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A Good Neighbor of Miao and Dong Nationality —— Shui Nationality

brief introduction

Shui nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. At present, there are 345,993 people, mainly living in Sandu County, Libo, Duyun and Dushan of Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and Kaili, Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, with a few scattered in the west of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

The Shui nationality community is located at the southern foot of Miao Ling Mountain in the southeast of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and at the upper reaches of Liu Du and Longjiang River. With dense forests and picturesque scenery, it is suitable for the development of agriculture and forestry. It is the land of plenty and flowers in Guizhou Plateau. In folk songs, Shui people often describe their hometown as "as beautiful as a phoenix feather".

Shui people are engaged in agriculture, mainly planting rice. "Jiuqian Liquor" is the traditional liquor of the Shui people. The Shui nationality has its own calendar, which is basically the same as the summer calendar, except that the end of the year is August and the beginning of the year is September.

Lang.

Shui language belongs to the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. The ancestors of the Shui people once created their own characters, called "Shui Shu", which were similar in shape to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the inscriptions on bronze. It is an ancient Chinese character with a history of 2,000 years, but it has only more than 400 words, mostly used in witchcraft activities. These words are copied, and there is no block printing, but the calligraphy is basically the same everywhere. Most water people don't know each other. They use Chinese in their daily life.

history

The ancestor of the Shui nationality is a branch of the ancient "Baiyue". The Shui nationality has a historical origin with the ancient "Luoyue" clan developed by one of the tribes. Before Qin and Han Dynasties, many tribes lived in Lingnan area and southeast coastal area. In 2 14 BC, the Qin dynasty unified Lingnan, and the ancestors of Shui people gradually moved northward to the border of Guizhou and Guangxi. Sui and Tang dynasties were collectively called "Xi Dongman"; In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called "Liao" together with Zhuang and Dong nationalities. In the Song Dynasty, a "water-rich country" was established here, which was called "water-rich people" in history. Zhou's place name implies that people who call themselves "water" have formed. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/3rd century, a large number of Han people moved here; 13-17th century, a large number of Han soldiers were transferred here to guard and settle down, and their descendants gradually merged into the Shui nationality.

The name "Shui nationality" was first found in the historical records of the Ming Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, it was usually called "Shui Miao Family" and "Shui Family". After the founding of New China, the Shui nationality was officially named.

In the modern history of China, the Shui people wrote a brilliant chapter. 1855 10, Pan Xinjian led the armed uprising of the Shui nationality, put forward the resounding slogan of "no food and no taxes, overthrow the Qing Dynasty and enjoy peace", persisted in the struggle 16 years, and cooperated with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. From 65438 to 0909, Wu Chaojun led the uprising of the Shui nationality, Buyi nationality and Miao nationality. During the New Democratic Revolution, Deng Enming, the outstanding son of Shui people, was the only minority comrade in the first the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Congress. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Shui people also actively participated in the struggle led by local underground party organizations.

prescribe a diet

Shui people take rice as their staple food and like glutinous food. In addition, the Shui people also grow some miscellaneous grains such as wheat, corn, millet, barnyard grass, sweet potato and Mi Dou as supplementary food.

Shui farmers are not good at growing vegetables, so the varieties of vegetables are monotonous, and the most common ones are green vegetables, wide vegetables and big-leaf leeks. Aquarium pays more attention to aquaculture and fishery, so all kinds of livestock and aquatic products provide necessary meat food for aquarium life.

The sour soup of the aquarium is very distinctive, including spicy acid (made of pepper), hairy acid (made of tomato), fish acid (made of fish and shrimp) and stinky acid (made of pig and beef bones). Among them, spicy acid is the most commonly used. Spicy acid is made from fresh red pepper. The preparation method is as follows: clean fresh red pepper, add water and grind it into pulp with a mill, add a lot of sweet wine (or glutinous rice porridge), put it in a pickle jar, seal and ferment to get delicious sour soup. When eating, all kinds of vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, green vegetables, tender bamboo shoots, large-leaf leeks, wide-leaf vegetables, etc., are cooked and boiled with proper amount of acid. Paste Chili noodles, salt, and scoop a little vegetable soup to dip it in water. When eating vegetables, you should use water to eat them. They are delicious and appetizing. Cooking is rare, and I eat "hot pot" all year round. A large pot of sour soup dipped in water is almost a daily dish. Even if there is tofu, meat or fish occasionally, it is customary to add it to the dish and boil it in a pot.

Shui people love to drink, and every family will bake rice wine. Chinese New Year, celebrations or visiting relatives and friends are all inseparable from entertaining guests with wine. Aquarium hospitality has a long tradition, and taking turns is the cultural expression of hospitality.

