The study of the pre-Qin plurals and the hundred schools of thought are all which families? Idea and what

Introduction to the Hundred Schools of Thought

I. Confucianism:

Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi

Confucianism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It was founded in the Spring and Autumn period with Confucius as its teacher, and with the Six Arts as its law, it advocates "propriety and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocates "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartiality of the "middle way", and advocates the "rule of morality" and "benevolent governance", and emphasizes the importance of ethical and moral education and the cultivation of the human being himself.

Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, and believes that emphasizing education and not penalizing is the way to stability of the country and the prosperity and happiness of the people. It advocates that "there should be education without discrimination" and that both the rulers and the ruled should be educated so that the whole nation will become morally upright.

Politically, they also advocated ruling the country by rituals and convincing people by virtues, calling for the restoration of the "Rites of Zhou", which they regarded as the ideal path to realize ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, the most important of which included Mencius and Xunzi.

Meng Zi's ideology was mainly "the people are precious and the ruler is light" and advocated the ruler to implement "benevolent government", and in the discussion of human nature, he believed that human nature is inherently good and put forward the "Theory of the Goodness of Nature", which was different from Xun Zi's theory of the goodness of nature.

Second, Taoism:

Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuang Zi, Lie Zi

Taoism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and is also known as "Taoism". This school of thought is based on the doctrine of Laozi (老子) of the late Spring and Autumn Period (春秋), which describes the nature, origin, composition and changes of all things in the universe. It believes that the Tao of Heaven is inactive and all things are born naturally, denies that God and ghosts and gods dominate everything, advocates that the Tao should be natural and follow nature, and advocates quietness and inaction, guarding the female and the soft, and overcoming the hard with the soft. Their political ideals were "a small country with few people" and "rule by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different schools of thought, the four most famous of which are Zhuangzi, Yangzhu, Songyin, and Huanglao.

Three, Mohism:

Representative: Mozi. Works: "Mozi"

Moism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.

This school of thought is based on the principle of "love for all and benefit for all": "love for all" means treating others as one's own; "love for all" means loving others as one's own. "If the world loves each other, the goal of "mutual benefit" can be achieved. Politically, he advocated the principle of "respecting virtue", "respecting commonality" and "non-attacking"; economically, he advocated the principle of "strengthening the capital and saving the resources"; and ideologically, he proposed to respect heaven and serve the ghosts. At the same time, they also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing on relying on one's own strength.

The Moists were a tightly organized group of people from the lower classes of society, all of whom were rumored to be able to go through fire and swordfighting in order to inspire themselves. Their disciples were called "Mo Defenders" for those who engaged in debate, "Mo Chivalry" for those who engaged in martial arts, and "Ju (Ju) Zi" for their leader. Their discipline was strict, and it was rumored that "the law of the Mozi is to kill those who kill, and to punish those who injure" (Lü Shi Chun Qiu - Going to the Private Side).

After the death of Mo Zhai, the sect split into three. At the end of the Warring States period, the three schools merged into two: one focused on epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics, and other disciplines, and was known as the "Post-Mojia School" (also known as the "Late-Mojia School"), while the other was transformed into the Rangers of the Qin and Han societies.

Fourth: Legalism:

Representatives: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang. Works: Han Fei Zi

The Legalists were one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. They were called Legalists because they advocated the rule of law, which was based on the idea that the state should be governed by the law, and that there should be no differentiation between the affinity of the people and the nobility of the people, and that they should be governed by the law. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of the Legalists. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Li Yul, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Zhi founded the School of Legalism. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei synthesized Shang Yang's "law", Shen Zhi's "power", and Shen Buhui's "art", and the ideology and doctrine of the Legalists.

This school of thought advocated the abolition of the well-field in the economy, emphasizing agriculture, suppressing commerce, and rewarding cultivation and war; in politics, it advocated the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of counties, monarchical dictatorship, the use of power, and the use of harsh and severe laws; and in ideology and education, it advocated the banning of all schools and schools of thought, and the use of the law as a teaching method, and the use of the mandarins as teachers. His doctrine provided the theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a monarchical and authoritarian dynasty.

The Han Book of Arts and Letters contains 27 writings of the Legalists, nearly half of which are still extant, the most important of which are the Book of the Shang Dynasty and the Han Fei Zi.

