What are the measurement methods of accounting?

What are the measurement methods of accounting in the new accounting standards?

5 types: 1. Measurement of historical cost. Historical cost, also known as actual cost. Historical cost measurement means that the various assets of an enterprise should be accounted for at the actual cost incurred when they are acquired or purchased. The so-called actual cost is the actual cash or other equivalents paid when a property or material is acquired or manufactured. There are two measurement bases regarding the historical cost of assets and liabilities as follows:

One is the historical cost recognized by cash-settled operations. Refers to the recognition of historical cost in accordance with the cash paid for the purchase of assets, that is, the enterprise purchases an asset in accordance with its market value of the purchase price paid and its incidental costs and so on the full amount. For example, the historical cost of materials purchased by an industrial enterprise is recognized on the basis of the purchase price paid at the time of purchase, transportation costs (after deduction of a certain percentage of value-added tax), loading and unloading costs, insurance costs and other miscellaneous costs, reasonable losses during transportation, picking and sorting costs prior to warehousing and taxes. Second, the historical cost of non-monetary assets determined at fair value. Under historical cost measurement, the recorded value of an asset is measured at the fair value of the consideration paid to acquire the asset. It may also be recorded directly as actual cost based on the fair value of the asset. Article 15 of the new "ASBE No. 3 - Investment Property" stipulates that "when an investment property measured using the fair value model is converted to a property for own use, the fair value at the date of conversion shall be used as the book value of the property for own use, and the difference between the fair value and the original book value The difference between the fair value and the original book value shall be recognized as profit or loss for the current period". 2. Measurement of replacement cost. Replacement cost, also known as current cost, is the amount of cash or cash equivalent that would have to be paid to reacquire the same asset under current market conditions.3. Measurement of net realizable value. Net realizable value, is the net value in the normal course of production and operation, the estimated selling price less further processing costs and sales necessary to the estimated taxes and expenses.4. Measurement of present value. Present value is the future cash flows in accordance with certain methods discounted to the current value. It is mainly divided into the present value of compound interest and the present value of annuity.　5. Fair value measurement. Fair value is a price that is acceptable to both parties who are familiar with market conditions. Under fair value measurement, assets and liabilities are measured in accordance with the amount that would be voluntarily exchanged for assets or settled for liabilities in an arm's length transaction between two parties who are familiar with the situation.

What are the accounting measurements 5 points

1. Historical cost

2. Replacement cost

3. Fair value

4. Net realizable value

5. Present value

What are all the accounting measurements?

The main types of accounting measurement include: historical cost, replacement cost, net realizable value, present value, and fair value.

1. Historical cost

Historical cost means that the various assets of the enterprise should be accounted for according to the actual cost incurred when they are acquired or purchased. The so-called actual cost is the actual cash or other equivalents paid when a property or material is acquired or manufactured. Under historical cost measurement, assets are measured at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid at the time of acquisition or at the fair value of the consideration given for the acquisition of the asset. Liabilities are measured at the amount of money or assets actually received for a present obligation, or at the contractual amount of the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid in settlement of the liability in the ordinary course of activities.

2. Replacement cost

Replacement cost, also known as current cost, is the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid to re-acquire the same asset under current market conditions. Under replacement cost measurement, an asset is measured at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to purchase the same or a similar asset today. A liability is measured as the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to be paid now to settle the obligation.

3. Net realizable value

Net realizable value, also known as settlement value, is the net value of an asset in the ordinary course of production and operations at its estimated selling price, less the cost of further processing and estimated taxes and expenses required to make the sale. Under net realizable value measurement, an asset is measured at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that it would receive in a normal sale to the outside world, less the estimated costs to be incurred by the asset to completion, estimated selling expenses, and related taxes.

4. Present value

Present value is the current value of future cash flows discounted according to a certain method. Under present value measurement, an asset is measured at the discounted amount of future net cash inflows expected to arise from its continued use and eventual disposal. Liabilities are measured at the discounted amount of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be repaid over the projected period.

5. Fair value

Fair value is a price that is acceptable to two parties familiar with market conditions. Under fair value measurement, assets and liabilities are measured in accordance with the gold collar in an arm's length transaction in which both parties to the transaction who are familiar with the situation voluntarily exchange assets or settle debts. By arm's length transaction, it is meant that both parties are unrelated parties, have no special or particular interests, and have no incentive either to give preferential treatment to the other party or to violate the other party's interests.