Dress

Shui men wear blue shirts with big collars and small hats with melon skins, while old people wear long gowns with linings on their heads and leggings on their feet. Women wear blue-green, black-blue, round neck, lapels, wide-sleeved tops, trousers, knotted waist and embroidered blue cloth shoes.

Since the 1940s, the men's wear of the Shui nationality is not much different from that of the surrounding Han nationality, but women's wear still retains distinctive national characteristics. The yarn quality of Shuijia cloth (9000 Qing Bu) woven by Shui women is fine and uniform, and the dyed blue, blue and green are deep and washable, which has been well-known as early as a hundred years ago. The original printing and dyeing process of Shui soybean milk painting has a history of more than 700 years, and its printing and dyeing products are deeply loved by the masses.

Women's dresses of Shui nationality are mostly sewn with water armor cloth, without collars, big skirts, semi-gowns and long gowns. Robes are knee-length and generally have no embroidered edges. Holiday and wedding costumes are completely different from usual. Shoulders and cuffs on wedding dresses, embroidered ribbons on trousers and knees, and colorful patterns on headscarves. Wear a silver crown on your head and a silver collar around your neck. Wear a silver bracelet on your wrist, a silver elegant collar on your chest, silver earrings on your earlobe, and embroidered shoes on your feet. Brides usually dress up beautifully and elegantly. In addition, women's embroidered suspenders are more artistic. It is said to be a "belt", but it is actually a gorgeous embroidered "T"-shaped "curtain" with belts on both sides of the upper end. The curtain is big enough to wrap the child. It is made by winding a white ponytail with white silk thread, adding silk threads of other colors, respectively embroidering various patterns, and finally splicing the embroidered patterns onto the strap fabric. Straps are beautiful and practical, and they are the best gifts for mothers to give to their married daughters.

Before marriage, Shui women like to make leisure robes with light blue, green or gray fabrics, and their tops are mostly satin. The sleeves of the clothes have shrunk compared with the past, and they look neat and curvy. The embroidered apron on the chest and the long green and white cloth scarf on the head are elegant and quiet. The cuffs, shoulders and trouser cuffs of married women are decorated with blue lace. Long hair is combed into a coil on the top of the head and inserted into the comb from the right to fix it. Some women wear white scarves horizontally outside headscarves, and some directly wrap their heads with plaid square scarves, which is traditional and fashionable.

Wedding customs and etiquette

The marriage custom of the Shui nationality has a strong traditional color and pays attention to the marriage of the Ming media. Before marriage, young men and women can make friends and fall in love by singing in festivals and fairs. Even if it is a free love, it must be a marriage reported by the media, otherwise it is impolite and will be discriminated against. Young men and women should ask someone to tell their parents after they fall in love. If the parents show their willingness, the man invites the matchmaker to the woman's house to give gifts and betrothal, and chooses an auspicious day to send someone to carry the piglets to the woman's house to "eat some wine." At the formal wedding ceremony, the big pig was carried to the woman's house to "eat big wine". Toast song should be sung at the party. Every time the hostess sings a song, the guests have to drink a glass of wine to show their hospitality by getting drunk. Family members of both men and women do not attend wedding banquets and send-offs. Except for a few places where the bride's brother carries the bride to her in-laws' house, most of them are dressed brides walking in front with a deliberately torn red umbrella, followed by the best man, bridesmaids and long queues carrying dowry. Usually leave her family at noon and enter her husband's house at six or seven in the evening. I can't enter the door until it's auspicious. Relatives of the groom's family go out to hide before the bride enters the house, and the bride can't go home until she enters the house. On the wedding night, the bridesmaid accompanied the bride, and the bride returned to her family the next day. After the wedding, the groom will invite the bride back and start the life of husband and wife. Some brides visit for the first time for a month or two, which is called "sitting at home". In fact, it is a remnant of the custom of "curtilage" marriage. On the way to the bride's wedding, thunder is the most taboo, so the wedding is held in autumn and winter.

Civilian residence

The residential area of Shui nationality is located in subtropical zone, which is rainy and humid. In addition, the forest is dense, and jackals, tigers, leopards and wild boars often haunt. Living in "Gan Lan" residence can avoid the invasion of wetlands and wild animals.