V. Famous writers:

Representatives: Deng Qie, Huishi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Longzi

Mingjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and was known as Mingjia because of its main academic activity of arguing about names (names, concepts) and realities (facts, realities). At that time, they were called "apologists," "scholars" or "the famous masters of the criminal justice system". They were represented by Huishi and Gongsunlong.

Sixth, yin and yang family: representative: Zou Yan

Yin and yang family is one of the most important schools of thought in the Warring States period, because of the promotion of yin and yang and the five elements, and use it to explain the social and human affairs and so named. This school of thought originated from the ancient ruling class that was in charge of astronomy and calendar, and was represented by Zou Yan of Qi during the Warring States period.

The theory of yin and yang is that yin and yang are the two opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to illustrate the laws of development and change of things. The theory of five elements that everything is composed of wood, fire, earth, gold, water, five elements, between which there are two major laws of phases of life and phase victory (Saparilla), can be used to explain the origin of the universe and the change of everything. Zou Yan synthesized the two, based on the theory of the phases of the five elements, interpreted the attributes of the five elements as the "five virtues" and created the "five virtues of the end and the beginning", which was used as the law of the rise and fall of dynasties, providing a theoretical basis for the establishment of the emerging great unification of the dynasty.

Twenty-one works of this school of thought were recorded in the Book of Han - Arts and Letters, all of which have been lost. Some of the articles in "Guanzi" also belong to the yin and yang school, and some materials of the yin and yang school are preserved in "Lüshi Chunqiu - Yingtong", "Huainanzi - Qifangxun" and "Shiji - The Chronicles of Emperor Qin Shi Huang".

Seven, the Zongheng family: representative: Su Qin, Zhang Yi. Founder: Guigu Zi.

The Zongheng family is a group of strategists who lobbied the lords and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States period. They are classified as one of the Hundred Schools of Thought. The main representatives are Su Qin and Zhang Yi.

In the Warring States period, the south and the north were combined as the Zongzhong, and the west and the east were connected as the Hengshang. Su Qin tried to reject the Qin by combining Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu, and Zhang Yi tried to break the Zongzhong by combining the six states to fight against the Qin, thus the Zongzhong masters got their name. Their activities had a significant impact on the political and military landscape of the Warring States period.

The "Strategies of the Warring States" contains a lot of records of their activities. According to the Book of the Han Dynasty (汉书-艺文志), the Zongheng and Hengjia (纵横家) had "sixteen schools and one hundred and seventeen articles" in their writings.

Eighth, the Miscellaneous School:

Representative: Lu Buwei

The Miscellaneous School was a comprehensive school of thought at the end of the Warring States period. Because of "combining Confucianism and Mozambique, and combining names and laws", "the hundred schools of thought are all comprehensive" ("Han Shu． Art and Literature Zhi" and Yan Shigu's note). Lü Shi Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Shi), compiled by Lu Bu Wei, the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, is a typical collection of writings by a variety of scholars.

9. Nongjia:

Nongjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It was named for its focus on agricultural production. This school came from the ancient officials who managed agricultural production. They believed that agriculture was the basis of food and clothing, and should be placed at the top of all the work. Meng Zi. Teng Wengong (滕文公上), Xu Xing (许行) was a man who "spoke for Shen Nong" and proposed that a wise man should "plow and eat with the people, eat and serve food, and rule", which expressed the socio-political ideals of the agriculturalists. This party also paid attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production techniques and experiences. The Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals (《吕氏春秋》), (任地), (辩土), (审时), etc., are regarded as important materials for the study of pre-Qin agriculturalists.

Ten, novelist:

Novelist, one of the pre-Qin nine streams of ten, is the collection of folklore and discussion, in order to examine the people's customs. The Han Book - Arts and Letters Zhi" cloud: "the stream of novelists, cover out of the barnyard. The street talk, hearsay is also created."

