Ancient Anhui Customs and Folklore

Anhui Shitai Folk Customs

Diet:

Rice is the main food, and flour is also eaten. On New Year's Day, the folder eats noodles, soup garden, glutinous rice poi, dumplings and so on. Cuisine tastes heavy, like sour and spicy, often with chili pepper as a condiment, winter home pickles, pickled meat, sun-dried vegetables, do tofu milk. Like to use the stove sand pot to eat stew, commonly known as "eat stove pot". Residents are used to drinking green tea.

Habitat:

Folk architecture is mainly brick and wood structure. The building is very careful about the orientation of the base of the house. In the old days, all the houses were built by Mr. Geography set up a compass to set the door, if the terrain is limited to the door to the door is not auspicious, the door will be moved inward until the side of the door on the "auspicious" direction. This custom is still fashionable in the countryside, focusing on the north-south. Building beams, folk as a major event, must choose an auspicious day and time, friends and relatives to send gifts to congratulate the house owners to feast on guests.

Etiquette:

Folk pay attention to the etiquette of the exchange, according to the county records, where the "crown, marriage, funeral, sacrifice" are to send gifts, the name of the complicated. Now, in addition to the items, often with red envelopes. In addition, the folk wedding, funeral (commonly known as "red and white wedding) etiquette and customs are still cumbersome.

Wedding:

Relatives and friends send congratulatory couplets, cigarettes, wine, money and cakes to the man's family; to the woman's family to send clothing, quilts, pillows and grooming supplies, known as "persuade to marry".

Funeral rites:

Relatives and friends send incense foil, food, couplets, etc., and children in-laws also send beans and rice. Now send cigarettes, wine, quilts, wreaths, the majority of people.

Life gift:

The old man had a big birthday (usually 60 years old), friends and relatives generally send birthday couplets, birthday peaches, birthday noodles, tonic and clothing, birthday cake.

Monthly Gift:

Before the birth of a child is not a full month, friends and relatives gift hen, eggs, noodles, glutinous rice, dried bean curd, children's clothing, etc., known as the "moon gift". Maternity on the first half of the month to eat in-laws relatives of food, the second half of the month to eat the mother's relatives to send food. Today, the gift of the month is still prevalent, but the maternal share of food has been abolished.

Build a house into the house gift:

Build a house, friends and relatives give red silk, cigarettes, wine and other congratulations. When you live in a new house, you will be greeted with a message saying "happy housewarming". Friends and relatives to distribute rice to give, to show that "Zhu Fa".

Anhui Dangshan folk customs

A, living customs

Clothing clothes: the late Qing Dynasty, farmers with hand-stitched civilian clothes, mostly coarse cloth (cloth) for clothing. Clothes: men wore short coats with partial or opposite plackets, large waist and wide crotch pants, and the color of the clothes was mainly white and blue. Women wore a partial-breasted coat, slightly longer to bow without exposing the waist to the extent that the style of pants and men's pants with the same. Cotton clothes: the average person wears a cotton jacket, cotton pants, men and women's cotton clothing styles and men and women's single with the same, to blue, black-based. Adult men in winter with a large cloth belt girdle (five feet long), wearing a long shirt, long robe, good to lift the right lapel, the left waist in the large belt, easy to walk and labor. Men and women have the habit of binding the legs of their pants with straps (commonly known as tie legs), and children and teenagers wear earth-spun, earth-dyed, earth-woven flower strips and chequered cloth clothes.

Teaching teachers, doctors, merchants, etc. wear long shirts, winter robes, do not use the cloth belt girdle. Squire and the rich and powerful family, more satin for clothing, men wearing long shirts, spring and fall season coat coat, winter robes, coat shoulders, also do not use a large belt waist girdle.

Toddlers wear crotch pants, more embroidered with flowers, animals, red cloth bib. Love of young children often wear two legs of different colors of pants (commonly known as mandarin ducks pants). In winter, toddlers wear cat's foot cotton pants (slightly longer legs, with cotton socks on the bottom of the legs). Infants wear soil pants (made of cloth crotch tight shorts, wear, with a cloth belt to bind the legs, loaded with the right amount of sand and soil).

Republic of China, people's clothing has not changed much. A few people in the towns wore Zhongshan suits and suits. A few school students wore uniforms, middle school students wore military uniforms, and elementary school students wore scout uniforms.

