Classical Chinese in imperial examination

1. The common imperial language in ancient Chinese refers to those who choose in the imperial examination, and those who fail in the examination are called Luodi and Xia Di.

"Sacrifice to Sister": "After more than three years, I will return to China with a palace brocade." In ancient times, Jinshi had to wear a palace robe in the exam. "Wearing Gong Jin" here refers to China Jinshi.

"Sacrifice to Sister": "It probably means that Chang 'an has been admitted to the Ministry, and the letter will send news sooner or later. "It's another name for Ji, referring to the scholar who passed the exam.

Jinshi sees "Gong Kao". It is the highest reputation in the imperial examination. "

Gong's participation in the court examination was recorded as the top three and was called Jinshi. When you pass the exam, as long as you pass the exam, you will be awarded an official position, and the rest will be awarded an official position after three years of study.

See "Gong Kao" for the top scholar. The imperial examination system ranks first in the court examination, also known as Dian Yuan and Ding Yuan.

He, Wang Wei and Wen Tianxiang, famous poets in Tang Dynasty, were all selected by imperial examinations. Please refer to the article "Examination" of the meeting.

Juren will take the exam, the first one will be called Huiyuan, and the rest will be called Gong's. For the explanation, please refer to the article "After taking the exam".

Students (Jinshi) take the provincial examination, the first place is Jieyuan, the second to fifth place is Jingyuan, and the rest are called Juren. The first place in the Lianzhong Sanyuan Imperial Examination is Yuan, and the one who takes the first place in the rural examination, social examination and temple fair is called "Lianzhong Sanyuan".

According to statistics, at least sixteen people have won three yuan in a row in history. Ouyang Xiu's Oil Salesman mentioned that Chen Yaozi and his brother Chen Yaosou both won the first prize, while Chen Yaosou won the third prize.

Ding Jia refers to the first Jia in the imperial examination, the champion, the champion and three people, who are like a tripod, so they are called Ding Jia. The top scholar ranks first in Ding Family, so it is also called Dingyuan.

Gong, please refer to the article "Examination". Gong was admitted.

Please refer to the article "After the Provincial Examination" for your reference. Jurors admitted after taking the provincial examination.

Jurors may confer the position of magistrate. After the Scholars wrote Fan Jin's residence for the third time, he immediately gave him a silver and a house. Fan's father-in-law Hu Butcher immediately changed his face and praised his son-in-law as "the star in the sky", but Fan got the news and was ecstatic.

It shows that the ancients in China can be promoted and made a fortune after moving. Students are scholars. See the article "Freshmen's Internship".

Those who pass the college exam (children's exam) can be called students or scholars. For example, Wang Anshi's Shang Zhong Yong is "spread to a scholar in a township"

Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, avoided light and taboo, calling the scholar Cai Mao. The noun interpretation of eight-part essay is a style stipulated by the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is also called "Shi Wen, Knowing Yi, Knowing Yi, Interpreting Yi, Si and Wen".

This style has a fixed format, which consists of eight parts, namely, the topic, the topic, the beginning of speech, the beginning of stock, the beginning of stock, the beginning of stock and the end of stock. The number of sentences and sentence patterns in each part are also strictly limited. "Breaking the topic" specifies the meaning of two sentences; Three or four sentences "bear the title" and then "break the title" to explain; "Say" summarizes the full text, which is the beginning of the discussion; "Start" introduces the main body of the article; From "startup stock" to "tied stock" is the main part of eight-part essay, especially "intermediate stock".

In the four paragraphs of formal discussion, each paragraph has two parallel dual words, a total of eight shares, hence the name eight shares. The topic of eight-part essay comes from four books and five classics. The content of the eight-part essay should not go beyond the scope of the four books and five classics. It should imitate the tone of sages and convey their thoughts.

Both in content and form. After palace examination, the notices of the Golden List, the admission of the top scholar and the announcement of the ranking in the ancient imperial examination system were called Huang Jia and Jin List because they were written in yellow paper.

Most of them were ordered by the emperor, commonly known as imperial orders. Jinshi was called the number one scholar in the exam.

In the same year, people admitted to the same list in the imperial examination era called each other the same year. "frugal training shows health": "it was said that' it cannot be violated.

"The name of the Xia Academy, the place of sacrifice, the number of teaching. Hunan school name.

"Mencius Qi Huan Jinwen Shishi": "I would like to teach in order, and give it with the meaning of filial piety." The name of the school is in the Zhou Dynasty.