The so-called familiar parties to the transaction means that both parties to the transaction understand the attributes of the asset or liability and are clear about where their interests lie. By voluntary, we mean that the buyer and seller are trading without being forced to do so.

When an enterprise measures an accounting element, it should generally use historical cost, and if it uses replacement cost, net realizable value, present value, or fair value measurement, it should ensure that the amount of the accounting element determined can be obtained and reliably measured.

I hope this helps you!

What are the elements of accounting methods?

The main methods of accounting: one, set up accounts, two, double-entry bookkeeping, three, fill out and review vouchers, four, registration of accounting books, five, costing, six, property inventory, seven, the preparation of accounting statements The main methods of accounting are as follows: Setting up accounts Setting up accounts is a specialized method of accounting for the specific contents of the classification of accounting and supervision. Because the specific content of the accounting object is complex and varied, to systematically account for and regularly monitor, it is necessary to carry out scientific classification of economic operations, in order to separate categories, continuous records, in order to obtain a variety of different nature, in line with the management of the information and indicators needed. Double-entry bookkeeping Double-entry bookkeeping refers to a bookkeeping method in which each economic operation occurs in equal amounts and is registered in two or more interconnected accounts at the same time. The use of double-entry bookkeeping method can fully reflect the ins and outs of each economic operation, and can prevent errors and facilitate the checking of the correctness and completeness of the bookkeeping records, is a more scientific method of bookkeeping. Fill out and audit vouchers Accounting vouchers are written proofs that record economic operations, clarify economic responsibilities, and serve as the basis for bookkeeping. Correctly filling out and reviewing accounting vouchers is the basis for accounting and supervising the financial income and expenditure of economic activities, and is the prerequisite for good accounting work. Registration of accounting books Registration of accounting books referred to as bookkeeping, is based on the audit of the accounting vouchers in the books of classification, continuous, complete records of the economic pieces of business, in order to provide complete and systematic records of economic operations for economic management, in order to provide complete and systematic accounting information for economic management. Bookkeeping records are important accounting information, is an important basis for accounting analysis, accounting inspection. Costing Costing is in accordance with a certain object collection and distribution of various costs incurred in the process of production and operation, in order to determine the total cost of the object and the unit cost of a specialized method. Product cost is a comprehensive reflection of the production and operation activities of an important indicator. Correctly costing, you can assess the production and operation process of the level of expenditure, but also to determine the profit and loss of the enterprise and the development of the basis of the product price. And for enterprises to make business decisions, provide important data. Property Inventory Property inventory is a specialized method of identifying the actual amount of property and materials by taking stock of the physical goods and checking the accounts. Through the property inventory, can improve the correctness of accounting records, to ensure that the accounts match. At the same time, it can also identify the custody and use of property and materials, as well as the implementation of various settlements, in order to take timely measures to clean up and strengthen the management of property and materials for backlogged or damaged materials and overdue payments. Preparation of accounting statements The preparation of accounting statements is a specialized method of reflecting the situation and results of the economic activities of enterprises and administrative institutions on a regular and general basis in the form of specific tables. Accounting statements are mainly based on the records in the books of accounts, after a certain form of processing and organizing to produce a complete set of accounting indicators, used to assess and analyze the implementation of financial plans and budgets, as well as the preparation of the next period of financial and budgetary basis. The above seven methods of accounting, although each has a specific meaning and role, but is not independent, but interlinked, interdependent, each other constraints. They constitute a complete system of methods. In accounting, these methods should be correctly applied. Generally after the occurrence of economic operations, in accordance with the prescribed procedures to fill out and review the vouchers, and the application of double-entry bookkeeping method in the relevant books of accounts; a certain period of time at the end of the production and operation of the process of the costs incurred in the costing and property inventory, in the books, accounts, accounts, accounts in line with the basis of the preparation of accounting statements based on the records of the books of accounts. Analysis and utilization of accounting data The analysis and utilization of accounting data is to analyze and compare the economic indicators reflected in the accounting data, determine the differences, analyze the reasons, and further improve the level of enterprise economic management. The above various specialized methods is a complete system, is interlinked, closely integrated. Must be a ring close to a ring, in order to ensure the smooth progress of the accounting work

Accounting measurement is what

Accounting measurement with monetary or other units of measurement of the economic operations and their results of the process. It is characterized by a relationship of quantities (primarily quantities of value expressed in monetary units) to determine the intrinsic relationship between items or events, or to allocate amounts to specific events.

