level and oblique tone of each song. But although there is a fixed frame, and not rigid, allowing in the fixed frame with liner notes, part of the song can also increase the sentence. So the reader can find, the same "song" of two sometimes different word count, is this reason (the same song, the least number of words for a standard fixed frame).

There is more flexibility than in the poetic stanzas and Song lyrics.

The Yuan dynasty compositions combined traditional poems, folk songs and dialects into one, forming a witty, spontaneous and frank artistic style, which had an extremely important influence on the innovation and development of the lyric style.

Following the poetry of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, Yuanqu has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherited the poetry and lyrics, and on the other hand, the Yuan society made the readers located in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine Confucianism and ten beggars", the political dictatorship, and the darkness of the society, thus Yuanqu radiated an extremely eye-catching light of battle, and revealed the mood of resistance. The Yuan dynasty society made the readers in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine Confucianism and ten beggars" in the political dictatorship and social darkness, thus making the Yuan dynasty songs radiate a very eye-catching glory of fighting, penetrating the mood of resistance; the sharp edge of the social ills, denouncing the society that "not reading is the highest, not literate is the best, and not knowing anything but some people boast of the beauty", and pointing to the "people are all afraid of the life of the embarrassment, and who don't see the money of the pro". The works depicting love in Yuanqu are also spicier and bolder than the poems of the past generations. All these are enough to make Yuanqu's artistic charm last forever.

But in contrast, the Yuanqu has never been as widely circulated as the Tang and Song poems, which is why people are unfamiliar with the style of the Yuanqu, which we will briefly introduce here.

Yuanqu has miscellaneous dramas and loose songs. There is a set of loose songs, a small order with a different song.

China's ancient music to regulate the instrumental type called the protection of the palace tone. Qu Gong tone out of the Sui and Tang Yan music, pipa four strings as Gong, Shang, horn, feather four, each string constitutes a seven-tone, Gong sound of the seven-tone called "Gong", the other are tuned, *** got twenty-eight Gong tone. However, in the Yuan dynasty music in common use, only Xianlv Gong, Nanlv Gong, Huang Zhong Gong, the Palace, Dashi Tune, Xiaoshi Tune, Bon Shibi Tune, Shang Tune, Shang Horn Tune, Double Tune, Yue Tune twelve kinds. Each kind of palace has its own rhythmic style, so for the choice of tunes, there are often certain habits. For example, Wang Gide said in the "Songs and Laws": "The use of the Gong tune must be called the sadness, joy and bitterness of the matter, such as touring and enjoyment with Xianlü, Shuangtong, etc.; sadness, there are Shangtong, Yuehtong and other categories. To harmonize with the tone, it is easy to touch people."

Each of the palace tunes has a different tune. The set consists of more than two different tunes of Monday's palace tunes.

4. prose

sǎnwén

[prose;essay]

refers to a prose essay that does not rhyme

a literary genre that includes miscellaneous essays, essays, and travelogues.

Prose

(A) Overview of prose:

One of the literary genres, the name prose, with the development of literature, its meaning and scope is also evolving. China's ancient relative to the rhyme and parallelism of the prose article called "prose", that is, in addition to poetry, lyrics, music, fugue, regardless of whether it is a literary work or non-literary works, are all called "prose". Modern prose refers to literary works other than poems, plays and novels, including miscellaneous essays, essays, essays, travelogues, biographies, memoirs, memoirs, reportage and so on. In recent years, because biography, reportage, miscellaneous essays and so on have developed into a unique genre, so people tend to narrow the scope of prose again.

(2) the ancient and modern profile of prose:

1. Ancient prose: in ancient times, China, in order to distinguish from the rhyming, parallelism, where not rhyming, do not re-pairing of prose articles, including the scriptures, biographies, history books, are called prose.

China's ancient prose development:

(1) pre-Qin prose: including the prose and historical prose. Zhuzi prose is based on discourse, such as "Analects", "Mencius", "Zhuangzi"; historical prose is based on historical themes of prose, all the articles and books recounting historical events, historical figures are historical prose, such as "Zuozhuan".

(2) Two Han prose: Sima Qian's Historical Records during the Western Han Dynasty pushed biographical prose to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual single prose forms such as books, records, tablets, inscriptions, treatises, and preambles began to appear.

Tang and Song prose: under the impetus of the Ancient Wen movement, the prose writing method became increasingly complex, and literary prose appeared, resulting in a number of excellent landscapes, fables, biographies, miscellaneous essays and other works, the famous "Eight Greats of Tang and Song" also emerged at this time.

(3) Ming prose: first, the "Seven Sons" to the ancient mainly, followed by the Tang and Song schools advocate works "all from the chest", the more famous is the return of Youguang.

Qing Dynasty prose: Tongcheng School represented the prose of the Qing Dynasty, focusing on the embodiment of "righteousness". Yao Nai, a representative writer of the Tongcheng School, summarized China's ancient prose styles, which were divided into 13 categories, including argumentation, preface and trekking, playing, books, preface, edicts, biographies, tablets and records, miscellanea, proverbs and inscriptions, praise, rhetoric, and lamentation.

2. Modern prose: refers to the literary style with poetry, fiction, drama. Characterized by the description of certain fragments of real life or life events, expressing the author's views, feelings, and reveal its social significance, it can be processed on the basis of real people and real things to create; does not necessarily have a complete storyline and character image, but focuses on the performance of the author's feelings about life, with the choice of materials, the flexibility of the conception and a strong lyrical, prose in the "I" is usually the author himself; language is not subject to the limitations of rhyme, the expression of a variety of ways, can be narrative, argument, lyricism, description into one, but also can focus on; according to the content and theme of the needs of the novel, can be like the typical details of the desire for a slice of life, for the image of the depiction, psychological portrayal, rendering of the environment, atmosphere, and so on. Can be like a novel, through the typical details of life fragments for image description, psychological portrayal, environmental rendering, atmosphere, etc., can also be used like poetry, symbols and other artistic techniques, to create a certain artistic mood. There are many forms of prose, such as essays, short reviews, sketches, essays, sketches, features, travelogues, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs, and so on, all belong to prose. In short, the prose is short, free form, a wide range of materials, flexible writing style, beautiful language, can reflect life more quickly, loved by people.

