Environmental Protection Witness Part I: Green "Butterfly Change" in Linwu 36 Bay Mining Area

Thirty-six Bay is a beautiful name, famous for its mines and pollution. No one thought that this name would go down in history because of the Xiangjiang river defense war, which was a tough battle against pollution. Thirty-six Bay Area is located in the northwest mountainous area of Linwu County, located in the upper reaches of Ganxi River, with a mining area of 48 square kilometers.

Linwu County is located at the junction of Hunan and Guangdong in the south of Hunan Province, between Jiuyi Mountain and Qi Tianshan Mountain at the northern foot of the eastern part of Nanling Mountain. It is called "Yue Wei" and is one of the oldest counties in southern Hunan. Lin Wuyi was established in the Warring States period, and the county was established in the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu. According to the water mirror, Wuxi is in the east of the county, so it is called Linwu County. The county covers an area of 1375 square kilometers with a total population of 320,000. Historically, Linwu was an ancient post castle in southern Chu, the only way for the ancient Central Plains to reach Guangdong, and a bustling place for business and home ownership.

Linwu county is rich in mineral resources. There are more than 50 kinds of minerals in 9 categories with proven reserves, accounting for 1/3 of the known minerals in the province, including non-ferrous metals 1 1 species, rare metals 165438 species, 7 kinds of dispersed elements, 2 kinds of ferrous metals and 6 kinds of nonmetals, with a total of 90 deposits. In addition, it is also rich in calcium carbonate, optical fluorite, Iceland spar, crystal stone and other special non-metallic minerals, among which the hsianghualite world is unique and enjoys the reputation of "national treasure"; Calcium carbonate has high purity, large reserves and good prospects.

Sanshiliuwan area is the main concentration area of nonferrous metal mines in Linwu County, which contains lead, zinc, tin, tungsten, copper, gold, silver, lithium and indium. The content of lead, zinc, tin, tungsten and other non-ferrous metals is relatively high, among which the mineral resources are lead 220830 tons, zinc 10040 tons, tin 68345 tons and tungsten 68345 tons respectively. The adjacent Xianghualing mining area is located in the middle of the east-west rare metal metallogenic belt in Nanling, and 45,200 tons of tin deposits have been proved, reaching the scale of large-scale deposits. Tin ore occurs in Tuziling biotite granite body and Devonian sandstone and limestone outside it. In addition, hydrothermal tin deposits and layered lead-zinc deposits have been discovered.

Hsianghualite is the first new mineral discovered by geologists in China, named after Xianghualing, Linwu County, Hunan Province. Xianghualing in China is a unique giant panda which looks like an animal, and is known as a "national treasure". Tian Tong Temple is located in Xianghualing, with an altitude of1594m and a square garden of about 100 square kilometers. Tiantongshan, where Tian Tong Temple is located, is rich in seasonal Tiantongyu and seasonal jade with a small amount of kaolinite, montmorillonite and other minerals. It is delicate, crystal clear and rich in colors, usually white and yellow, red, brown, gray and blue. According to the preliminary investigation by Hunan Nonferrous Geology Exploration Institute and Hunan Geological Science Research Institute, Tiantong jade is rich in reserves.

Thirty-six Bay area has a long mining history. According to relevant historical records, copper was mined and smelted here as early as the Five Dynasties in China, that is, in 907 AD. Later, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, namely 1573- 1602, tin and arsenic mines were discovered in Li Taiping. During the 300 years from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there were 34 large and small companies with more than 20,000 people mining tin, sulfur and arsenic here. By 1949, according to the volume calculation of many old mining holes left on the mountain, at least 10000 tons of tin ore has been mined.

Second, what happened to Bay 36?

According to statistics, there are two sets of figures to look at the status quo of the 36 Bay mining area since the reform and opening up:

1994, there were 126 colored mines in the 36th bay area, of which 16 had an output value of 5 million yuan.

In 2008, there were 19 enterprises with mining licenses in 36 Bay Area. At that time, there were 8 1 enterprises holding mining licenses in linwu county, including 28 coal enterprises and 49 non-coal mining enterprises (35 nonferrous mines, 0 graphite mines, 0 quarries 1 3). There are 19 non-ferrous mining enterprises in 36 Bay Area, accounting for more than half of the 35 enterprises in the county. The average annual coal mining is 6.5438+0.5 million tons, and non-ferrous metal mines are more than 80,000 tons.