Accounting measurement methods:

1. Historical cost

2. Replacement cost

3. Fair value

4. Net realizable value

5. Present value

What are the common modes of accounting measurement, and what are their contents? 10 points

The so-called accounting measurement: refers to the internal quantitative relationship for the accounting object to measure, calculate and determine, will be converted into a monetary expression of the financial information and other information to comprehensively reflect the enterprise's financial position, results of operations and cash flow position, that is, the completion of the balance sheet, the income statement and the statement of cash flows to recognize and measure the relevant elements of the financial statements, and to determine the monetary amount of the process. The process of determining the monetary amount.

First, the type of accounting measurement model and characteristics

(a) The traditional accounting measurement model is based on Marx's theory of labor value, measured in nominal currency, based on historical cost of this measurement model that only the exchange of commodities, the value of its value can be measured by the socially necessary labor time, the exchange of inputs in order to get value-added, and only in the exchange of inputs, the value of the inputs in order to get value-added, and only in the exchange of inputs, the value of the inputs in order to get value-added. The purpose of input value in an exchange is to add value, and only on the basis of compensation for the preservation of input value can value added be considered. For different accounting objects, the choice of different units of measurement and measurement attributes, you can form different alternative measurement models, such as: historical cost / nominal currency, current cost / nominal currency, current market price / nominal currency, net realizable value / nominal currency, the present value of future cash flows / nominal currency, historical cost / constant purchasing power of the currency unit, current cost / constant purchasing power of the currency unit , Current Market Value/Constant Purchasing Power Currency Unit, Net Realizable Value/Constant Purchasing Power Currency Unit, Present Value of Future Cash Flows/Constant Purchasing Power Currency Unit.

(ii) introduce the characteristics of several common or possible accounting measurement models

1, historical cost / nominal currency. This accounting measurement model is based on the assumption of monetary measurement, the principle of matching and the principle of robustness, its advantage is that it has a strong objectivity, verifiability, and is conducive to the fulfillment of the duty of custody of assets. The disadvantage is that it does not take into account the changes in the value of money, can not adapt to the changes in the economic environment, can not reflect the real financial situation of enterprises, is not suitable for the development of business and investment decisions.

2, historical cost / constant purchasing power of the currency unit.

This accounting measurement model and the historical cost / nominal currency measurement model, the difference is that it takes into account the general level of price changes, but did not take into account the changes in individual prices, and the choice of the general price index is more difficult.

3. Current cost/nominal currency measurement model. This accounting measurement model negates the traditional historical cost accounting measurement based on the assumption of monetary measurement, the measurement of the proceeds include the proceeds of asset replacement, belong to the value of inputs. Its advantage lies in the ability to correctly measure the enterprise's earnings, and to achieve the consistency of valuation in time and method, its disadvantage is that the real cost is difficult to determine, and the lack of vertical comparability between the statement items.

4, the current cost / constant purchasing power currency units.

This accounting measurement model attempts to eliminate the impact of individual price changes through the current cost measurement attributes, through the adjustment of the constant purchasing power of the currency unit to eliminate the impact of general price changes, so as to comprehensively solve the problem of price changes on the impact of accounting information, the shortcomings of the cost of obtaining accounting information is greater, the lack of objectivity and feasibility.

What are the accounting methods?

The main methods of accounting

First, set up accounts;

Second, double-entry bookkeeping;

Third, fill out and review the vouchers;

Fourth, registration of accounting books;

Fifth, costing;

Sixth, property inventory;

Seventh, the preparation of accounting statements;

Eight, Analysis and utilization of accounting information.

The first or second chapter of the book to have

What are the ways of measuring accounting elements?

Mainly contains five categories:

1, historical cost: also known as the actual cost, that is, the acquisition or manufacture of a property material when the actual payment of cash or other equivalents.

2, replacement cost: also known as the current cost, is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid to re-acquire the same asset in accordance with current market conditions.

3, net realizable value: refers to the normal course of production and operation, the estimated selling price less the cost of further processing and estimated selling expenses and related taxes, the net value.

4, present value: is the value of future cash flows discounted at an appropriate discount rate, is a measurement attribute that takes into account the time value of money.