In the early years of the founding of the country, after the land reform, the peasants' life has been improved, wearing fine cloth (commonly known as foreign cloth) clothes more and more people, the middle-aged and elderly people are still wearing the old-fashioned civilian clothes, the cadres of the authorities, workers, doctors, teachers, students and young people, popular uniforms, such as Zhongshan suit, Lenin suit, youth clothing, student uniforms, uniforms, and so on. Clothing colors are mainly blue, white, gray and black. There were fewer and fewer long shirts and robes. During the Cultural Revolution, there was a green clothing fever among young people, and after 1978, people's clothing styles, materials, and colors changed considerably, with little difference between urban and rural areas. People wore uniforms, such as Zhongshan suits, Lenin suits, youth suits, student suits, work suits, suits, sports suits, raglan shirts, jacket shirts and so on. Young people fashionable western-style clothes, teenage women in the summer prevalent pants and skirts (not much in the countryside), winter wear long and short tweed coats, down jackets, leather jacket increase, there are still a few older people in the countryside to wear the old-fashioned civilian clothes. Clothing materials are mostly chemical fiber cloth, mixed fabrics, tweed is the second, wearing cotton clothing has been rare. Clothing color is becoming more diversified, there are red, yellow, blue, white, black, gray, green and various colors of the grid, square, flower cloth, etc..

To date, babies wearing soil pants gradually abolished. Young children wearing red cloth bibs, wearing mandarin ducks pants, cat's feet cotton pants habits still exist.

Hat Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, peasant men generally wear line weaving monkey head cap (also known as wiping tiger hat), felt hat cushion, hot days wear straw hat (wheat orange or reed compilation), bucket hat. Women in winter with earth-spun, earth-dyed, earth-weaving twisted headscarf wrapped head, the elderly women more than two tiles of the head of the Lezi. Qing Dynasty, rich people Confucian family men prevalent six tiles with red bumps on the top of the melon hat (also called hat cushion), the Republican period more felt hat.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, men's popular uniform cap, wear felt hat cushion and monkey hat less and less, more winter wear Navy-style planted velvet cap (commonly known as locomotive cap). Women more square scarf, scarf head, its color varies according to age. 1978, men popular duck tongue cap, winter middle-aged and elderly women gradually emerging wool knit cap.

Hair style before the Qing Dynasty men stored full hair. After the Qing army entered the customs, changed to shave around the head of the top of the long hair, tie a hair braid hanging behind. After the 1911 Revolution, men's hair braids less and less, most of the shaved head, a small number of wealthy gentlemen stay short hair head (commonly known as the head of the foreign). The Republic of China period and before, women stored full hair, unmarried women tied a braid hanging behind, after marriage, women in the back of the head to pull the hair bun (commonly known as pulling the codpiece). The Republic of China period, began to have female students to stay cut hair head (commonly known as half of the hair, hair long to the neck).

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, men prevailed in short hair head, only the elderly shaved head. Women's prevalence of hair cut head, there are a few young women to store long hair, tied double braid. After 1978, many young men and women pay attention to the beauty of the hair, stay perm head.

Shoes in the old society, women more foot-binding, wearing pointed shoes, to blue, black. Rich young women wear embroidered shoes, older women wear shoes (wear a pair of soft-soled shoes, and then a pair of shoes). Men wore garden-mouth cloth shoes, mainly blue and black. Farmers generally can't afford to buy rubber shoes, so they wear oil shoes on rainy days. In winter, people wear cotton shoes, or wear a reed tassel, hemp compiled into the "woolen nest", men wear high wooden bottom woolen nest, both rain and snow and warm, but more bulky.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, men's and women's shoe styles and shades changed a lot, from handmade cloth shoes, gradually popularized the mechanism of cloth shoes, sneakers, rubber-soled cloth shoes, tumbled leather shoes, oiled shoes, plastic-soled cloth shoes, plastic sandals, plastic shoes, leather sandals, travel shoes, leather cotton shoes, rain rubber shoes, rain boots, etc., with novel styles and a wide variety of colors. 1978, after the middle-aged and young men prevalent middle-heeled shoes, young women's high heels. After 1978, middle-heeled shoes were popular among young men and high-heeled shoes were popular among young women. To this day, there are still many people wearing high wooden bottom woolen nest in winter.

Socks in the early Republic of China and before, people wear hand-stitched cloth socks, men more white, women more blue, black, and then, gradually wear cotton socks (commonly known as foreign socks), socks worn out the soles of the cloth bottom, open on the cloth to continue to wear the cloth gang. the late 1970s, cotton socks less and less, and more to wear a variety of chemical fiber socks.

Meals in this county are mainly pasta. Before the founding of the PRC, farmers ate wheat flour when harvesting wheat, harvesting autumn grain to eat sorghum, soybeans, millet, corn and other miscellaneous grains, and mixed with taro, chaff, in addition to New Year's festivals, reception of guests, usually very little to eat wheat flour, rich people eat wheat flour throughout the year is also very little. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people's lives continue to improve, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Central ****, the rural areas to implement the responsibility system of joint production contract, farmers began to get rich, basically all year round to eat wheat flour, very few people to eat mixed grains.

