When is the annual severe cold? The origin and custom of the great cold solar terms.

When is the annual severe cold? The time of severe cold is 65438+1October 20th -2 1 in the Gregorian calendar every year. Great cold is the last of the 24 solar terms, and it is also the solar term that indicates the degree of cold weather.

In traditional solar terms, severe cold is extremely cold, but according to China's climate characteristics and meteorological data, 6 1% of the area is cold, 32% is cold, and the other 7% is basically the same as severe cold.

After the severe cold, it will be beginning of spring, and people will usher in the cycle of solar terms in the new year. This is what everyone often says: winter goes and spring comes.

The origin and custom of the great cold solar terms

The origin of the great cold solar terms

The Great Cold is the last of the twenty-four solar terms, and it is called "Great Cold" when the sun reaches 300 degrees of the yellow meridian around 65438+1October 20th every year. Great cold refers to extremely cold weather. "Timing the Weather" is quoted from "Three Rites and Righteousness": "Great cold is the middle, shaped by slight cold, so it is called great ... extremely cold, so it is called great cold."

At this time, the cold wave frequently goes south, which is the cold period of the year in most parts of China. The wind is strong, the temperature is low, and the snow on the ground does not melt, showing a cold scene of ice and snow. In ancient China, the Great Cold was divided into three stages: "One stage is chicken milk; Second, the symptoms of bird disease; Three times, the water is strong. " In other words, in the great cold solar terms, chicks can be hatched; Falcons such as eagles are in a state of strong predation ability, hovering in the air to find food to supplement their body energy to resist the cold; In the last five days of the year, the ice in the water has frozen to the center of the water, and it is the strongest and thickest.

During the severe cold solar term, the atmospheric circulation is relatively stable, and the adjustment period of circulation is about 20 days. When this circulation is adjusted, there will often be a wide range of rain and snow weather and strong winds to cool down. When the west of 80 degrees east longitude is a long wave ridge and East Asia is a coastal trough, under the influence of northwest wind flow control and constantly supplemented cold air, China will have a sustained low temperature.

The custom of severe cold solar terms

Weide abundant gourmet

According to the custom of our country, especially in rural areas, people are busy removing old cloth, pickling new year's vegetables and preparing new year's goods every cold festival. During the period from the Great Cold to beginning of spring, there were many important folk customs and festivals. For example, sumptuous food, kitchen sacrifices and New Year's Eve, and sometimes even the Spring Festival, the biggest festival in China, are all in this solar term. The cold solar term is full of joy and festive atmosphere, and it is a cheerful and relaxed solar term. Tail teeth originated from the custom of worshipping the earth god as "teeth"

The so-called second day of February is the first tooth. From now on, every second and sixteenth day is the "tooth", which happens to be the tail tooth on the 16th day of the twelfth lunar month. For example, on February 2nd, Weiya has spring cakes (called Runbing in the south). On this day, buyers and sellers will hold a banquet, and boiled chicken is an essential dish at the banquet. It is said that whoever the head of a chicken faces means who the boss will fire next year. Therefore, some bosses now generally aim at their heads, so that employees can enjoy delicious food and have a stable year after returning home.

Drink chicken soup

In the cold winter, Nanjing people's daily diet is more stew and soup. The severe cold has reached the ninth month of the lunar calendar, and the traditional eating custom of "one chicken" is still respected by many citizens' families. Nanjing people choose old hens, or stew them alone, or add ginseng, medlar, black fungus and so on. Drinking chicken soup in cold winter is really a pleasure.

In the twelfth lunar month, old Nanjing also likes to make soup, and soup dishes can be seen everywhere, with different practices. For example, the soup in the north tends to be thick, the soup in the south tends to be light and delicate, while the soup in Nanjing takes the long taste of the north and the south, which is neither too thick nor light, but fresh or sweet when it is fresh. Another reason why Nanjing people like to drink soup in winter is that raw materials are easy to get, complex and simple, valuable and cheap. Minced meat, tofu, yam, fungus, sweet potato, mustard tuber, etc. You can make it all into hot soup, with some coriander and some white pepper, so you can eat it all warm.

Welcome the new year.

The severe cold solar terms often coincide with the end of the year. Therefore, in this solar term, in addition to doing farm work according to the solar term, we have to rush about for the New Year-catching new year's goods, buying new year's goods, writing Spring Festival couplets, preparing all kinds of sacrificial supplies, sweeping away dust and cleaning things, preparing new year's goods from old cloth, curing all kinds of sausages and bacon, or cooking new year's dishes such as chicken, duck and fish.

At the same time, sacrifice ancestors and various gods to pray for good weather in the coming year. In the streets of the old cold season, people often rushed to buy sesame stalks. Because "sesame blossoms are getting higher and higher", on New Year's Eve, people scatter sesame stalks on the way outside for a walk, so that children can crush them, which is homophonic "stepping on the old". At the same time, the homonym of "crush" and "old" means "peace all the year round" and won a good New Year greeting. This also makes the great cold drive away evil and welcome auspicious festivals more intense.

Eat cold-dispelling cake

The custom of eating "Lianggao" has a long history in Beijing. Cold-dispelling cake is a kind of rice cake, not only because its glutinous rice has higher sugar content than rice, it feels warm all over, and it has the effects of warming up cold, moistening lung and strengthening spleen and stomach, but also because people choose to eat rice cake on the day of "great cold", which also means "high year", which means good luck, peace every year and rising step by step. "So, in the custom of old Beijing, on the day of the cold, the whole family eats rice cakes, which is auspicious and can dispel the cold, so it is called' dispelling cold cakes'.