Aquarium wooden buildings are generally divided into two floors. The lower floor is the load-bearing part of the whole superstructure, so the footing should be repaired first. According to the performance of the frame structure of the wooden house, the foundation of the house only needs to be stabilized with stones according to the terrain, and generally it is not necessary to trim the foundation plane. The lower column is thicker (generally more than 30cm in diameter), and the mortise of the column is connected vertically and horizontally with purlin. The thick logs at the top of each row of bottom columns are used as beams, and there are cushions between the beams, commonly known as "floor pillows". The pillow is covered with a wide floor (mostly made of pine or maple) to form a flat floor. Generally, the upper roof truss has five columns and four melons (or eleven purlins) in each row, and there are also five columns and six melons (or fifteen purlins). Mulou is a bucket-through structure, and purlins form a net between columns. In particular, the toe buckle of the upper roof truss column is fishtail-shaped, which is the most outstanding creation of aquarium carpenters in dry fence construction. This fishtail "fighting angle" structure of the column foot buckle firmly fixes the orientation of each column. At the top, each row of stigma and melon head is clamped with purlin, and the joints of each part are riveted with tenons, which makes the building firm and stable. The lower abutment column and beam must correspond to the upper bent, commonly known as "column top column", to give full play to the compressive performance of wood.

The immortal hero Deng Enming.

Deng Enming is the most famous aquarium figure in China and even in the world. He has such influence for two reasons. First, he is the representative of China * * *, and everyone who knows how China * * * was founded knows him. On June 28th, 20001year, the State Post Bureau of the People's Republic of China issued a set of commemorative stamps entitled "Early Leaders of China * * * Production Party (Part I)". Deng Enming's glorious image is on the third stamp, and anyone who collects stamps or receives emails from this stamp will know him.

Deng Enming, formerly known as Deng Enming, was born in a family of aquarium workers in Shuipu Village, Libo County, Guizhou Province. 19 17 autumn, after graduating from primary school, due to family difficulties, I went to Shandong Province to take refuge in my second uncle and entered Jinan Provincial No.1 Middle School. In the May 4th Movement, he embarked on the revolutionary road and was elected as the leader of a middle school student autonomy association, the minister of publishing department and the editor-in-chief of the school magazine. During this period, he and Comrade Wang Enbomei became comrades-in-arms and further accepted Marxism–Leninism. 1920 1 1 month, organized Lixin society, founded Lixin bimonthly, and participated in the organization of Shandong * * * production group. 192 1 July, together with Wang Enbomei, attended the first national congress of China * * * as a representative of Shandong, and went to Moscow the following year to attend the first congress of the Far East production party and national revolutionary groups. After returning to China, he successively served as secretary of Qingdao Municipal Party Committee and Shandong Provincial Party Committee, and led the strikes of Ji Jiao railway workers and Qingdao Japanese cotton mill workers. 1927 Secretary of Shandong Provincial Party Committee. 1928 12 was arrested by the Kuomintang reactionaries in Jinan and led the escape struggle. 193 1 April 5, 2008, died heroically at the age of 30. As a proletarian revolutionary, Deng Enming's reputation is immortal, and his spirit is immortal.

religion

In the past, people believed in animism and worshipped many gods. It is believed that ancient trees, boulders and Jing Quan all have gods. Life and death, disease, famine, etc. They all invite wizards to recite scriptures and sacrifice ghosts and gods, especially fish sacrifices. At the end of 19 and the beginning of 2 10, Catholicism was introduced, but there were not many believers.

In some remote mountainous areas, the Shui people have the custom of hanging animal bones to worship the gods. After hunting tigers, leopards, wild boars, bison, bears and other animals, people used to hang horns or skulls neatly on walls or doors. In some places, when slaughtering cattle to worship ancestors, horns are still hung, which makes wild animals and ghosts daunting and afraid to enter the village to infringe on people and animals. At the same time, it also shows the wealth of the family and the hunting skills of the owner.

Unique production customs

Shui nationality economy is a typical type of rice farming in mountainous areas. As early as 150 years ago, paddy fields occupied more than 80% of the cultivated land in the aquarium area. In agricultural production, Shui farmers still maintain some special customs. Judging from today's green agriculture, some practices are worth learning and popularizing.

Accumulation and fertilization of fertilizers. At present, although Shui farmers also use pesticides and fertilizers, the high cost and pollution are obvious disadvantages. In order to increase and use farmyard manure more, aquarium farmers generally use the method of cattle stepping on fertilizer to accumulate fertilizer. When they raise cattle for leisure, they keep them in captivity, put the leftover grass in the pen, and add padding soil in time, so that the cattle can mix the manure and grass soil together to make fertilizer.