Meals are many and varied, steamed buns, rolls, nests, pot cakes, thick buns (also known as kangbun), branded buns, sugar buns, vegetable buns, oil cakes and so on. People in this county used to eat hairy bread, especially like to eat steamed bread, the system will first and good noodles (dead noodles) rolled into a garden shape (diameter feet) as thin as a thick paper bun blanks, and then placed on a hot griddle cooked into the past often in the face mixed with sesame seeds, made of steamed bread, and then kang coke, to the children to eat as snacks. Rice, salty soup, noodles, dumplings, rice and so on, usually to thin rice, noodles, salty soup and so on. Local people are used to eating white noodles, i.e. noodles without oil, salt and vegetables.

The meat of the dishes is mainly pork, sheep, cattle, chicken, duck, goose, fish and other meats, and the Muslims avoid eating pork. Eggs have chicken, duck, goose eggs, etc., eggs are mostly used for frying, soup, duck, goose eggs are mostly pickled salted eggs. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, farmers usually eat very little meat, eggs, some of the New Year's festivals can not eat. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the people's living standards continue to improve, the average annual amount of meat and eggs gradually increased, after 1978, farmers are gradually getting rich, the demand for meat and eggs to further increase, the market supply is sufficient, the purchase and sale of two booming. Vegetables, spring cabbage, spinach, garlic, etc., summer cucumbers, eggplants, leeks, celery, green chili peppers, tomatoes, beans and so on. In the fall, there are radish, winter melon, pumpkin, bamboo shoot melon, potato, cauliflower, lotus root, etc. In the winter, there are cabbage and radish. In the winter, there are cabbage and radish, and in the four seasons, there are green onions, garlic, chili peppers, bean sprouts, and tofu, etc. After 1978, there was a rise in the use of plastic sheds to cultivate vegetables in the county, so that people can eat celery, chili peppers, cucumbers, cabbage, spinach, and other fresh vegetables throughout the year. Since ancient times, the county residents' families have the tradition of pickling dried radish, dashi, preserved vegetables, bean paste, watermelon sauce, tofu milk and so on.

The county people eat three meals a day, generally breakfast is thin rice (winter is more sweet potato rice), bun, pickled vegetables; lunch is a bun, fried (roasted) vegetables, soup; dinner is noodles, or thin rice, bun, or salty soup, bun, with fried vegetables or pickled vegetables, dinner, the local commonly known as drinking soup. The taste of rice is slightly salty and spicy.

Living since ancient times, the county people like to sit north to south of the hall (also called the North House) as the main room, more than three, a bright two dark, the center for the guest room, the east and west for the bedroom, the elders live. The east, west, and south houses are allotted rooms for the younger generation to live in, or used as barns, kitchens, and animal houses. Before the founding of the country, working people could not afford to build houses, and most of them lived in the same house for several generations.

In the past, most of the people's housing was earth walled and grass roofed, and only a few rich families lived in brick houses. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people's living standards continue to improve, the housing structure gradually change, the 1960s, generally for the earth wall tile roof. 1978, most of the brick walls and tiles with corridors, and some farmers built buildings, straw houses have been very few. In the past, the masses did not leave windows at the back of the housing, so far, only a few people in the back of the house to leave windows, and most of them are left small bedroom window.

Walking in the past, people rushed to the market, visiting friends and relatives on foot, a few people to donkeys, horses, mules on foot. Receiving guests to send people with wooden wheelbarrows or animal-powered four-wheeled pacific car. After the founding of the country, the transportation continues to change, at first the use of rubber-wheeled flatbed trucks, the 1970s, urban and rural popularization of bicycles. 1980, the county to the townships through the public **** car, many young people to buy a motorcycle, the masses go out or transportation is more convenient.

Two, life customs

Birth of the birth: a few days before the birth of a pregnant woman, the mother's family prepared brown sugar, eggs, etc. sent to the in-laws, called the "birth of the birth". After that, pregnant women generally no longer return to the mother's home, for fear that the baby was born in the mother's home, a taboo.

Announcement of good news: three days after the birth of the first baby, the father prepares red eggs (red-dyed cooked eggs) and goes to his father-in-law's house to announce the good news, and informs him of the time to deliver the congee and rice.

