Pharmacologist Li Shizhen

Li Shizhen (about 15 18-1593), whose real name was Dongbi, was named Hushan in his later years. Qi zhou (now Qichun County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province) was one of the most famous physicians and pharmacologists in China in the Ming Dynasty. Li Shizhen was born into a family of doctors. Grandfather is "Dr. Bell". My father's name is yuechi county, and he is a famous local doctor. Influenced by his family, Li Shizhen loved medicine since childhood. Because of the low social status of medical practitioners at that time, Li Yanwen, a doctor's father, only wanted him to take the exam to worship his ancestors, and did not encourage him to study medicine. At the age of 65,438+04, Li Shizhen successfully entered the Jinshi, but it was difficult to achieve his goal after taking the provincial examination three times. At the same time, he became increasingly interested in medicine, so he decided to abandon Confucianism and become a doctor. At the age of 30, he became a local famous doctor. When the King of Chu heard about it, he hired Li Shizhen as a shrine to take charge of the affairs of a good yiguang. 1556 was recommended to fill the vacancy in Madam's Hospital and work in the capital Jinling for one year. After I resigned and returned to China, I built a new house on the north bank of Yuhu Lake, named "Red Garden", where I practiced medicine. When he was practicing medicine to save people, he found ancient herbal books, which were "troublesome to accumulate, with mixed names." Or one thing is divided into two or three products, or two things are mixed with one product "(Biography of Foreign History in Ming Dynasty). In particular, many toxic drugs are considered to be "long-lasting", which leads to endless disasters. Li Shizhen wrote to the imperial court many times, demanding to rectify medical books, but there was no reply. So he used a large number of medical books and a solid foundation of literature and history to personally sort out China's works on pharmacology in past dynasties. In the process of compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, the biggest headache for Li Shizhen is that the shape and growth of drugs are often confused because of the mixed names of drugs. In the past, cursive scripts were repeatedly explained, but because some authors did not go deep into actual investigation and study, they copied them from books and guessed on paper, so the more they explained, the more confused they became, and the contradictions multiplied, which made people unable to agree. So Li Shizhen, accompanied by his apprentice Pang Xian and his son Jian Yuan, went to Wan Li not far to observe and collect drug specimens. In addition to taking pains to collect medicines in various places and personally testing medicines, he also visited the famous doctor Su Ru, fishermen, farmers and other ordinary people everywhere to collect folk remedies. He first interviewed in his hometown of qi zhou. Later, he went out for interviews many times. Besides Huguang, I have been to many places in Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui. Taihe Mountain in Zhou Jun has also been there. Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, which is rich in medicinal materials, Sheshan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain and Niushou Mountain in Nanjing are also estimated to have his footprints. Later generations wrote a poem for this purpose, "A secluded place, exploring the flowers at the foot of the mountain", which reflected his life of trekking and interviewing everywhere. Thirty years later, Compendium of Materia Medica was finally written and revised three times, and it took 12 years. In the 21st year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1593), Li Shizhen died and was buried on the bank of Yuhu Lake, 2 kilometers southeast of qi zhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province. (Li See Li Shizhen Tomb) 1596, the third year after Li Shizhen's death, Compendium of Materia Medica was officially published in Nanjing. In addition, he also wrote Eight Veins of Strange Classics, Hu Ling Classics, Hu Ling's Collection of Simplified Formulas, Three Intersections and Kenan, Ming Men Kao, Five Organs Graph Theory and Hu Ling Medical Records, all of which have been lost except the first two. Compendium of Materia Medica is the largest and richest pharmaceutical work in the history of ancient Chinese pharmacy. The author is Li Shizhen of Ming Dynasty. The book was published in the sixth year of Wanli (1578) and the twenty-third year of Wanli (1596). Li Shizhen spent about 27 years compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, which