Mencius on Teng Wengong: "Set it as a study to teach it." The ancients often called the academy by Guo Zhixu, and the pre-Qin philosophers were divided into two categories: Chinese studies and rural studies.

Chinese studies are designed for emperors or princes, including Chinese studies and primary schools. The teaching contents of business schools and primary schools are mainly based on "six arts" (etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and mathematics), especially in primary schools.

Relatively speaking, rural studies and Chinese studies generally refer to local colleges and universities. Gong Xue, Xia Ji, was an institution of higher learning in the State of Qi during the Warring States Period, which was named after it was located under the capital Linzi Jiji.

At that time, Confucianism, France, Mohism, Taoism and Yin and Yang all gathered here. They began to debate, comment on current politics and give lessons to students. Mencius, Xunzi and other masters have come here to give lectures, which is an important garden for "a hundred schools of thought contend" during the Warring States period. Imperial academy was the educational management institution and the highest institution of higher learning in the feudal society of China.

From Wei and Jin Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, either imperial academy or imperial academy was set up, or both were set up at the same time. The names are different and the system has changed, but they are all the highest institutions to educate the children of princes and nobles. The students studying in this school are called imperial academy students and imperial academy students. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Because I entered the capital, I watched Tai Xue."

Preface to Send Ma Dongyang: "Dongyang Ma has been in imperial academy for two years." Imperial academy, please refer to the article imperial academy.

Imperial academy was founded in the Han and Wei Dynasties, renamed Guo Zi School in the Western Jin Dynasty and imperial academy in the Sui Dynasty. Since then, imperial academy and Imperial College have been called each other as the highest institutions with educational administrative functions. For example, imperial academy was established in the Ming Dynasty, but it was called "imperial academy" in the Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang.

Academy is an independent educational institution from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a place set up by civil or government officials to gather disciples to give lectures and learn knowledge. The four famous academies in Song Dynasty were Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Shigu Academy in Hengyang, Hunan and Yingtianfu Academy in Shangqiu, Henan. In the Ming Dynasty, there was "Donglin Academy" in Wuxi, which was called "Lindong Party".

In ancient times, it was a general term for officials in charge of academic affairs and government-run teachers. Such as offering wine, doctor, teaching assistant, promoting learning, studying politics, teaching, teaching guidance and so on.

The chief education officer in charge of imperial academy or Imperial College in ancient times. During the Warring States Period, Xunzi served as a wine sacrifice in Jixia Academy for three times, equivalent to the president of a contemporary university.

Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Xian Cui in the Ming Dynasty (author of Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Shi) both drank in imperial academy. Doctor was an official name in ancient times, but now it is a degree name.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was an official position in charge of books, classics and historical events, and later it became an official position specializing in learning or mastering an art, engaged in teaching and apprenticeship. Biography of the Three Kingdoms Monroe: "Do you want Qing to learn classics and be an evil doctor!" 《。

2. In the 34th anthology of The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the classical Chinese record of Tang Xuanzong's improvement of the imperial examination system was added.

In the fifth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, after Gong and Jinshi met in the countryside, imperial academy paid a visit to the former teacher, and the scholar began to ask for justice. There is a food department, officials and envoys who pay for more than five projects to read the ceremony. In seven years, Hong Wen, Chongwen and Guo Zi once participated in the breeding season. And note "Laozi's Tao Te Ching", saying that everyone in the world receives its books, and Gong Min destroys Shangshu and Analects of Confucius and tries Laozi. In addition, students under the age of twenty-five in Zhou Xian County and eighth-grade students under the age of twenty-one in Shu Ren, if they pass the classics and fail, are inspired by literary works and historians and become "Four Scientists". In other words, states and provinces are not allowed to try, and students are willing to listen.

In fourteen years, Li Ang, the foreign minister who took the exam, was regarded as a big shot. The emperor looked down on the foreign minister, so he moved the tribute to the Ministry of Rites, giving priority to assistant ministers. After that, the Ministry of rites selected scholars.

/kloc-in 0/9, I began to worship metaphysics and learn from Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi and Liezi, that is, Taoju. He was born in Beijing, the capital 100 people, and the country is impermanent. The rank is the same as that of the first country, and the class is as quiet as Ming.

In the past nine years, Tianbao has established the Wenguang National Studies Museum, with students as scholars. In the old days, two prisons were emphasized, and later generations were Lu Yi, Tong and Hua Weirong, but they were not admitted. Twelve years, is a tribute to the countryside, not by the state and the county scholar to raise people, do not give away. /kloc-when he was 0/8 years old, he stopped Laozi and added Zhouyi. Fourteen years, I returned home to pay tribute.