At the beginning of 2008, when I was working in Linwu, I made several unannounced visits to the 36 Bay mining area. Due to the impact of the ice disaster, the cascade concentrator built on the mountain is all over Shan Ye, some factories have collapsed, and some have been in disrepair for a long time. Honeycomb mines are everywhere, some have been blocked and some are still being mined. Tailings ponds built on mountains abound. Some have no retaining walls, and the hillside is full of dumping. In Man Ku, some tailings dams pile up into mountains. Mud turbid water, waste residue and tailings, all kinds of garbage, are everywhere.

Along almost vertical mountains and cliffs, there are honeycomb-like tunnels and cascade concentrator built along the mountain. It is hard to imagine how they were built. The living area and working area in the mining area overlap each other, and the factories of various enterprises overlap each other. The miners shuttled between rows of sheds, which was amazing. Dozens of simple wire ropeways in the air string the hills together, and the hopper car shuttles back and forth with ore. The scene is worse than that described in American westerns. Under the rock wall on the hillside, there are more than a dozen streams and gullies flowing into Ganxi. Thousands of small mineral processing plants and blanket factories are densely distributed on both sides of streams and gullies, and heavy metals are re-selected. Mineral processing wastewater and waste residue are directly discharged into the gully, and the domestic feces and garbage discharged by thousands of mineral processing workers next to the gully are mixed together, which is a mess.

It is understood that in the heyday of mining in the 1980s and 1990s, the 36 Bay mining area was called "Little Hong Kong". At the peak, there were 65,438+10,000 gold prospectors from 9 provinces including Henan, Guizhou and Jiangxi. During the day, people are buzzing, machines are roaring, people come and go at night, lights are brightly lit, hair salons and night markets are brightly lit, and the title of "Little Hong Kong" spreads like wildfire.

The great wealth of industrial civilization, accompanied by the roar of the motor day and night, has continuously flowed into people's pockets, creating groups of rich people. The local people say that there are six billionaires and dozens of multimillionaires in the 36 Bay mining area. In 2008, I went to a village in Wanshui, where 36 Bay is located, and saw villas and luxury cars, which made people envy. At that time, I also heard that in order to win a piece of land in the village to build a house, several bosses actually paid tens of millions. It is conceivable that some people in the village are as rich as oil.

Driven by huge interests and getting rich, the 36 Bay mining area has become a battlefield for plundering resources, with a few people benefiting and most people suffering.

The pollution in the mining area of Sanshiliuwan directly polluted the Ganxi River at the foot of the mountain and hurt the villagers in Ganxiping Village.

Ganxi River is one of the rivers flowing into Xiangjiang River in Linwu County. It belongs to four tributaries of Xiangjiang River, one tributary of Xiangjiang River and two tributaries of Fuling. It is the mainstream of the surface of Sanshiwan mining area, which originated from Tiantong Temple. It flows through Xianghualing Mine, Ganxiping and Tanxiaping from the source. The total length is17.5km, and the drainage area is 58.79 km2. The source area of Ganxi River is a high mountain area with steep slopes and good vegetation. The middle reaches are the 36 Bay mining area, where mining is concentrated, human activities are frequent, vegetation is seriously damaged, waste ore tailings are impacted, and soil erosion is intensified, which leads to the flooding of the Ganxi River, the banks of which are often flooded, and the sediment accumulation is several feet thick.

According to local people, there are two sections of Yin River downstream of Ganxi River, which enter the underground river at Tanxiaping, return to the ground from the south side of the immersion pool after about 650 meters, then enter the underground river from the west side of the immersion pool for about 1200 meters, and then return to the ground to enter Taojia River. In fact, the middle and lower reaches of Ganxi River belong to karst landform with dense natural caves. The tailings wastewater from the mining area for many years is directly poured into the cave, which has immeasurable influence.

Ganxi River is a sweet river, named for its sweet streams. In reality, Ganxi River is a sewage ditch, which is seriously polluted by tailings and wastewater discharged by mining and dressing enterprises in Na36 Bay mining area. For work reasons, I worked in 200 1, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 201,201,20 13, 20/kloc-. I have argued, quarreled and scolded here, and I have been bitter for more than ten years. Before 20 13, the scene I saw here was like "Mars", which shocked my soul and was the most polluted place I had seen in environmental protection for more than 20 years. What a shock! Not only polluted the local area, but also seriously affected the Xiangjiang River.

