Who knows the growth experience of Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty to unify China. Won the surname, Zheng Ming. Born in Zhao, also known as. 13 years old, king. At the age of 22, an adult coronation ceremony was held in Yongcheng, the old capital. From then on, he officially ascended the throne, and at the age of 39, he completed the historic cause of reunifying China and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first 246 years, the King of Qin won the throne because the young government was in charge of the Empress Dowager and the Prime Ministers Lv Buwei and Lao Ai. In the first 238 years (the ninth year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ruled personally, getting rid of Lu, Mao and others, and reusing Li Si and Mao. From 230 BC to the first 22 1 year, the six countries of Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi were destroyed successively, thus completing the great cause of reunifying the whole country and establishing the first unification. After reunification, the title of "emperor" was established, and it was called the first emperor.

Someone's (unfortunate) fate

According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was the daughter of general Zhao. Before she gave Qin Shihuang, she was a concubine. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, Zhao Ji became pregnant in December and gave birth to Ying Zheng, but in fact she was the illegitimate child of Lv Buwei and Zhao Ji. According to the research results of modern medicine [source request], it is rare to be pregnant for twelve months; At the same time, menopause as a sign of pregnancy will also be suspected by strangers. So it is possible that Sima Qian made mistakes in Historical Records. ) Ying Zheng is an underrated son of protons. He spent his boyhood in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace.

all one's life

ascend the throne

In the third year of King Zhuangxiang (247 BC), King Zhuangxiang died and Ying Zheng ascended the throne as King of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was old and afraid of being discovered by him, he gave false eunuch Laoyi to the Queen Mother. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children, and Laoyi, a false eunuch, assumed the title of Wangfu, made a long letter, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Laoai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and has established a huge force.

In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai used the decree to launch a rebellion and attack the Hall of Prayer for the New Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3,000 chosen men in the Qi Dynasty Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and made them public. Put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu.

Later, although the nobles of the State of Qin listened to their words and issued an "expulsion order" to expel the diners from the six countries, they were discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion" and later appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.

United China

From 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of far-reaching and near-attacking, divided and alienated from each other, and launched the war of Qin destroying six countries. Qin Shihuang destroyed Korea in 17 years, Zhao in 18 years, Wei in 22 years, Chu in 24 years, Yan in 25 years and Qi in 26 years. Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established.

Build the Great Wall

After the Qin dynasty destroyed the six countries, it began to build the Great Wall in the north, collecting more than 400 thousand civilian workers every year. At that time, productivity was extremely low, men could not cover their stomachs with hard work, and women's textiles could not cover their bodies. So it is not surprising that so many people have been recruited to engage in unproductive labor, resulting in incalculable deaths, thousands of corpses lying everywhere, and rivers of blood, so it is not surprising that five out of ten households want to rebel. The folklore of "Meng Jiangnu cried down the Great Wall" also reflects the complaints of ordinary people about the construction of the Great Wall from one side.

The Great Wall built at that time was not the Great Wall we see today (the Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty), but a rather unstable rammed earth wall. Qin Changcheng's main purpose is to mark the boundary between Xiongnu and Xiongnu, but it has no substantive defensive function. Moreover, the Xiongnu was not strong at that time, and the first emperor sent Meng Tian to send hundreds of troops to attack the Xiongnu. Later generations commented on this: "attack from afar, be greedy from outside, be broad without worrying about its harm." Not long after Meng Tian's death, Xiongnu easily crossed Qin Changcheng, not only recovered the original lost land, but also occupied Yan, Dai and other counties. To sum up, it is still a controversial topic whether the Great Wall itself is meaningful in the war against nomadic people in later generations, but at least in the Qin Shihuang era, it did not play any role except wasting national strength.

centralized rule

Launched an incident of burning books and burying Confucianism.

At that time, hundreds of schools of thought contended in society, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's thought of unifying the people of six countries and threatened the rule of the Qin Dynasty. So, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all hundred schools of thought's works except the legalist, until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, which was known as "burning books".