Sending congee and rice: after the first baby is born, usually 9 days for girls and 12 days for boys, the grandmother's family prepares brown sugar, eggs, wheat (or millet), baby clothes, jewelry, toys and so on to celebrate. On the same day, other friends and relatives also prepared gifts to congratulate the baby's parents hosted a banquet, which is called send congee rice. When the guests return, they send red eggs and steamed buns to show their appreciation. Grandmother generally stay with the grandson for a few days, if in a hurry, etc. back, to leave a dress.

Receiving the full moon: when the baby is full moon, grandmothers have to receive their grandchildren to live for a few days. When the baby goes, she smears some black ink on her face, and when she sends it to her, she puts some white powder on it. As the saying goes, "When the black face goes and the white face comes, the baby grows richer and richer". Grandma sent another chicken and put a piece of red cloth around the neck of the chicken, which was only allowed to be raised and not slaughtered.

Before the founding of the country, men and women were married to each other by the order of their parents and the words of the matchmaker.

Matchmaking: also known as "marriage proposal". Matchmakers weigh the character, personality, and family and social status of both men and women, and believe that the two families are the right match, there is the possibility of marriage, that is, to go to both men and women to introduce each other's situation. After the two families understand, have no opinion, the matchmaker told both parents would like to be married for a hundred years.

Over a small invitation: men and women agreed to marriage, the male parent will be written on red paper, "I am not afraid of the ugly, presumptuous for the Executive Co, six rituals are not yet ready, inch red first, x × × two families, would like to tie the silk thread. Iceman x x x. × year × month × day" of the book invitation to the matchmaker forwarded to the female parents, if the female has no objection, it will be repeated with the above consent, that is, for the two families to determine the marriage.

Over the big invitation: after the small invitation, the man prepared jewelry, clothing, jujubes, chestnuts, etc., choose an auspicious day by the matchmaker to send to the woman, the woman's family was hired, will be written by the red paper to marry the woman's birthdate of the invitation sticker (commonly known as the year of the sticker) to the matchmaker to send to the man's home. The man asked the fortune-teller to combine the life of the year, if the men and women's birthdays are not incompatible, that is, the marriage.

After the marriage is fixed, the man chooses an auspicious day, prepared sedan chair, suona, three-eyed gun, go to the woman's home to marry. There is a man holding a rooster with the sedan chair to the woman's home, the woman does not stay, and another compensation to send a hen, in order to two auspicious. Bride comb make-up to pull composite, head red (red cloth scarf), clad in sedan chair red (i.e., red clothes), feet wearing red embroidered shoes, held by the maternal brother sent to the sedan chair, sedan chair out of the village, the gun fired three times, oboe in front of the sedan chair playing the trousseau with the sedan chair along the way, every village, bridges, temples should be fired, playing music. The eastern part of the county Xing two brothers from the mother's family to carry a teapot, tea cups to send the sedan chair to the head of the male village that is back. The western part of the county Xing unmarried sisters to send the sedan chair to the male family to take care of the bride, the bride and groom to return after the ceremony.

The sedan chair to the male gate fell, in the suona, the sound of gunfire, the male side of a young girl will be wrapped in a red cloth wine pot to the bride (said to send the wealth of the shell pot). Another two girls and the bride's genus does not contradict the bride off the sedan chair, walking slowly on the sedan chair in front of the mats, to walk on the second mats, then the first mats from the bride's head over the roaming, and so on and so on, until the courtyard in front of the table for the table. In the meantime, one person on each side of the bride to the bride's head sprinkled with jujubes, peanuts, cinnamon, chestnuts, Fu Pi and other things, which is called spreading war, heralding the early birth of a noble son, Fukumantang. Lighting incense and candles on the table, put a high-beam bucket, bucket put a mirror, insert a pole weighing, the bride to the table, and the groom *** bye heaven and earth (called bye), after worship, the groom picked up the bucket on the table, leading the bride into the bridal chamber, put the bucket on the bed, with the weighing pole picked off the bride's head of the masked head of the red, husband and wife **** drink heart wine. At this point, the crowd haunted the bridal chamber, forced the bride and groom to engage in kissing, **** bite an apple and so on. After a short break, the bride dressing, with the groom in the courtyard in front of the table *** worship friends and relatives (commonly known as the size of the sub), the first kowtow to the in-laws, and then according to the proximity of the proximity of the kowtow, in turn, the head of those who are asked to give kowtow to the gift of money. At night, the bride and groom into the bridal chamber, to be heard in the new room, if no one listens, mother-in-law or sister-in-law in front of the window of the bridal chamber to put a broom, said good luck, the bridal chamber all night lights, this is called the "long life lamp".