Three, thirty-six bay reconstruction war

In the recent thirty or forty years, Sanshiwan mining area has been accompanied by great wealth, which is a little-known disaster. The mine owner changed crops one after another, leaving dark mine holes and devastated mountains. Tailings rich in heavy metals are like "time bombs", threatening the water environment in Xiangjiang River Basin. Waste rocks, waste sand and waste residue piled up everywhere are washed away by rain, and the turbidity current of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, tin and arsenic seriously exceeds the standard flows to Ganxi River, the fourth tributary of Xiangjiang River, through the two estuaries of 36 Bay.

The mountain is fragmented, the pollution is shocking, and the governance needs a heavy punch. Since 2006, the Ministry of Land and Resources, the Ministry of Supervision and the Ministry of Environmental Protection have supervised the listing of Chenzhou 36 Bay. The Hunan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government have repeatedly issued "death orders" to the Provincial Environmental Protection Department and Chenzhou City, and listed 36 Bay as one of the "main battlefields" for heavy metal pollution control in Xiangjiang River.

Under the heavy pressure, there is no retreat for the renovation of 36 Bay, and it can only be successful, not failed. A "shock therapy" rectification storm swept through, and thousands of mining and dressing enterprises in the mining area closed down. 2,870 factories were burnt down, illegal telephone poles 1 146 were blown up, 3,500 pieces of destroyed equipment were dismantled, 29 criminal cases were filed and 87 people were detained. With the courage of a strong man to break his wrist, the illegal mine in 36 Bay was completely destroyed, and more than 89,000 miners were sent home. The former "Little Hong Kong" fell into silence.

In 2008, I was posted in Linwu to be responsible for environmental protection and other work, and personally participated in and led a team to carry out the centralized special rectification of "Hundred Days Battle" in all mining areas in the county. In this year, a total of 70 illegal rebound mines1/kloc-0 were closed and destroyed. Among them, in the renovation of Xianghualing 36 Bay mining area alone, thousands of law enforcement team members were organized and 36 large-scale concentrated actions were carried out to crack down on illegal rebound in mining areas. The wellhead of 53 historical mines was permanently closed according to the standard, hundreds of illegal concentrator and thousands of blanket factories were destroyed, and more than 2,000 burned sheds were demolished. This year, I deeply realized the importance of treating mines first, mining first, chaos first and ancestors first.

In 2009, the mining order and environmental pollution control in Sanshiliuwan mining area achieved phased results. However, with the gradual recovery of mineral prices, illegal mining has revived. In order to consolidate the rectification results. Our department also organized and carried out three centralized law enforcement actions, especially focusing on the behavior that the concentrator of No.238 Team of Xinglong Mine resumed production without authorization directly discharged tailings wastewater to pollute drinking water sources, taking on-site law enforcement, stopping the production of concentrator, blowing up production equipment and forcibly dismantling power supply facilities. It is a great shock to the illegal mining and dressing enterprises in 36 Bay, and it has been supported and welcomed by the surrounding people.

In addition to strict law enforcement and concentrated attack, the renovation of 36 Bay mining area also focuses on three major events: law enforcement, separation of mining and dressing, and pollution control. The first is the law enforcement mode. In order to prevent death and rebound, and promote the integration of governance, the responsibility mode of slicing and contracting the mine to the unit is implemented in the 36 Bay Mining Area to ensure that it is managed to die, manage and not rebound. The second is the separation mode of mining and dressing. In order to fundamentally solve the problems of indiscriminate mining, indiscriminate excavation and separation of mining and dressing, thoroughly solve the pollution problem, and explore the modes of resource integration, concentration of mineral rights, concentration of mineral processing and separation of mining and dressing, ten licensed mines were registered in the official shop of Waitang 36 Bay, and South Mining was established. Western Mining cooperated with Xiangxi Company to acquire 7 certified mines in the mining area. At the same time, promote the construction of Tulouchong centralized mineral processing project area and vigorously promote the separation of mining and dressing. The third is the pollution control model of Ganxi River. The comprehensive environmental improvement project of Ganxi River in Xianghualing Bay 36 will be included in the key project of heavy metal pollution control in Xiangjiang River and promoted.