3. What does it mean that there were provincial examinations in ancient imperial examinations? 1. Having obtained the provincial examination is one of the ancient imperial examinations in China.

2. After obtaining the provincial examination, it shall be presided over by the examiner designated by Tiandi. All students, workers and supervisors in this province (including those who have never been an official or have never been abroad) are allowed to take the exam after passing the exam. In principle, it includes students who have passed the exam in Grade One and Grade Two and the top three students in Grade Three, but in fact, all candidates who have passed the exam, taken the exam and left the exam can take the exam.

3. After the imperial examination, the imperial court sent Hanlin and Bachelor of Cabinet to the provinces as examiners and presided over the provincial examinations. The examination content mainly includes four books, five classics, strategic questions, eight-part essay and so on. Every dynasty has different subjects. None of the provinces studying politics can preside over the provincial examination.

4. The provincial exams are held in August, so they are also called autumn exams and autumn exams. The regular subjects in the imperial examination are held regularly, and the general examination time will not change unless there are major events in the country.

5. Many provinces set up Gongyuan in the southeast of the city as the examination room for provincial examinations, and there is a big plaque with the word "Gongyuan" hanging in the middle of the gate.

6. Jurors in rural examinations, commonly known as Xiaolian, are Xie Yuan's names. After passing the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B section. When the list was released, it coincided with the fragrance of osmanthus, so it was also called Guibang. After the announcement, the governor presided over a banquet.

4. The story about the story of the imperial examination party.

Fang Qiao, Ling Xuan, was born in Linzi, qi zhou. Smart since childhood, well-read, diligent and bureaucratic, good at writing. When Ling Xuan was a teenager, he went to the capital with his father. At that time, Emperor Wendi was in power and the world was at peace. However, in his later years, Fang carefully analyzed the world and told his father privately: "Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has no merit, but only knows to confuse the people. Moreover, he is not a long-term solution for the country. All the scholars are indifferent to each other, but they are extravagant and will eventually destroy each other. Now this country is peaceful, but the day of its demise is waiting. " At the age of 18, he was promoted to Jinshi in this state and was named Feather Rider. Due to his father's serious illness all the year round, Fang has been waiting for him and is extremely filial. Only when the soldiers crossed the Weibei River can they avoid the military gate. As soon as they hit it off, like old friends in life, they were immediately asked to join the army as clerks. In order to repay the kindness, Fang made every effort to plan the military and political affairs. Every time the separatist forces were defeated, everyone in the army tried their best to find treasures and foreign objects, but Fang visited Yingjie people everywhere and recommended them to the king of Qin. Therefore, the adviser was very grateful for Fang's recommendation and served with all his heart in the general's mansion.

Fang has been in charge of military affairs in Qin Gong for more than ten years. Besides, he has been stationed in Ma Licheng, and the text is reasonable, and there is no draft. Emperor gaozu Li Yuan also appreciated Fang Lingxuan very much and said to his courtiers, "This man is proficient in tactics and is worthy of appointment. Every time I do something for my son (Shimin), I will be touched by my heart. Thousands of miles away, I still have face to see. " Later, Prince Li was demoted to Qin, and Fang and Du Ruhui were also demoted. On the eve of the "Xuanwumen Change", Li Shimin secretly summoned two people to enter the cabinet disguised as Taoist priests, and finally praised the plan. In the first year of Zhenguan, the official worshipped the secretariat order. In terms of reward for merit, Emperor Taizong took Fang, Wuji, Du Ruhui and Hou as the first class and was promoted to the Duke of Xingguo. Li Shimin's cousin Li Shentong refused to accept, saying, "When the volunteers set out, I arrived with my troops first. Now Fang Lingxuan, Du Ruhui and other knife and pencil collectors (this uncle dare not mention Sun Chang Wuji because he is the brother-in-law of Taizong; Dare not mention and Hou, both of them are military commanders, and the face of your old boxing brother is not immune. Instead, it ranked first and the minister was dissatisfied. " Li Shimin was also impolite, and retorted in court: "Everyone has his own interests. Uncle, although you came with troops, you are afraid of being killed by the whole company because of the disaster. You have never fought in person. Against Dou Jiande, you completely lost (and captured, Jiande Rende didn't kill him. Li Shimin didn't find his face); Then Liu Heita got up and you ran away. Nowadays, Ling Xuan and others have great merits, and they are strategizing to stabilize the country and attack Xiao He. Although there is no sweat, they can take the lead in making great plans. Uncle, your country's closest relative, I don't hesitate to reward you, but I can't enjoy it with the heroes because of my affair! " In a word, this uncle, who has suffered many defeats and wars, is ashamed to step down, which makes him lose face.