The third day of the wedding, the bride and groom to pay homage to the ancestral tomb. Generally 6 days after the wedding, the bride's family to pick up the bride, the same day to send back. The 9th day to pick up again, live 6 days after the return, commonly known as "pick up 9 live 6, a life without (suffering)". The 18th day, the bride's family to pick up, live 18 days, the bride in the bride's home to do a good job of the whole family shoes, pots and pans, etc. to bring back to the in-laws.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the State promulgated the Marriage Law, abolishing the arranged marriage system and practicing free love and marriage. It was not yet common for young men and women in the countryside to fall in love and get married freely, but most of them were introduced by an introducer, and men and women would first meet each other, and then, after a period of time to learn about the situation, and when both sides had no opinions, they would go to the government office together to register their marriage and receive a marriage certificate. And then choose the date of marriage, prepare food and wine, feast friends and relatives, held a wedding. In the past, the life of the year, sitting in a sedan chair, the top of the masked red, send wealth shell pots, bowing to the gods of heaven and earth and other old customs have been abolished. the late 1970s, men and women married, the woman to meet the bride price and betrothal bride price, the amount of money is increasing, has become a social nuisance, attracted the attention of the government and the relevant units, the publicity and education, the wind has been converged.

Birthday in the past, only a few rich people have a birthday, every birthday, friends and relatives to prepare gifts to celebrate, the host hosted a banquet, very grand. The hardworking masses due to economic conditions, very few people have a birthday. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people's lives continued to improve, and more and more people celebrated birthdays, mostly children, teenagers and the elderly. Children and teenagers celebrate their birthdays by lighting candles, eating cakes, and sending toys and clothes to their friends and relatives to congratulate them. Most of the elderly is over sixty-six, seventy-three, seventy-seven years old birthday, sixty-six years old birthday, married children and relatives to prepare 66 steamed bread, 66 flatbread, 6 pounds 6 two meat to go to celebrate the birthday, the proverbial "sixty-six, eat a piece of meat"; seventy-three years old birthday, the birthday gift must be carp, the proverbial "seventy-three, eat a piece of meat". "seventy-three, eat a carp fierce a run"; seventy-seventh birthday, birthday gift must be less chicken, proverb "seventy-seven, eat a chicken".

The first birthday of a young woman's marriage, her mother's family prepared gifts to invite relatives to go to the daughter's home to congratulate her, which is called "do life".

Funeral in the past, the county funeral rituals complicated, and with a strong superstitious color. The elderly dying, most of the first bed to the main room in front of the hall, wearing a good life jacket. At the end of their lives, they burned paper money, which was called "burnt paper". When the body into the coffin, said "into the coffin". In front of the coffin generally put an oil lamp, called "soul-inducing lamp"; an earthen pot, called "old pot", in order to prepare for the condolences of friends and relatives when the burning of paper money; a small earthen pot, the mouth of the pot with a cake to cover the cake in the middle of the insertion of a pair of chopsticks, which is known as the "yin-yang This is called "yin and yang". Also put a number of sticks wrapped with white paper spikes, 2 feet long, called "mourning stick", to be used by children and grandchildren to pay tribute to the dead, bowing to friends and relatives. Funeral house in front of the door to build a hearth, in the center of a table, on top of the offerings, paper boys and girls on both sides of the hearth. White paper is pasted on the door of the house, and a white paper streamer is inserted next to the front door, with the man on the left and the woman on the right, to show the neighbors.

The deceased's son, daughter-in-law, daughter, grandchildren, etc. are called "filial son", the son called "heavy filial son", wearing a white mourning cap, wearing a white mourning robe, hemp rope girdle, wearing white shoes. Daughters-in-law and daughters-in-law wear white scarves, white mourning coats, white cloth belts to tie their pants, and white shoes. Other people in the family wear white mourning hats and white shoes for men and white scarves and white shoes for women. Filial piety waiting day and night on both sides of the coffin, male left and female right, this is called "guarding the spirit". Friends and relatives condolences, filial son kneeling, male filial son worship male guests, female filial son worship female guests, and accompanied by crying. The master of the house to the male guests to send white mourning cap, female guests to send white scarf, son-in-law, granddaughter-in-law and nephews to send another white cloth belt, which is called "broken filial piety".

The third day after the death of the "send tray", "sitting material mouth". In the evening, the family prepared incense, candles and paper money, according to the age of the deceased, each year old package of a flatbread, boiled with soup in a bucket, to the crossroads outside the village to pay homage to, this is called "sending pangan". When sending, suona in front, two people carrying a bucket with flatbread in the back, along the way with a spoon will be flatbread and soup splashed off one after another, the filial son and the crowd trailed. To the crossroads lighting incense and paper money, worship, choose another way back. After a short rest, "sitting on the coffin's mouth" (sealing the coffin lid with nails) is carried out. Relatives and friends come to say goodbye to the body. If the deceased is a woman, her mother's family must be invited to, with their consent to sit on the wood mouth, otherwise, the mother's family will often take advantage of the money of the owner, or even obstruct the funeral.