Looking back on the rectification process, I still feel thrilling. Some mine owners once threatened that "whoever dares to smash the mine will be killed." Some mine owners also incited miners and the masses who did not know the truth and besieged law enforcement personnel. Some people even rolled stones down the mountain and threw petrol bottles when law enforcement officers boarded the ship, threatening to confront them. Personally, I have been besieged five times, and my tires were punctured when I made unannounced visits to the mining area. Fortunately, I was narrowly missed. These disturbances have not shaken my determination and confidence at all. After several contests, the illegal mining concentrator was defeated, and the renovation of the 36 Bay mining area achieved initial results.

Fourth, the thirty-six bays are "phoenix nirvana"

At the beginning of 20 10, I came back from Linwu for more than ten years. Although I have never fought in the front line, I have always been concerned about Linwu, 36 Bay and the changes in Linwu, especially 36 Bay.

20 10, 36 bay mining area was officially listed in the national key area of heavy metal pollution control in Xiangjiang river basin.

20 13 sanshiwan mining area management has entered a new stage and faces new opportunities. The management of Sanshiliuwan mining area is included in the category of "No.1 Key Project" for ecological protection and restoration of Xiangjiang River Basin and Dongting Lake in Hunan Province.

In 20 14, pollution control in the mining area of 36 Bay and Taojiahe River Basin, a tributary of Xiangjiang River, was listed as one of the five key remediation areas in Xiangjiang River Basin, and an implementation plan for comprehensive prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in 36 Bay was compiled, and 30 comprehensive remediation projects in 36 Bay Area were started.

In 20 15, the first three-year action plan ended, and the report card handed over by 36 Bay Mining Area was: the river water quality in the mining area exceeded the standard from the whole line to the short-term seasonal standard, the prominent safety problems of some tailings ponds were alleviated, and the problems of safe drinking water and water conservancy facilities polluted by heavy metals in some areas were gradually solved.

20 18, Sanshiliuwan Mining Area successfully applied for the third batch of national ecological protection and restoration pilot projects of scenic forests, fields and lake grasses. 4,500 mu of forests and grasslands will be added or restored through the implementation of projects such as restoration of damaged mountains and water bodies. Eliminate hidden dangers of geological disasters and repair the regional ecological environment. By 2020, the project management area will reach 289 square kilometers.

20 13 linwu county integrates the gem resources in Tian Tong, promotes the development of gem industry to specialization, scale and brand, and promotes the sustainable development of gem industry. By the end of 2020, Gemstone Industrial Park has settled in 20 enterprises/kloc-0, with a total industrial scale of1500 million yuan.

The restoration and treatment of 36 Bay mining area provides a good reference for the treatment of abandoned non-ferrous metal mines. We should not only control the increase of mine ecological environment problems, but also actively reduce the stock of mine ecological environment problems, truly implement the protection of "one mountain, one water, one grass and one tree" and show new achievements in ecological civilization construction.

Today, the Thirty-six Bay has become the "Hanging Garden" in Linwu, and the introduction is also full of confidence: the Thirty-six Bay is rich in minerals, pleasant in climate and beautiful in scenery. Rhododendrons are everywhere, and exotic flowers and grasses are everywhere.

There are thirty-six wonders in the bay. It is frozen in the twelfth month and covered with white catkins. A zigzag road melted by feet, like a golden road in Huang Cancan, extends evenly and symmetrically to the horizon on the ridge, as if there is no end.

The beauty of 36 Bay lies in hiking. Starting from the soles of Bai Yuling's feet, every bay has a story and every bay has a scenery. The stream in the mountain stream, the singing of birds, the sound of waves in the alpine meadow and the ringing of cattle bells form a cheerful "alpine symphony" here. Some people say that going to 36 Bay is not for sightseeing, but for listening to music.

At the beginning of 20 18, when I returned to Bay 36, I saw the unique and beautiful wind tower looming, and the azaleas all over the mountains formed a beautiful and moving picture, which made me relaxed and imaginative.

Thirty-six bays conform to the "evolution" of the times, and the phoenix is nirvana and reborn. The green "butterfly change" has been realized.

? Liu Shuai is in Changsha.

? 20215 August