In addition, in the cold season, people often snap up sesame stalks in the street. Because "sesame blossoms are getting higher and higher", on New Year's Eve, people scatter sesame stalks on the road and let children crush them, which is homophonic for "stepping on the old". At the same time, it is homophonic with "broken" and "old", which means "peace through the years" and wins a good year. This also makes the great cold drive away evil and welcome auspicious festivals more intense. With the coming of the Great Cold Festival, Daoxiang Village, Daoxiangchun, Gui Xiang Village and other time-honored brands have all launched their own "cold-dispelling cakes". At Cuiwei Store in Daoxiang Village, "Quhan Cake" was placed in the most obvious position on the counter.

Eat glutinous rice

In the vast areas of southern China, there is a custom of eating glutinous rice in severe cold. Although this custom sounds simple, it contains the life experience accumulated by predecessors. Because the cold weather is particularly cold, glutinous rice is a kind of food with high calorie and has a good cold-proof effect. There are many ways to make glutinous rice, which has the effect of tonifying the middle energizer and benefiting qi, so it is most suitable to eat glutinous rice in cold season.

Eat eight-treasure rice

Like slight cold, the severe cold solar term is also the solar term indicating the degree of cold, and it is also the last solar term in a year, followed by beginning of spring in the coming year. Because it is close to spring, it is still in a cold period in meteorological records, although it is not as cold as during the period from heavy snow to winter solstice and slight cold. Folklore calls it "slight cold and severe cold, cold becomes ice hockey". At this time, people are busy taking off old cloth, pickling new year's vegetables and preparing new year's goods, and they can already feel the scene of spring in the earth.

Eight-treasure rice, a custom food of severe cold and solar terms, is a Han food, which is popular all over the country, especially in Jiangnan area. Steamed glutinous rice, mixed with sugar, lard and osmanthus fragrans, poured into a container filled with fruit materials such as red dates, coix seed, lotus seeds and longan pulp, steamed and poured with sugar marinade. It tastes sweet and is a good holiday and hospitality. Eating eight-treasure rice in the cold season has the functions of invigorating spleen and qi, nourishing blood and calming the nerves, and is suitable for people with deficiency of both qi and blood, such as physical weakness, fatigue and fatigue.

Sacrifice to Kitchen God and pray for God's blessing.

It is a common custom to offer sacrifices to stoves in the off-year period. In the past, on this day, people would worship the statues of the kitchen god and his grandmother on the wall near the kitchen stove. .

Sacrificing a stove is a custom that has great influence and spread widely among Han people in China. In the past, almost every kitchen had a kitchen god. People call this god "Commander Bodhisattva" or "Commander of the Chef King", while people in the spring are generally called "Chef Maharaja". Legend has it that he is responsible for managing all kinds of stoves and fires and is regarded as the patron saint of the family. Kitchen shrines are mostly located in the north or east of the kitchen, with the idol of Kitchen God in the middle.

When people "send stoves", they will put candy, water, beans and socks on the console table in front of the kitchen god statue, and the latter three are mounts for the kitchen god to ascend to heaven. When offering sacrifices to the kitchen stove, you should melt the Guandong sugar with fire and put it on the mouth of the kitchen god, so that he can't speak ill of the Jade Emperor.

Welcome the new year, dust off and prepare for the new year.

The severe cold solar terms often coincide with the end of the year. Therefore, in this solar term, in addition to doing farm work according to the solar term, we have to rush about for the New Year-catching new year's goods, buying new year's goods, writing Spring Festival couplets, preparing all kinds of sacrificial supplies, sweeping away dust and cleaning things, preparing new year's goods from old cloth, curing all kinds of sausages and bacon, or cooking new year's dishes such as chicken, duck and fish.

At the same time, sacrifice ancestors and various gods to pray for good weather in the coming year. In the streets of the old cold season, people often rushed to buy sesame stalks. Because "sesame blossoms are getting higher and higher", on New Year's Eve, people scatter sesame stalks on the way outside for a walk, so that children can crush them, which is homophonic "stepping on the old". At the same time, the homonym of "crush" and "old" means "peace all the year round" and won a good New Year greeting. This also makes the great cold drive away evil and welcome auspicious festivals more intense.

Northerners skate.

Skating, also known as "ice play", is a traditional sports activity of people in northern China.

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Slight cold, dripping into ice, entering the coldest three or nine days of the year. Besides putting on more clothes to keep warm, everyone can skate if possible. In fact, skating is a sport with a long history in China. As a traditional sports activity of people in northern China, skating has a long history, but there is no exact research on its origin.

But there was a clear record of "ice play" in the Song Dynasty at the latest. According to the Book of Rites of Song Dynasty, the emperor at that time liked ice entertainment and "watched flowers and played ice" in the backyard. In the Ming Dynasty, skating was listed as a court sport. The Qing Dynasty was the golden age for the development of ancient skating in China.

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, a "big ceremony" was held on Taiye Pool from the winter solstice to March 9th every year. According to Textual Research on Sun's Old News, "In winter, when you visit Chen Bingxi, you get something from studying. Learn national customs with simple martial arts. " Emperor Qianlong also ordered court painters to draw many paintings on this theme.

The Ice Opera, jointly drawn by painters Zhang Weibang, Yao and Fu Longan, is an extremely precious cultural relic. The main picture shows figure skating and acrobatics on ice, which vividly shows people the superb skills of figure skating at that time: the ice skaters have different postures and show their unique skills, and they form a dragon, winding and circling, which is very spectacular. At that time, figure skating included big scorpions, Golden Rooster Independence, Nezha exploring the sea, flying swallows dropping thousands of pounds, acrobatics including archery, climbing poles, barbelling, flying forks, playing with knives, making sticks, making banners, performing handstands or pulling flags on poles, bars, shoulders and arms.