After the death of the elderly, the extended mourning time is longer, generally not less than seven days. Some delayed more than a month before the funeral. If the spouse of the deceased has long been dead, the day before the funeral, the family prepared paper money to the grave to worship the spirit of the deceased to go home, commonly known as "please spirit". On the day of the funeral, friends and relatives prepare gifts to pay homage, daughters, granddaughters, nephews, nieces and other relatives in addition to the offerings, generally have another casket reeds and betting on offerings. Sacrifice to the proximity of kinship, in turn, respectively, in the sound of guns and suona, the filial son holding a mourning stick bowing to meet, commonly known as "to receive the offerings". After the sacrifice, the master of the banquet guests. Banquet after a short break will be mourning, the first coffin will be carried to the gate to stop, family, friends and neighbors and then pay tribute, which is called "road to pay tribute". After the sacrifice, the coffin is carried to the graveyard, and when the coffin is just lifted up, the filial son breaks the old pot, which is called "breaking the old pot", symbolizing the right of inheritance. The oboe team plays in front, the eldest son and grandson play white paper streamers with the son, the crowd carries the coffin and follows the son, the woman walks behind the coffin, and when the coffin arrives at the graveyard, friends and relatives pay homage to the coffin again. Afterwards, the coffin is put into the grave, commonly known as "coffin down to the ground". Mr. Yin and Yang adjusted the orientation, the yin and yang canisters, mourning stick placed in front of the coffin, cover the coffin mat, that is, sealing the earth to build a grave, inserted white paper streamers.

The third day after the funeral, the immediate family members to prepare paper money to the grave to pay tribute, and then build a grave, which is called the "garden grave". After that, to the grave on a regular basis to pay homage, seven days for a period (counting from the date of the funeral), burned to the end of the fifth period, commonly known as "burned five period of paper".

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, funeral procedures and feudal superstitions and rituals are gradually reduced, tied paper cows, horses, boys and girls and other martyrdom products are basically abolished, and gradually to wear a black veil instead of wearing mourning clothes. In the cadres, workers in the wreaths, the opening of the memorial service of the day. 1977 May, Dangshan crematorium was built, the cremation of the wind is gradually emerging.

Local marriage, regardless of the deceased, a man and a woman or not, as long as the elders are still there, more than a delay in the funeral period, generally but three days that is buried, some of the day after the death of the buried, funeral ceremonies are also more from simple.

Three, seasonal customs

Traditional festivals Spring Festival: the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the Spring Festival, is the most grand festival of the year, commonly known as "New Year". Into the month of Lunar New Year (lunar December), people prepare for the New Year, as the saying goes, "eat over the Lunar New Year (Lunar New Year's Eve) meal, the year to do", prepare money, prepare food, buy clothes. After the twentieth day of the Lunar New Year, will be busy buying chickens, fish, meat, eggs, cigarettes, sugar, incense, candles, firecrackers, spring scrolls, stove paintings, door paintings and so on. After the 25th day of the Lunar New Year, they start steaming steamed buns, frying croquettes, stir-frying peanuts, stir-frying melon seeds, stacking sugar, cleaning, etc. The day before the Spring Festival, they put up the Spring Festival lanterns. The day before the Spring Festival, paste spring couplets, stove painting and door painting. Before the founding of the country, poor people stick spring couplets earlier than the rich family, sticking after the door is not allowed to enter the debt collection.

On the first day of the first month of the year, people get up at dawn, and each family lights candles and burns incense, sets off firecrackers, honors the gods, and welcomes the New Year. Adults and children dressed in new clothes, kowtow to the elders to pay tribute to the New Year. For breakfast, people usually eat flatbread, and when they cook it, they leave a few pieces of flatbread unfinished to symbolize that there are leftovers in the New Year. After breakfast, neighbors pay New Year's greetings to each other, each household prepared cigarettes, wine, sugar, peanuts, melon seeds and other hospitality. Regardless of the usual contradictions, as long as the elders, should be to its New Year's greetings, otherwise, will be subject to the criticism of the crowd, neighbors often through the New Year's greetings to eliminate the barriers, the words back together. Since the second day of the first month of the relatives to pay tribute to each other, generally the second day of the uncle, the fourth day of the father-in-law, the fifth day of the sixth day of the aunt, and then is to pay tribute to other relatives and friends, most of the first day of the first month of the tenth before and after the end.