Brief description of the Hundred Schools of Thought Among the Hundred Schools of Thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the Hundred Schools of Thought because of his inheritance of the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains in the Three Dynasties. So that Confucianism not only has a prominent position among the hundred schools of thought, but also has become the mainstream of traditional culture, the core content, the formation of the national spirit of the Chinese people has had an unparalleled impact. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school of thought in the usual sense of the word, but rather the doctrine of Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of its inherent value system. It has permeated every capillary of traditional culture and greatly influenced every area of Chinese culture. All the doctrines and thoughts, religious sects, and even foreign cultures and religions that have emerged from Chinese soil cannot avoid carrying traces of Confucian culture. This is not the only case today. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (we know that Japan and the Four Little Dragons promoted Confucianism as a remedial measure to address the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after they had already achieved or basically modernized. The so-called "Southeast Asian Cultural Circle" is basically a model of cultural composition with Confucianism as the main body. It has given a strong impetus to social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. (As history progresses, Confucian ethics are being introduced into Western countries). Regarding the categorization of the schools of thought of the hundred schools of thought, Sima Tan listed six schools, "He discussed the main points of the six schools and said: Yi Da Chuan: 'The world is united in all its considerations, and all return to the same place, but on different paths. Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Names, Law, and Ethics, which are also responsible for governance" ("Records of the Grand Historian - Preface to the Grand Historian"). The Han book - art and literature Zhi" in Liu Xin "seven liu" of the plurals are divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, yin and yang, law, name, ink, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, fiction. In addition to the novelists do not talk about, so called "nine streams of ten".

The Zu Zi is an umbrella term for political schools of thought, because the basic purpose of most of them is to provide political strategies for the ruler. Confucianism advocates the moralization of the people; Taoism advocates the rule of inaction; Legalism advocates the belief that rewards and punishments are necessary; Mohism advocates the principle of love and respect for the same; and the School of Names advocates the de-construction and laying down of the army. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and Meinism became extinct, Nongjia became an independent technical discipline, and Yin-Yangjia evolved into a mysterious art. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and Law had an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasties.

Many of the ideas of the Hundred Schools of Thought have left deep insights for future generations. Such as Confucianism's "benevolent government", "do not do unto others as you would not want them to do unto you", "the way of forgiveness"; Mencius's ancient democratic ideas; Taoism's dialectic; Mohist scientific ideas; Legalism's materialistic ideas; military ideas of the military, etc. The military thinking of the School of War still shines brightly today. Even the famous "sophists" created the field of logic in the history of Chinese philosophy. We can and should learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to inspire ourselves to be strong and vigorous; learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to cultivate patriotism; learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to "control profit with righteousness", which is to inspire ourselves to correctly treat material interests; learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to cultivate love for the people; learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to cultivate love for the people; and learn from the spirit of Confucianism, which is to cultivate love for the people; To cultivate one's self-respect and self-improvement as an independent personality by borrowing the concept of temperance from Confucianism, and to cultivate one's noble sentiments of loving the people by borrowing the spirit of "love for all", "respect for the wise" and "moderation of use" from Mohism, and "less selfishness and fewer desires" from Taoism. "Less selfishness", "Taoism", "the law of nature"; Legalism, "abolition of the public" and other ideas.

Eleven, the military. The military school of thought focuses on the guidance of war, when you have to use force to achieve the purpose, how to use force. The founder was Sun Wu, and it is divided into four categories: military power and strategy, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skill.

The main representative of the military, the end of the Spring and Autumn Sun Wu, Sima Rang Tho; the Warring States Sun Bin, Wu Qi, Yuliao, Wei Wuji, Bai Qi and so on. The existing military writings are "Huang Di Yin Fu Jing", "Six Towers", "Three Strategies", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Sima's Law", "Sun Bin's Art of War", "Wu Zi", "Wei Wuji", "Yuliao", and so on. Although there are differences and similarities in the doctrines of each school, they contain rich elements of simple materialism and dialectics. The practical activities and theories of the School of War had a great influence on the time and later generations, and they are the valuable heritage of China's ancient military thought. From the Western Han Dynasty - Sima Qian, "The Records of the Grand Historian - Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng": "Jia Sheng was a young man, but he was quite proficient in the books of the various schools of thought and the hundred schools of thought. Emperor Wen called him to be a doctor."

Twelve medical doctors:

Representative: Bian Magpie

The formation of Chinese medical theory, in the second half of the fifth century B.C. to the middle of the third century A.D., *** through more than seven hundred years. In the second half of the fifth century B.C., China began to enter a feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of the feudal system was a period of great upheaval in Chinese history. The changes in the social system led to economic development and the emergence of new situations in the field of ideology, science and culture, including the development of medicine. The term "healer" refers to all those who practiced medicine.