was rewritten three times, and finally completed in the sixth year of Wanli (1578). In this process, Li Shizhen consulted more than 800 kinds of books, made many field trips and collected samples, which cost him a lot of hard work. Compendium of Materia Medica is based on Syndromes Materia Medica written by Tang Shenwei in Song Dynasty. In the thirty years since the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1765), pharmacologist Zhao Xuemin wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, aiming at sorting out and revising it, in which 7 16 kinds of medicinal materials were added and16 kinds of drugs were added, and 34 mistakes were corrected. Compendium of Materia Medica (52 volumes) contains 65,438+0,892 kinds of drugs (including 374 new drugs in Li Shizhen), 65,438+065,438+009 pictures of drugs and 65,438+065,438+0096 prescriptions (of which more than 8,000 are Li Shizhen). Each drug is divided into the following items: description (determination of name), centralized description (description of place of origin), right and wrong (correction of mistakes in past literature), treatment (processing method), odor, indication, invention (the first three items refer to analysis of drug's function), and attached prescription (folk prescription collection). Plant medicine 88 1 species, appendix 6 1 species, * * 942 species, named unused plants 153 species, accounting for 58% of all drugs. Li Shizhen divides plants into five parts: grass part, valley part, vegetable part, fruit part and headquarters, and divides the grass part into nine categories: mountain grass, vanilla, wet grass, poisonous grass, creeping weed, water grass, stone grass, Carex and weeds. This classification method was unique in the world at that time. The evaluation of Compendium of Materia Medica has improved the traditional classification method in China, with unified format and more scientific and accurate description, which is of great significance to the development of animal and plant taxonomy. Compendium of Materia Medica corrects many mistakes of predecessors, such as Nanxing and Zhang Hu, which were originally a kind of medicine, but were mistaken for two kinds of medicine in the past; In the past, it was considered that Mianma Guanzhong and female impotence were one kind of medicine, but Li identified them as two kinds after identification. Su Song divided smallpox and enclosed buildings into two places in "Illustration of Materia Medica", which are actually the same plant; Previous people mistakenly thought that "a horse can become a locked grandson" and "a grass can become a fish", and corrected them one by one. Moreover, many new drugs have been added to this book. Li Shizhen further described the efficacy of some drugs through his own experience. This book also contains a large number of precious medical materials, in addition to a large number of attached prescriptions, prescriptions and medical records, there are also some useful medical historical materials. This book is not only a pharmacological work, but also a natural history book with world influence. It covers a wide range of contents and has made certain contributions to biology, chemistry, astronomy, geography, geology, mining and even history. Darwin even praised it as "an encyclopedia of ancient China". However, due to the limitation of historical conditions and technical level, most items in Compendium of Materia Medica are not scientific enough. In Compendium of Materia Medica, it is said that lead powder is pungent, cold and non-toxic, but it is actually highly toxic. For example, the clothes and hats of the dutiful son, the ashes of the widow's bedside, the pillows of the deceased, the foot-binding cloth of the lazy wife (clothes are dirtier), the soil under the door, ancient mirrors, shoes under Xia Ling's bed, death ropes, straw sandals, men treating snake bites, women treating "five stranguria, yin and yang diseases" and human souls (souls after hanging themselves). In this part, Li Shizhen quoted many sayings such as Records of Farming and Notes on Materia Medica, and adopted the attitude of "No one can stay with him". In addition, Li Shizhen also refuted Chen Zangqi's Notes on Materia Medica, arguing that it is wrong to treat dysentery by eating human flesh. The dissemination of Compendium of Materia Medica has spread to Japan (1606), North Korea, Vietnam and other places. 1656, the Polish P. Michael Boym (16 12 ~ 1659) published Compendium of Materia Medica. The Italian translation was published in Milan on 1676, and was translated into French, German, English, Russian and other languages after 1735. European scientists such as Linnaeus have read this book.