After the founding of the country, the Spring Festival burning incense to the gods, paste stove painting, kowtow and other old customs have been abolished, most of the use of the Spring Festival condolences to the families of the martyrs, to carry out cultural and sports activities.

Sending the god of pestilence: on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the day of sending the god of pestilence, the older women of the village gathered around the well, burning incense and paper money, sacrificing the god of pestilence, praying for the elimination of the disease, and then sent the god of pestilence to the eastern intersection of the village in a procession. On the way back, they are not allowed to look back, otherwise the God of Plague will follow them back. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, this festival has been abolished.

Send the fire god: the seventh day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the fire god day, the day at dusk, the crowd holding torches, firecrackers, send the fire god to the village southwest intersection, burning incense and praying, praying for the fire god from fire. Do not look back on the way back, so as not to follow the God of Fire back. After the founding of the country, this festival has been abolished.

Lunar New Year's Eve: the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar for the Lantern Festival, the day to eat Lantern. In the evening, each person in each family to light a steamed oil lamp with noodles. Some people use the noodles steamed dragon lanterns, lighted on the grain hoard. Some with colored paper tied into a knot with wheat, cotton, corn, fruits and vegetables and other kinds of flowers tree, inserted in the dung heap, commonly known as "money tree". Children and teenagers pick dragons, fish, rabbits, horses, lotus flowers and other shapes of lanterns, get together to race lights. In the past, every Lantern Festival, Dangcheng four passes to organize traditional entertainment activities, such as the bamboo horse dance in the North Pass, the West Pass to play dragon lanterns, the South Pass to play dry boat, the East Pass lion dance. Recruitment of the city around ten miles of the masses, very lively. After the founding of the country, the county cultural department organizes annual light show.

People in this county often face the shape of the lantern, size and how much to predict the year's harvest of various crops.

February 2: the second day of the second month of the lunar calendar for the sacrifice of the Dragon Day, the day people use the surface of the steamed buns shaped like dragons, with grass ash in the yard, outside the gate, sunbathing on the surroundings of the grain hoard (grain hoard pattern), the middle of the burying a handful of grains and cereals, and wish a year of wind and rain, grains and cereal harvests. Proverbial "February 2, not work, holding the child to eat big buns", "February 2, the dragon raised its head, big hoard tip, small hoard flow".

It is the day when families eat "scorpion claw", soybeans soaked in salt water, fried and made, meaning disinfection and disaster. Before the founding of the country, people more than February 2 for the beginning of spring production, after the founding of the country after the Spring Festival, people are busy with the preparation of spring plowing and planting.

Ching Ming Festival: A few days before the Qingming Festival, families sweep the graves of their ancestors, add soil to the graves, and incinerate paper money. After the founding of the country, the cadres of the authorities, school teachers and students, etc., in the Qingming for the revolutionary martyrs to sweep the graves, lay wreaths, and carry out the revolutionary tradition of education.

The Qingming Festival, also known as the Cold Food Festival, each family boiled eggs to eat, the door on both sides, the eaves of the willow, in honor of Jie Zi Tui. Local legend, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Duke of Jin Wendong had been in exile, returned to the country after the feudal vassal, but did not reward to the jie zi push, zi push so with his mother to live in Mianshan, and then Jin Wendong looking for the jie zi push can not be found to burn the mountain to force the zi push out to come, and the zi push is not willing to come out of the mountain was burned to death. The Duke of Jin took Mianshang as Zi push's feudal field.

Duanwu Festival: The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival, also known as the Duanyang Festival. It is the day when families eat brown rice, sugar cake, the eaves inserted under the wormwood. Children wear incense buns, with colorful velvet rope wrist. Grandmothers embroider "Five Poisons (Scorpion, Centipede, Snake, Gecko, Toad) Red Belly Pockets" for their young grandchildren. Legend has it that brown rice, sugar cakes and moxa sticks are eaten in honor of Qu Yuan. Children use colorful velvet thread to bind their wrists and cut it off at the beginning of the seventh month of the lunar calendar and throw it on the house for magpies to take it to build a magpie bridge for the Cowherd and the Weaving Maiden. Children wear "five poisons" bibs, can eliminate disasters and take refuge. Fragrance bag filled with moxa leaves, dahurica, vanilla, etc., to prevent pests from harming the body.

June first, fifteen: the county north of the old course of the Yellow River and the county's eastern region of the masses, to the first day of June on the lunar calendar for the "small year" (Spring Festival for the big year), the family steamed steamed buns, wrapped dumplings, place peaches, plums, apricots, red and other fresh fruits, sacrifices to the gods. South of the Yellow River and the county's western region of the masses to the lunar calendar June 15 for the "small year". Therefore, the local "(June) the first day, the fifteenth are the same" said. July 7: Legend has it that the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar is the day of the meeting of the Cowherd and the Weaving Maiden at the Magpie Bridge. The county is also known as this day for the Begging Day, is the night, unmarried women, under the moon to set the fruit, to the Weaving Maiden begging (learn needlework skills).