In the second year of Zhenguan, Fang changed the country name to Wei Guogong, served as the official of Shangshu, and supervised the revision of national history. Fang devoted herself to sleep at night. In addition, he is a well-informed official, with lenient laws, meritocracy and no care about meanness. Critics call him a good man. He has been a prime minister for fifteen years. His daughter is Princess Han, and his son's last love will be Princess Gaoyang. He is extremely noble, but he often feels inferior and dare not show off his pride. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan, he personally expedition to Korea in Liaodong and ordered Fang to stay in Beijing. In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan, Fang's old illness recurred. At that time, Li Shimin was in Yuhua Palace. When he heard the news, he ordered others to carry Fang to the throne with their shoulders. When they met, they burst into tears and choked. Emperor Taizong ordered medical treatment for his wife and provided Fang with royal meals every day. Emperor Taizong was beaming when he heard that his illness had improved. Hearing that his illness was getting worse, Emperor Taizong immediately looked sad. On his deathbed, Fang said to the philosophers, "Now the world is at peace, but the emperor's insistence on pursuing North Korea is a national disaster. I am not ashamed of my Lord's anger. If I don't say anything, I will die with hatred. " So he protested in the above table, demanding that Emperor Taizong put the world first and stop cutting Korea. Emperor Taizong looked at his watch. Princess Gaoyang, the other daughter-in-law, said, "This man is dying, and it is really rare to worry about our country." On his deathbed, Li Shimin shook hands with his deathbed and made his son Fang Yi the right-back corps commander and Fang Yi the third doctor, so that he could see his two sons' dignitaries when he was alive. Fang Lingxuan will laugh when he dies. When he died at the age of 70, it was a year of joy and loss. Taizong abandoned the court for three days and gave it to Qiu, saying that he was buried with Zhaoling.

Fang has always warned his sons not to bully others with a superior eye and not to be arrogant and extravagant, and collected the commandments of ancient and modern sages, wrote them on the screen and distributed them to all heirs, saying, "If you can pay attention to the above, it will be enough to protect yourself and become famous." The eldest son's room was inherited by immediate successor, who was a big official in the history of does in the early years of Emperor Gaozong. When Emperor Taizong was alive, the legacy of his second son as a son-in-law was very different from that of other royal sons-in-law, because his wife Princess Gaoyang was particularly fond of him and his gifts were different from those of his husbands. Princess Gaoyang is arrogant. After Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, she wanted her husband to inherit the title of Duke, so she wrongly accused him of being rude to herself (I don't know if he was flirting with her or disrespecting her). The emperor really attached great importance to it and asked my uncle to try Qu Wuji's case. All of a sudden, Princess Gaoyang and Fang tried to rebel. It's a pity that Fang was loyal to the whole life, and the family was finally tired by this vicious woman. The princess gave up on herself, and the palace left her love to punish her. Scholars were sent to Lingnan as criminals (golden branches and jade leaves, and from then on they became aborigines who spoke bird language). Thanks to his father's efforts, Fang Yi was finally saved from death and Shu Ren's name was cancelled.

It's a pity that Fang himself passed away, and this scarlet memorial tablet was ordered to withdraw from Taizong Hall, losing the qualification to enjoy it.

5. Did the imperial examinations in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties test fake ancient Chinese? On September 29th, 22:3 1 Tang Xiucai (the subject of "scholar" in Tang Dynasty, the requirement is higher than that of Jinshi.

The Official History of the Old Tang Dynasty records: "There are no scholars since the Tang Dynasty." It can be seen that although there is a family.

No one passed the exam. This subject was abolished in the era of Emperor Gaozong. )

Although there were many subjects in the Tang Dynasty, scholars tended to follow them, but only "Ming Jing" and "Jinshi". "Jinshi", especially the dispute between childe, became the item of imperial examination in Tang Dynasty.

There are three exams for Ming Jing by the Ministry of Ritual: first try to "paste the classics", try the oral exam and then answer three questions. In the early Tang Dynasty, "Jinshi" tried five ways of "current affairs strategy" and posted a "Great Classic".

All policies are first, all policies are fourth, and all stickers are second. It is stipulated in Tianbao Eleventh Middle School that if you try "Jinshi" once, those who can pass will try prose and try five strategies again, and all of them will pass and win the first place.