In the second year after the book burning began, that is, 2 12 BC, Qin Shihuang killed more than 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists in Xianyang, Qin Dou at that time, in order to further repel different political ideas and opinions, which was known as "pit Confucianism" in history.

fleshpots

Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, there were many palaces, but during the period of unifying the six countries, the construction was even stronger. Every time a country is destroyed, it is necessary to copy its palace buildings near Xianyang, and the total area has reached an amazing level. The whole Guanzhong area, from the north of Weihe River to the east of Yong Men, to the Jinghe area, is full of palaces.

After reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, formerly known as Epang Palace) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers are employed every year. Although some people argue that these people are guilty, the proportion of 700 thousand is amazing compared with the national population of only 20 million at that time. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly composed of the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation of this palace was only completed in the Qin Dynasty.

In addition, there are Xingle Palace and Liangshan Palace.

According to Three Ancient Stories, there are "145 Chinese and foreign temples" in the State of Qin. According to historical records? The chronicles of Qin Shihuang recorded "300 palaces inside Shanhaiguan pass, more than 400 palaces outside Shanhaiguan pass", "within 200 Li of Xianyang" and "270 palaces".

Where there is a palace, there must be a beautiful woman. When the Six Kingdoms perished, beautiful women from all countries were plundered and put into the built palaces. According to Sanfu's old records, the total number of ladies in the palace is more than 10,000, and they are angry. Moreover, after the death of Qin Shihuang, most of these ladies-in-waiting were forced to die.

Lishan Tomb was built when the King of Qin ascended the throne. It lasted for more than 30 years and was built by 700,000 workers every year. The tomb now preserved has a circumference of 2000 meters and a height of 55 meters. The interior decoration is extremely luxurious, the roof is cast in copper, the mercury is the rivers and lakes, and the organs are full. Moreover, the craftsmen who built the mausoleum were buried alive after the completion of the mausoleum.

die

In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang returned to the plain and fell ill. Going to the sand dunes (now northwest of Guangzong, Hebei Province), Qin Shihuang died of illness. Zhao Gao colluded with Qin Shihuang's youngest sons, Hu Hai and Reese, forged testamentary edict and made Hu Hai Prince of Qin Ershi. And gave the prince the death penalty.

National construction

Shortly after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he began to send people to design and build the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. After the unification of the six countries, the luxurious Epang Palace was built immediately, with a maximum of 720,000 workers (imaginary number means a large number).

From 222 years ago, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale galloping road with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Running in the same lane, the implementation of "cars in the same track", with a width of 50 steps. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.

What happened in the office?

After the famous Korean family, Sean sent an assassin to assassinate Qin Shihuang in Bolangsha, but failed.

In order to seek the medicine of immortality, it is expensive to send the government to lead thousands of boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortality. ("Chu Tie" means that Xu Fu and boys and girls will never return after they reach their destination (that is, today's book), and Japanese minister Qin Shi is their descendant. However, we can see from the Historical Records and the History of the Three Kingdoms that this statement did not appear before the Eastern Han Dynasty. As for Xu Fu's "On Emperor Jimmu", there is no literature to test except that it is inconsistent with the age.

evaluate

He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.

Positive evaluation

When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "a hundred miles of land bows down" and "a thousand miles north". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.

Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen launched the Guang Uprising because of "the law of criticizing Qin", and his crime was a capital crime, which was supposed to reverse his conviction, but the law forced the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.

Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.

The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.

Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.

Negative evaluation

Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin.

Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in meritorious service, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, banned documents to make the law cool, raped before righteousness, and began tyranny.

Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.

Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, and he would do anything for power [14].

The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.