5. Novel

Definition of Novel

Novel is a genre of literature centered on the portrayal of characters and reflecting social life through a complete storyline and specific description of the environment. The novel has three elements: character, storyline, and setting (natural and social environment). The main means of reflecting social life in a novel is characterization. Characters in the novel, we call the typical character; this character is created by the author according to the real life, he is different from the real life, "mixed with all kinds of things, synthesize one", through such a typical character image to reflect life, more concentrated, more generally representative. Novel characterization means can be a general introduction, can be a specific description, can write the appearance of the characters, but also can portray the psychological activities of the characters; both the characters can be the action of the dialogue, but also can be inserted appropriately into the author's argument; both the front of the pen, but also the side of the baking. Novel is mainly through the storyline to show the character and express the center. The story comes from life, but it is more concentrated, more complete and more representative than the real things that happen in the present life through organizing, refining and arranging. The environment description and characterization of the novel have extremely important relationship with the central idea. In the environment description, the social environment is the key point, which reveals all kinds of complex social relations, such as the identity and status of the characters, the historical background of their growth and so on. The natural environment includes the place, time, season, climate and scenery of the character's activities. The description of natural environment has a lot of effects on expressing the mood of the characters and rendering the atmosphere. Simply put, novels are centered on character building, reflecting social life through storyline narration and environment description.

Characteristics of Novel

"Fictionality", is the essence of novel. "Capturing the sensory experience of the character's life" is the artistic content that the novel tries its best to dig out, and the fresher, more subtle, more unique, more accurate and more profound its sensory experience is, the more fictionalized it is. "Fictionality" and "capturing the sensory experience of the characters' lives" are the elements that best reflect the nature of fiction. Novel characterization can be based on a real person as a model, synthesizing some of the deeds of others, as Lu Xun said: "The model of the character, not dedicated to a person, often mouth in Zhejiang, face in Beijing, clothes in Shanxi, is a cobbled-together role." Any good novel, there are always unforgettable typical characters. People can see and understand the faces of many people through the mirror of these artistic archetypes. Storyline comes from life, it is the distillation of real life, it is more concentrated and representative than real life. Events and conflicts in real life have a beginning and an end, have ups and downs, and have a certain development process, thus the unfolding of the plot of a novel also has paragraphs and processes. This process is generally divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending. Sometimes there are prologue and epilogue. In the work, the arrangement of the plot is determined by the author's artistic conception, not necessarily in accordance with the natural order of the occurrence and development of real-life events, and sometimes a certain part can be omitted, and sometimes it can be inverted or interlaced. These are some of the characteristics of traditional novels.

The Origin of the Word "Novel"

The word "novel" was first used in Zhuangzi: "If you are tired of uncovering the rod, interesting irrigation, guarding the salamander perch, it is difficult to get the big fish; decorate the novel to dry the magistrate, it is also far from Dada. The "County" is the name of the county in which the county is located. "County" is the ancient "hanging" word, high; "order", beauty, "dry", pursuit. It means that holding a small fishing rod and rope, running between the ditches used for irrigation, can only catch small fish such as loaches, but it is difficult to get big fish. Relying on trivial remarks to seek high fame and reputation, that and the subtle Taoist Way, but far from it. Spring and Autumn and Warring States, schools of thought, a hundred schools of thought, many scholars and strategists to persuade the king and lords to accept their ideas and doctrines, often set up analogies and metaphors, quoting historical events, borrowing myths, and fables, in order to modify the speech to enhance the effect of the article. Zhuang Zi think this is insignificant, so it is called "novel", that is, "trivial words, not the Taoist arts," "shallow knowledge of the small way", that is, trivial and shallow speech and small reasoning, it is the original meaning of the novel for the novel. The original meaning of the novel as a novel.

The Eastern Han Dynasty Huan Tan in his "New Essays" on the novel, said: "If the novelist, together with the clumps of residual small talk, the recent analogies, to make a short book, the body of reasoning, there is a view of the words." That the novel is still a short book "to rule the body and the family", rather than for the government and the people of the "great way".

Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty compiled China's first biographical history, "The Book of Han", in the "Book of Han - Arts and Letters", wrote: "The stream of novelists, cover the barnyard officials. The street talk, the Taoist Tu said the creation of the person also. Confucius said: 'Although the small road, there will be viewable, to far fear mud, is to the gentleman Fo for also.' However, it is also not extinguished. The small knower of the coccyx and, also make embellish and not forget. If a word can be taken, this is also the suggestion of the mowers of the mowers of the mowers of the mowers of the mowers of the mowers of the mowers." This is an authoritative explanation and evaluation of novels by historians and catalogers. Ban Gu thought that the novel was "the creation of those who talk in the streets and lanes and listen to what they say". Although he thought that the novel was still a small knowledge and a small way, he touched upon the characteristics of the novel that it was fictionalized and rooted in the life from another angle.

The end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Civil War, the reformist Liang Qichao and other vigorously advocate the "revolution in the novel", the novel theory is new. The status of the novel has been raised unprecedentedly, and is even regarded as "the soul of the nation", "the root of the history", "the best of literature", and is no longer insignificant. Street talk" "trivial words".