The system of "Jinshi" trying poetry and fu began in Tianbao, Xuanzong, and then changed to praise, discuss, express and praise, or try poetry and fu. Generally speaking, in the Tang Dynasty, "Jinshi Branch" paid more attention to poetry, which was called "Ci Branch".

In the late Tang Dynasty, the first act was poetry, the second act was theory, the third act was strategy, and the fourth act was pasting scriptures. Scholars and their first names are "No.1 scholar" or "Xiangtou".

Familiarization (Fa Ming) "Familiarization" tries seven laws and three orders, with all passes as the first and eight passes as the second. There were four laws in the Tang Dynasty: law, order, body and form. ) Ming characters (calligraphy) have an oral test first and are fluent, that is to say, I have not tried 20 pieces of Shuowen and Zilin, and eight out of ten are fluent.

Shu Ming tried the composition techniques of Nine Chapters and Zhou Xie, and the master and the emperor personally tried the system: a virtuous person can make a very good speech; Talent and knowledge are well-known physical users; Take a break from the words; Elegant ancient music department. These are all examinations specially held by the emperor, with the purpose of selecting special talents.

Jinshi in Song Dynasty was selected by the states and passed the examination of Jinshi Gift Department. Preliminary system: try to give a poem and a theory, formulate five strategies, post the Analects of Confucius ten times, and comment on the Spring and Autumn Period or the Book of Rites ten times.

The first system of the Nine Classics: 120 book stickers and 60 ink meanings. The five classics system: 80 stickers and 50 corrections.

Three rites: 90 Mohism, 90 Mohism 1 10, 300 Mohism, 50 Mohism in Shi Mao, 0/0 in The Analects of Confucius, 0/0 in Erya/kloc, and 0/0 in Zhouyi/kloc. Legal system in the early Ming dynasty: forty laws and regulations.

In the early Song Dynasty, scholars were selected from the Ming Classics of The Scholars. When Song Shenzong was in power, Wang Anshi suggested abolishing the Ming Classics and other subjects, and only retaining the Scholars. Jinshi does not test poetry and fu, but tests classics and righteousness.

In addition, the policy is still tested, and after the test fails, it will be tested by the Emperor Palace and then divided into five armor. In the examination of children of counties and counties in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the first place was trainee, also called scholar or student.

There are three kinds of students: the students with the best grades are the students with the best grades, followed by the students with the best grades. Freshmen are called middle school affiliated students. Sub-examination is a pre-test before taking the official imperial examination.

The first place in the provincial and township examinations is Juren, and the first place is Xie Yuan. It is held every three years in Qiu Wei, the provincial capital.

The first place in the does exam is Gong, and the first place is Huiyuan. In the spring of the second year after having obtained the provincial examination, it was held in the Ministry of Rites, so it was also called Li Wei and Chunwei.

The emperor personally tried the palace exam and won the scholar. The examination of the emperor's examiner is divided into three grades.

The first one is for Jinshi and, the second one is for Jinshi origin, and the third one is for Jinshi origin. The first one admitted three students, the first champion, the second runner-up and the third flower exploration.

The national special examination tribute is divided into: Sui Gong, Ngong, Bagong and Fu Gong. In the first year or two or three years, Lin, who was assigned by the local government for a long time, was born in imperial academy, and the school leavers were called Sui Gong.

Students who pay tribute at national celebrations are called benefactors. Every three years, students from all provinces are selected and sent to the central government to participate in politics, which is called "eight public".

After having obtained the provincial examination, he was admitted to the vice list and sent directly to imperial academy. His name was Vice Gong. As you can see, the test

This is the compilation of the first ancient historical document and some works tracing back to ancient deeds in China, and it preserves some important historical materials of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the early Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Shangshu was compiled by Confucius, but some articles were later added by Confucianism.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 28 articles, which were copied in the popular official script of the Han Dynasty, and were called Jinwen Shangshu. According to another legend, ancient history (only a few lost articles) and pseudo-ancient history presented by Meilian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (more than modern history books 16) were found in the wall of Confucius' residence during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

The popular Book of History is a combination of the Jin version of Book of History and the pseudo-ancient version of Book of History. Classics often talk about Shangshu (Author: Zhu Ziqing), which is the oldest recorded history in China.

The so-called taking notes is actually taking notes, just a special way. The comparison of notes is indirect, while the comparison of notes is direct.

Most of the notes are written according to the instructions. Although it needs to be slightly deleted, you don't have to bother. Notes need to be called "He said", which is difficult to cut, so it takes a lot of thought.