People related to it

Evonne

Qin Shihuang's mother is the closest woman to Zheng. She and Lv Buwei gave birth to Ying Zheng, and didn't let Zi Chu know. After Ying Zheng acceded to the throne, Evonne became the Empress Dowager, and Lv Buwei became the Prime Minister, continuing to commit fornication. Later, she committed adultery with others and gave birth to two sons. When Ying Zheng learned about this, he drove his mother out of the house without mercy. The ministers of Qin tried to protest, but he just wouldn't listen. And under a terrible order, anyone who has any objection to this matter will be shot! However, the ministers kept remonstrating, and the king of Qin called for killing many times, killing 27 ministers before and after, and the body was high under the city gate. Later, Mao Jiao risked his life to remonstrate. Ying Zheng learned that it was harmful to drive his mother out of the house, and personally welcomed the Queen Mother back to Xianyang. However, Evonne indulged in lust, which brought shame to Ying Zheng. He hated his mother so much that he had no scruples about the affection between mother and child, and then he was expelled from the house and confined to the palace. Thus, the king of Qin had a special aversion to prostitution. He strongly praised the chastity and integrity of Bashu widows. This kind of woman is his ideal mother image.

Jing ke

Qi people, whose real name was Qing, later moved to Wei, renamed He, and finally joined the State of Yan, surnamed Jing.

Jing Ke likes reading and fencing, but he was not appointed in Weiguo. He wanted to discuss fencing with Nie Gai, but he was turned down. Later, I had an argument with Lu Gou Kenji and ran away after drinking a few words. Finally, Jing Ke came to Yan State and met the local butcher who sold dog meat and Gao Jianli, a musician who built dog meat. Drinking and having fun with them all day, no one is watching. Although Jing Ke is an alcoholic, he also has some cultural knowledge, so he has a certain friendship with Tian Guang of Chu Shi.

When Taizi Dan fled from Qin to Yan, he was bent on assassinating the king of Qin. Under the introduction of Juwu, Taizi Dan met Tian Guang, and Tian Guang chose Jing Ke, the candidate to assassinate the king of Qin for Taizi Dan. Under Tian Guang's persuasion, Jing Ke agreed to be an assassin. Later, Tian Guang committed suicide to keep a secret. Prince Taizi Dan is very kind to Jing Ke, and gives him whatever he wants. For example, let him "throw a turtle with a golden tile", kill a swift horse, and give him horse liver to taste; One day at a cocktail party, Jing Ke saw a maid with beautiful hands and praised her. Who knows that after the banquet, Taizi Dan had the maid's hand cut off and gave it to Jing Ke.

Jing Ke didn't enter Qin, and Taizi Dan didn't dare to rush. It was only later that Wang Jian's army was besieged that Taizi Dan had to persuade him to act. Jing Ke was forced to ask for the map of Du Kang and the head of Fan, a fugitive from Qin State, to prepare Mrs. Xu's dagger (Mrs. Xu's name), take Qin Wuyang and go to Qin State in the name of offering Fan's head. On the way to Yishui, Gao Jianli went upstairs to see him off. Jing Ke sang: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever."

After going to the State of Qin, Jing Ke approached Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, in the name of Jin Fengtu, and took out the dagger hidden in the picture to assassinate the king of Qin. Perhaps his initial failure doomed him to failure. In spite of this, King Qin Ran walked around in a panic and looked very embarrassed. Reminded by the minister, he drew his sword three times and cut off Jing Ke's foot with one sword. So Jing Ke was hacked to death by the king of Qin instead. This is the origin of the idiom "try to get rid of poverty".

surname

Wei is a great man. The surname is unknown, only because he was once a captain of Guo Qin (in charge of military affairs) and was later called "Liao Wei". A famous military theorist and lobbyist. According to legend, Liao Wei once worshipped Guiguzi as a teacher and lived in seclusion in the mountains after his studies. Later, it was recruited by Wei Huiwang.

In the tenth year of the King of Qin (the first 237 years), he entered Qin to lobby and was used by Qin. It was he who proposed the diplomatic means of bribing senior ministers of the six countries. Ying Zheng admired Liao Wei's intelligence very much, and even gave him the same treatment as himself in clothes and diet. However, Liao Wei's evaluation of Ying Zheng is not high. His evaluation of Ying Zheng is that "bees have long eyes, birds fly and jackals ring" and "tigers have wolf hearts." Liao Wei is the author of a book with 24 articles. Expressed his various views on the war.