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Do you want to ask Li Shizhen TV B, a pharmacologist who talks about side play, that the king of materia medica is a real person? The King of Materia Medica is based on the story of Li Shizhen. In the play, the Li Shizhen family, including parents, brother and sister, and disciple Pang Xian, are all real people in history, not fictional. The well-documented "King of Materia Medica" mentioned the efficacy, medicated diet therapy and prescriptions of many medicinal materials, all of which were corrected by university professors and predecessors in the industry to ensure that the information was correct. There are many kinds of medicinal materials mentioned in The King of Materia Medica. Among them, there are few medicinal materials, such as bezoar. If you really regard it as a fake medicine, it's all wet. Some precious medicinal materials in the play were specially borrowed by the producers from established pharmaceutical factories, which opened the eyes of the audience. The medical officer's medicine box will bring a medicine box when he sees a doctor. There are hemostatic drugs, trauma drugs and licorice powder for general detoxification in the box, which is used for on-site first aid. The duties of medical officers are mainly divided into two categories. Medical officers above the imperial doctor will go to the inner palace to serve the emperor and concubines. Li Shizhen, as an official, served the princes and ministers outside the palace. This is for the emperor's personal use, and he will go to the Imperial Hospital as long as he is invited. If the princes and ministers want to invite medical officers to make house calls, they must be played by internal staff and get the "permission" of the emperor before the medical officers can make house calls. If you are an out-of-favor official, don't expect the medical staff to help you. It is strictly forbidden to tip medical staff after seeing a doctor. If you are rewarded by a royal minister, you must report it, and you can't accept gifts without permission. Corruption, whether ancient or modern, is absolutely not allowed. A medical family. Li Shizhen (Lin Wenlong), who abandoned Confucianism to become a doctor for three generations, was fascinated by herbal medicine research since he was a child, but he decided to abandon Confucianism to become a doctor for three times in order to take the imperial examination at the behest of his father. Shizhen thinks that serving the people is the main thing and sending medicine to the poor, which is very popular. He learned from Cang (Liao Qizhi), a strange doctor, and invented "steam disinfection", "cold compress" and "treatment of mad dog disease", which became famous in one fell swoop and laid the foundation for becoming a drug king in the future. During the epidemic, official pharmacies caught the wrong drugs, and there were many incidents in which profiteers sold fake drugs. So Shizhen decided to rebuild the materia medica of previous dynasties and let the world distinguish the authenticity. Powerful people suppressed it. Shi Zhen, who fled the world and became famous for her medical skills, entered the hospital. During this period, he was able to read a large number of books, enriching his materials for revising materia medica. I also got in touch with the acupuncture bronze man, who was able to study the eight strange meridians in depth and published the theory that "the brain is the home of Yuan God". Shizhen wants to rebuild herbalism from the emperor and put medicine and medicine into the right path. However, he was suppressed by the powerful minister Yan Song (Luo Lelin) because he tried to protest erysipelas. Yan Song tried to destroy the manuscript of Shi Zhen at the expense of Luo Zhi. As a result, Shizhen fled Taiyuan Hospital and started her escape career. Practice medicine in seclusion. Write a masterpiece. When she fled, Shizhen collected and studied herbs while practicing medicine in seclusion, and decided to spend her whole life completing Compendium of Materia Medica. While he was wanted, he still risked practicing medicine to save people. In order to treat patients who have been hit hard, Datura flower has been successfully developed into a whole body. Unfortunately, Shizhen was eventually arrested and imprisoned. Yan Song lured him to hand over the manuscript of Compendium of Materia Medica to save him from the death penalty. How did Zhen decide? There are two important women in Zhen's life, one is married wife Murong Wu (Li Shiyun), and the other is confidante Holly (Michelle Ye). Holly knows medicine, and in the experience of saving people with medicine, she falls in love with Shizhen and appreciates each other. Unexpectedly, my brother Guo Zhen (Wilson Tsui) also likes Holly, and is as deep as a brother with Shizhen, so he makes love and marries Mu Rong according to the agreement. When Jane got married, she found that Holly loved herself, and she hated her mistakes. One is a married wife and the other is a confidante. Shizhen is in a dilemma between loyalty and loyalty. How can he control himself?

Reference: TV City/Drama /the _ Herbalist _ s _ Manual/Information/Index.