July 15: the county north of the old Yellow River Road and Dangcheng East Tangzhai area, called the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar for the "Ghost Festival", each family in front of the grave burning paper money, sacrifices to ancestors.

Mid-Autumn Festival: The 15th day of the 8th lunar month is the Mid-Autumn Festival. A few days before the festival, families give gifts to friends and relatives in the form of moon cakes, wine, meat and fruits. On this day, people who are out of town usually go home for a reunion, eat mooncakes in the evening, drink reunion wine and enjoy the moon.

The first day of October: Legend has it that the first day of October on the lunar calendar is the day when the King of Hell "collects the ghosts", and it is the day or the day after that when families burn paper money in front of the graves of their ancestors.

Lapa: the eighth day of the twelfth month of the lunar calendar for the Lapa Festival, families eat millet (or rice), jujubes, red beans, sugar and other congee, commonly known as "Lapa congee", to celebrate the meaning of the harvest. People often wipe the congee on the jujube tree, legend has it that the next year can be more jujube.

Ceremony for the stove: December 23rd of the lunar calendar for the day of the stove. People burn incense and kowtow to Zaojun, praying for "good words in heaven and peace in the world". And the Zaojun painting uncovered and burned, known as sending Zaojun to heaven. This custom is now abolished.

New Year's Eve: the last day of the lunar year is called New Year's Eve, the local commonly known as the 30th day of the wax month for the year. New Year's Eve morning stickers, door painting. In the evening in front of the gate to put a horizontal stick, called the door stick, the intention to stop the wealth does not flow outward. In the evening, in the courtyard, by the gate and indoors in front of the gods burn incense, kowtow, worship the gods. Adults give children New Year's money, and the whole family eats a reunion dinner and drinks New Year's wine. Most people do not go to bed until midnight, and some stay up all night, which is called "keeping the New Year's Eve". New Year's Eve incense burning and kowtowing to God, put the door stick and other customs are now abolished.

The new festivals are mostly national festivals that were established after the founding of the People's Republic of China and are based on the solar calendar. The first day of January is New Year's Day, 1 day off. May 1 is International Labor Day, 1 day off. October 1 is National Day, 2 days off. March 8 is International Women's Day, half a day off for female workers. May 4 is Youth Day. June 1 is International Children's Day, 1 day off for elementary school and kindergartens. July 1 is the anniversary of the birth of the Chinese ****production party. August 1 is Army Day. At that time, the institutions and organizations to carry out celebrations, urban and rural people to the new festival held wedding celebrations more and more.

Four, etiquette

The Qing Dynasty and before, the county people are mostly kneeling and arching. During the Republic of China, the number of people kneeling and bowing gradually decreased, and the number of bowing increased. After the founding of New China, most of the handshake ceremony, but now few people kneeling, arching and bowing. Guests visiting the master's door, not straight into the first knock or shout the door, the master or shout please enter, or go out to meet. The host invites the guest to the upper seat, hands tea and cigarettes, the guest said thank you. When the guests leave, the host sends them to the front door, where they salute and say goodbye to each other. When neighbors see each other, they greet each other with "Good morning?" and "How are you? "How are you?" "Have you been busy lately?" They greet each other with "Good morning?", "How are you? Before and after dinner, they often ask, "Have you eaten yet?" Before and after dinner, we often ask "Have you had your soup?".

To ask for directions, first get off the car (or ride), differentiate between age characteristics, and address each other with respect, such as old man, old lady, auntie, oldest brother, sister-in-law, youngest brother, sir, comrade, etc., and then ask questions. After asking a question, you will say "Thank you" or "Thank you for your trouble". Most of the time, the other party will reply, "No thanks" or "Nothing". If you have done something wrong to someone else, you often apologize by saying, "Blame me," "I'm sorry," or "Please forgive me.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the People's Republic of China ****, in the organs, factories, schools, stores, etc. to carry out the activities of the five and four beautiful (civilized, polite, hygienic, orderly, moral; beauty of the heart, the language, the behavior of the beauty of the environment), and the selection of the "civilized units" every year. In both urban and rural areas, "Five Good Families", "Good Daughters-in-Law", "Good Husbands", and "Good Mothers-in-Law" are constantly being promoted, "good father-in-law", "good sister-in-law" and other activities to evaluate excellence.

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