China's memorial was developed before the memorial. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty was mostly a question, but he could remember very little.

In the past two weeks, Jin Wen has mainly memorized words. It was not until the Warring States period that chronicles made great progress.

Ancient language and writing are probably integrated, and what is said and written can be called "words". Oracle Bone Inscriptions is called "Ci", and most of "Shangshu" are actually "Ci".

We think these words are all "elegant words" at that time, that is, Mandarin or Mandarin at that time. However, when it spread to later generations, this Mandarin or Mandarin became an ancient expression.

History books include Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, most of which are orders, that is, if they are announced to the public, a few are words told by the monarch and the minister. There are also notes, but according to recent people, most of them were made by people at the end of the Warring States period, so they should be read separately.

Those items are often called "oath" or "patent", and later generations will use the names "oath" and "patent" to represent this category. The usual order is called "patent" and the military is called "oath".

What you tell me is often called "fate"; I told you, it doesn't seem to be called a name, but occasionally it is called "Hume". Some of these words are recorded by contemporary historians and some are remembered by future historians; Contemporary historians may be based on news.

6. China Ancient Translation Network: What is the meaning of "Yuan Chao" in ancient imperial examinations? The ranking of imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty is divided into one, two and three, and the first place in the first class is Yuan Chao. See Volume 36 of Examples of Qing Dynasty and Chapter 3, Section 4 of Imperial Examination Record of Qing Dynasty of Shang Dynasty.

Yuan Chao's meaning is equivalent to the champion, but it is different from the champion. According to the feudal imperial examination system, the national examination was generally held every three years, so the champion was awarded every three years. The 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904) coincided with the seventieth birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi. In order to increase the festive atmosphere and select talents, Qing decided to add the national examination. Because this exam was a special excellent tribute exam, the first place was awarded to Yuan Chao, not the champion. -This year's Yuan Chao named Shou Pengfei won the first place in Chen Jia's college entrance examination.

The position of the number one scholar is the same as that of Yuan Chao, but throughout the ages, the number one scholar has robbed a lot. Yuan Chao was specially set up because of the seventieth birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi, and rare things are precious.

7. What are the imperial examinations? Since the Sui Dynasty, the subjects of imperial examinations in various dynasties have been constantly changing. From the changes in the subjects and forms of imperial examinations in different dynasties, we can see the orientation of the ruling class in employing people, and also reflect the demand for talents in different times. Wendi only asks questions, and Yang Di opens ten subjects.

There were many examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty, and the permanent subjects mainly included Ming Jing (Confucian classics), Jinshi, (law), (writing) and (arithmetic). In the Ming Dynasty, Jinshi had only one subject. The Qing dynasty attacked the Ming system, but also set up specialized (specialist), such as erudition, translation, economics and so on.

In addition to special subjects, the contents of Ming Jing and Jinshi are mainly Confucian classics. Different dynasties have different examination forms. In the Tang Dynasty, there were mainly Mo Yi, oral examination, sutra pasting, tactics and poetry. In Song Dynasty, there were Jing Yi, Strategical Strategy, Poetry and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, there was only one Jing Yi.

Mo Yi

The meaning of ink is a simple question and answer around the meaning of classics and notes. In a paper, there are often as many as 30 to 50 such topics. The oral test is an oral answer to questions like Mo Yi's.

Iron crystal

Sticking a classic is like filling in the blanks and writing it silently in a modern poem. The examiner selects a page from the famous works and prints a line on the test paper. According to this line, candidates should fill in the relevant context.

Cewen

Asking questions is discussing. Candidates express their opinions and put forward countermeasures according to the examiner's questions about morality or politics. Policy issues cover a wide range, including politics, education, production and management. It is more difficult than sticking scriptures and Mohism, and some of them have some practical value.

Poetry and Fu

Poetry and Fu, in the second year of Yonglong (68 1), some people thought that the Ming Scriptures copied more meanings and only talked about old strategies, but they still failed to show their true talents and practical learning. They suggested adding two articles (one poem and one fu), so they began the poetry and fu examination.

Jingyi

Confucian classics and righteousness are discussions around the meaning of books. If there is still room for candidates to play in policy making, there is no personal thought in Confucian classics, and candidates just follow the "sage book" designated by the court. Since the Song Dynasty, the meaning of Confucian Classics and Mohism has been replaced by Confucian Classics, but in the Ming Dynasty, Confucian Classics was simply tested, and scholars really entered a dead end of "dead reading, dead reading".