Li Shizhen, whose real name is Dong Bi, was born in Qichun County, Hubei Province. Born in the 13th year of Zheng De (A.D. 15 18), he died in the 21st year of Zongshen Wanli (A.D. 1593). His family has been doctors for generations, and his grandfather is Dr. Bell. My father's name is yuechi county, and he is a famous local doctor. At that time, the status of folk doctors was very low. The Li family is often bullied by officials and gentry. Therefore, the father decided to let his second son, Li Shizhen, go to school and take exams, so that he could succeed once and get ahead. Li Shizhen was sickly since childhood, but his personality was straightforward and pure, and he couldn't learn those empty and boring eight-part essays at all. Nine years after he became a scholar at the age of fourteen, he went to Wuchang to take an examination of three people, all of whom came last. So he gave up his plan to be an official in the imperial examination and concentrated on studying medicine, so he begged his father to say, "I am twenty-three years old and I always fail the exam." You'd better let me study medicine! " "And expressed such determination:" If you swim against the current, your heart is stronger than stone. I hope that my father will be ambitious and will not be afraid of difficulties until he dies. " Li Yuechi finally woke up in front of the cold facts, agreed to his son's request and taught him carefully. In a few years, Li Shizhen really became a famous doctor. About 38 years old, he was summoned by the King of Chu in Wuchang and was appointed as the "temple official" in charge of the affairs of a good doctor's office. Three years later, he was recommended by his wife's hospital to go to Beijing for sentencing. Thai Hospital is a medical institution specially serving the imperial court. It was done by some quacks at that time. After only one year in office, Li resigned and returned to his hometown. In the past ten years, Li Shizhen has read many ancient medical books and discovered ancient herbal classics through clinical practice. "The number of products is annoying and the names are miscellaneous. Or one thing is divided into two or three products, or two things are mixed with one product "(Biography of Foreign History in Ming Dynasty). In particular, many toxic drugs are considered to be "long-lasting", which leads to endless disasters. So he decided to rewrite a herbal book. At the age of thirty-one, I started making wine. In order to "search for the poor and learn from the rich", I read many reference books. "I read the books collected at home, so I used the opportunity of practicing medicine to borrow them from rich and powerful people in my hometown. Later, he entered the Chu Palace in Wuchang and the Beijing Imperial Hospital. He read many books and became a "book fan". He described himself as "a long-time lover of classics and fond of chewing sugar cane" (the original preface of Compendium of Materia Medica). Gu Jingxing also praised him for "studying for ten years, staying at home, and learning without worry" in Biography of Li Shizhen. Indeed, he not only read more than 800 kinds of tens of thousands of medical books, but also read many historical, geographical and literary masterpieces, including Dunhuang classics and historical masterpieces. The complete works of several great ancient poets have also been carefully studied. He also extracted many poems about medicine. These poems gave him a lot of real and useful medical knowledge and helped him correct many fallacies of his predecessors in medicine. For example, "Fuxi" often appeared in ancient medical books. What do they mean? What's the difference? Pharmacologists in past dynasties have different opinions and debates. Li Shizhen quoted two sentences from Qu Yuan's Lisao: "I will compete with a chicken for food" and "I will be like a duck to water", pointing out that the poet's juxtaposition of "I" and "I" proves that they are not a kind of bird. According to the description of their different living environments in the poem, he proved that "Emu" is a domestic duck and "Fu" is a wild duck with different medicinal properties. Qu Yuan's poetry and prose fu became the eloquent basis for Li Shizhen to research the name and reality of drugs. In the process of compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, the biggest headache for Li Shizhen is that the shape and growth of drugs are often confused because of the mixed names of drugs. In the past, cursive scripts were repeatedly explained, but because some authors did not go deep into actual investigation and study, they copied them from books and guessed on paper, so the more they explained, the more confused they became, and the contradictions multiplied, which made people unable to agree. For example, Tao Hongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, said it was grass, like ephedra, but it was blue in color and had white flowers. In Song Dynasty, Ma Su thought it was like Qing Dynasty and accused Tao Hongjing of not knowing it at all. Another example is a medicine for treating the dog's spine. Some people say it's like bitter pill, some people say it's like depilatory pill, and some people say it's like transdermal pill, which is very inconsistent. There are many similar situations, and Li Shizhen has to write them down again and again. How to solve these problems? Inspired by his father, Li Shizhen realized that it was necessary to "read thousands of books", but it was more necessary to "take the Wan Li road". Therefore, he not only "gathered in the White House" but also "visited the Quartet" to conduct an in-depth investigation. Li Shizhen put on straw sandals, took up his medicine basket, and accompanied by his apprentice Pang Xian and his son Jian Yuan, walked a long way in Shan Ye, visiting famous doctors and scholars, looking for folk prescriptions, observing and collecting medicinal specimens. He first interviewed in his hometown of qi zhou. Later, he went out for interviews many times. Besides Huguang, I have been to many places in Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui. Taihe Mountain in Zhou Jun has also been there. Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, which is rich in medicinal materials, Sheshan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain and Niushou Mountain in Nanjing are also estimated to have his footprints. Later generations wrote a poem for this purpose, "A secluded place, exploring the flowers at the foot of the mountain", which reflected his life of trekking and interviewing everywhere. Everywhere Li Shizhen went, he humbly asked all kinds of people for advice. Among them are herb gatherers, farmers, fishermen, wood cutters and hunters. Enthusiastically help him understand all kinds of drugs. For example, Brassica is a commonly used medicine to treat diseases. But what is this? Shennong's herbal classics are unclear, and the annotations are also unclear. Li Shizhen asked an old man who grew vegetables. Under his guidance, he inspected the real thing and realized that Brassica was actually rape. This kind of plant, planted in the first year, blooms in the second year, and its seeds can be oiled. Therefore, this medicine has a clear annotation in his Compendium of Materia Medica. Li Shizhen pays great attention to observing the morphology and growth of drugs during interviews in various places or in his own medicine nursery. Agkistrodon acutus, a white snake from qi zhou. The medicine has the effects of treating wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea. Li Shizhen studied it for a long time. But at first, I just observed it from the snakehead. The insider reminded him that it was caught from the mountains of Xingguo House in the south of the Yangtze River, and it was not a real viper. So what does a real viper look like? He consulted the snake catcher. The man told him that the fangs of Agkistrodon acutus were extremely poisonous. People who have been bitten should amputate their limbs immediately, otherwise they will die of poisoning. It is very valuable because it has special effects on the treatment of the above diseases. State officials forced the masses to risk their lives to catch them in order to pay tribute to the emperor. Qi zhou is so big, in fact, only Longfeng Mountain in the north of the city has real vipers. Li Shizhen got to the bottom of it. He wanted to observe the viper with his own eyes, so he asked the snake catcher to take him to Longfeng Mountain. There is a cave, surrounded by rocks and shrubs. Heather, wrapped around shrubs, can be seen everywhere. Agkistrodon likes to eat heather leaves, so it lives in this area. Li Shizhen looked everywhere regardless of the danger. With the help of the snake catcher, I finally saw the viper with my own eyes and saw the whole process of catching and making snakes. Because of this in-depth practical investigation, he later wrote a discussion about Agkistrodon halys in Compendium of Materia Medica, which was handy, concise and accurate. It is said that the shape of the Agkistrodon is: "The dragon head is a tiger's mouth, with black and white flowers on its side, 24 Fang Shengwen, rosary spots on its abdomen, four fangs on its mouth, Buddha nails on its tail, one or two points long, and its intestines are like beads"; It is said that the process of catching and making Agkistrodon acutus is: "Eat its flowers and leaves on the heather so that people can find it." "Sprinkle a handful of sand first, then stand still and take it with a fork. Hanging with a rope, cutting the abdomen with a knife to take out intestinal substances, and then washing the abdomen upside down to cover the wound. It is supported by bamboo, bent and coiled, and tied to the kang. At the same time, I also figured out the difference between Agkistrodon halys and Agkistrodon halys from other places: "If you leave the ground, your eyes will not sink, and if you are elsewhere, you will not sink." "The description of the various situations of the viper is so clear, of course, due to careful field investigation. Li Shizhen's understanding of drugs is not satisfied with a cursory investigation, but one by one, and compared with the real thing. This clarifies many specious and ambiguous drugs. In his words, it is "one by one, quite true" and "list all kinds of products and look at them again and again". At that time, the "Langmei" produced by Wulong Palace in Taihe Mountain was described by Taoist as eating "immortal fruit". They pick them back every year and pay tribute to the emperor. The government forbids others to pick them. Li Shizhen doesn't believe the story of Taoist priest, so he should try it himself and see how the attack works. So, regardless of the opposition of the Taoist priests, he took the risk of picking one. It is found that it has the same efficacy as ordinary peaches and apricots, and can produce fluid to quench thirst. It is a deformed elm fruit, which has no special attack effect. Koi fish, or pangolin today, is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Tao Hongjing said that it can be amphibious, climb rocks during the day, open its scales to play dead, lure ants into the armor, then close the scales, dive into the water, and then open the armor to let ants float out and swallow. In order to know whether Tao Hongjing's statement is correct, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to observe. With the help of woodcutter and hunter, he caught a pangolin. Cut off about a liter of ants from its belly, which proves that Tao Hongjing is right. However, he found from his observation that when pangolins eat ants, they scratch and lick their nests instead of luring ants into their armor and swallowing them in the water. Li Shizhen affirmed Tao Hongjing's right side and corrected his mistakes. In this way, after a long and arduous on-the-spot investigation, Li Shizhen found out many difficult problems of drugs, and completed the compilation of Compendium of Materia Medica in the Five India Years of Wanli (AD 1578). The book is about 6.5438+0.9 million words, 52 volumes, 1892 kinds of drugs, 374 kinds of new drugs, more than 10,000 exhibitors, and more than 10,000 drawings. It is an unprecedented pharmacological masterpiece in China. Among them, many mistakes have been corrected, and outstanding achievements have been made in many aspects such as animal and plant taxonomy, and contributions have also been made to other related disciplines (biology, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, astronomy, etc.). Darwin praised it as "an encyclopedia of ancient China".

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