5, fair value: refers to the amount in an arm's length transaction, familiar with the circumstances of the transaction between the two sides of the voluntary exchange of assets or settlement of debts.

What are the accounting methods?

The main methods of accounting: one, set up accounts, two, double-entry bookkeeping, three, fill out and review vouchers, four, register accounting books, five, costing, six, property inventory, seven, the preparation of accounting statements Setting up accounts Setting up accounts is a specialized method of accounting for the specific content of the classification of accounting and supervision. As the specific content of the accounting object is complex and diverse, to systematically account for its regular supervision, it is necessary to carry out scientific classification of economic operations, in order to separate categories, continuous records, in order to obtain a variety of different nature, in line with the management of the information and indicators needed. Double-entry bookkeeping Double-entry bookkeeping refers to a bookkeeping method in which each economic operation occurs in equal amounts and is registered in two or more interrelated accounts at the same time. The use of double-entry bookkeeping method can fully reflect the ins and outs of each economic operation, and can prevent errors and facilitate the checking of the correctness and completeness of the bookkeeping records, is a more scientific method of bookkeeping. Fill out and audit vouchers Accounting vouchers are written proofs that record economic operations, clarify economic responsibilities, and serve as the basis for bookkeeping. Correctly filling out and reviewing accounting vouchers is the basis for accounting and supervising the financial income and expenditure of economic activities, and is the prerequisite for good accounting work. Registration of accounting books Registration of accounting books referred to as bookkeeping, is based on the audit of the accounting vouchers in the books of classification, continuous, complete records of the economic pieces of business, in order to provide complete and systematic records of economic operations for economic management, in order to provide complete and systematic accounting information for economic management. Bookkeeping records are important accounting information, is an important basis for accounting analysis, accounting inspection. Costing Costing is in accordance with a certain object collection and distribution of various costs incurred in the process of production and operation, in order to determine the total cost of the object and the unit cost of a specialized method. Product cost is a comprehensive reflection of the production and operation activities of an important indicator. Correctly costing, you can assess the production and operation process of the level of expenditure, but also to determine the profit and loss of the enterprise and the development of the basis of the product price. And for enterprises to make business decisions, provide important data. Property Inventory Property inventory is a specialized method of identifying the actual amount of property and materials by taking stock of the physical goods and checking the accounts. Through the property inventory, can improve the correctness of accounting records, to ensure that the accounts match. At the same time, it can also identify the custody and use of property and materials, as well as the implementation of various settlements, in order to take timely measures to clean up and strengthen the management of property and materials for backlogged or damaged materials and overdue payments. Preparation of accounting statements The preparation of accounting statements is a specialized method of reflecting the situation and results of the economic activities of enterprises and administrative institutions on a regular and general basis in the form of specific tables. Accounting statements are mainly based on the records in the books of accounts, after a certain form of processing and organizing to produce a complete set of accounting indicators, used to assess and analyze the implementation of financial plans and budgets, as well as the preparation of the next period of financial and budgetary basis. The above seven methods of accounting, although each has a specific meaning and role, but is not independent, but interlinked, interdependent, each other constraints. They constitute a complete system of methods. In accounting, these methods should be correctly applied. Generally after the occurrence of economic operations, in accordance with the prescribed procedures to fill out and review the vouchers, and the application of double-entry bookkeeping method in the relevant books of accounts; a certain period of time at the end of the production and operation of the process of the costs incurred in the costing and property inventory, in the books, accounts, accounts, accounts in line with the basis of the preparation of accounting statements based on the records of the books of accounts. Analysis and utilization of accounting data The analysis and utilization of accounting data is to analyze and compare the economic indicators reflected in the accounting data, determine the differences, analyze the reasons, and further improve the level of enterprise economic management. The above various specialized methods is a complete system, is interlinked, closely integrated. Must be a ring close to a ring, in order to ensure the smooth progress of the accounting work. Editorial conditions 1, apply for general taxpayers, the tax bureau let you in accordance with the commercial application, which is related to the accounting method. If you are in accordance with the method of commercial accounting, you should apply for commercial general taxpayers. 2, industrial accounting revenue, cost accounting methods, steps: (1) the audit of production costs and expenses. (2) Determine the costing object and cost items, open the product cost ledger. (3) Allocation of elemental costs. Summarize the various factor costs incurred and prepare the various factor ...... >>