Rake tool Raking the field is to rake the mud in the field and level the paddy field, so that the rice can have loose growth soil and receive water evenly. In particular, Shui farmers harrow their fields with "boat harrows" and "stone harrows". "Boat rake" is a wooden boat rake, about 1 m long. The "bottom" is flat, with wooden teeth or bamboo teeth on the outside of the bottom. If people pull the rake, the "boat" is filled with earth or stones to suppress it; If the cow pulls the rake, people will stand on the "boat" and drive. A stone rake is a rectangular stone strip. Both ends of the stone bar are drilled and pulled by ropes, and the bottom of the stone bar is engraved with thick lines. The main function of the stone rake is not to rake the field, but to level it.

Irrigation. Irrigation in the Shui nationality area benefits from nature. Build ponds or dams in valleys higher than paddy fields to store water, and then open canals to divert water for irrigation, or directly lead mountain springs and streams to farmland for irrigation. In areas with high and low water levels, ancient water lifting devices are also used, such as pipe trucks and rollover.

The production custom of "stove head" is widely popular in Shui nationality areas. "Huotoutou" is a dialect of the local Chinese dialect, and "translated into Mandarin" means "the leader who does farm work". Important farm work in Shui nationality village, such as ploughing, ploughing, seedling raising, transplanting and harvesting. You can't start work until the "living road head" starts to dry. When the farming season comes, "Huolutou" chooses an auspicious day, holds a simple ceremony, symbolically plows a ridge, inserts a few seedlings, or cuts a few handfuls of rice, and others begin to do this farm work in their contracted fields. This custom has at least two meanings, one is the emphasis on agricultural production, and the other is that "living road head" is an old-fashioned way of planting crops. It is scientific for them to master the experience of farming season according to the climate, and they can have a good harvest if they follow it.

Shui people have a clear gender division of labor in agricultural production. It is a tradition that "women don't plow fields and men don't transplant rice". Anyone who violates it will be criticized. In the past, there was a family that lacked labor and dressed up as men to plow the fields at night. Men plow, plow and repair ridges. These jobs are very laborious, and it is really difficult for women to struggle in the mud. This does not mean that women don't work hard, such as transplanting rice seedlings, mowing grass and picking hay. , nothing else. As far as the waist is concerned, almost everyone feels "exhausted" at the end of the day.

After several generations of hard work, the Shui people have dressed up the mountains and rivers where they live like a phoenix. The sparkling terraced fields, flowery gardens, stacked stilts and wooden buildings, green trees and cheerful flowing springs are just like the beautiful feathers of a phoenix. Beautiful mountains and rivers, rural scenery, earthy atmosphere, natural beauty, simple feelings, symphony with the prosperity of the city, playing the era movement of the great motherland.

festival

There are many traditional festivals in Shui nationality, mainly Duanjie, Mao Jie, Suning Happy Festival, commendation meeting, Xia Jing Festival and so on. The most solemn festival is Duanjie.

Duan Jie, also called Guajie, is called "borrowing Duan" by the Shui people, and "borrowing" means "eating" in the water language. Sandu County, Duyun, Dushan, Libo and other places are celebrated in most areas of the Shui nationality, similar to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality.

The Shui nationality has its own calendar, and the "Duanjie" is calculated from the water calendar of the Shui book. It is chosen from February to February in the water calendar 10 (equivalent to August to10 in the lunar calendar), and every day in the year of the pig is traditionally celebrated in batches. It is the harvest of the big season, the sowing of the small season, and the end of the year and the beginning of the water calendar. Therefore, this is a grand festival to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, celebrate the harvest and offer sacrifices to ancestors.

In the Shui nationality, there is a traditional distinction between "crossing the border and not crossing it", and the order of festivals in different regions cannot be reversed or confused. About this custom, a consistent legend is that Deng Gong, the ancestor of the ancient Shui people, had two sons. His brother was assigned to the upper inner coat area and his younger brother was assigned to the lower 9000 area. It was agreed that after the harvest, we would go to Zufu to celebrate. Later, I felt that the distance was far away and it was not convenient to communicate with each other. I have decided that my brother will have a holiday and my brother will have a holiday. Today, the Shui people all over the country basically share the same surname and spend the holidays together.

At the end of the festival, young men and women played music and danced around the "Duanpo", and held horse racing, bullfighting, cultural performances, film screenings, dinners with relatives and friends and other activities. Tens of thousands of people from neighboring Miao, Dong, Buyi, Zhuang, Yao and Han nationalities took part in this activity.

Before the festival, everyone cleaned the courtyard and cleaned the room inside and outside. On the day before the festival, the festive village rang bronze drums to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. During the festival, chickens and ducks are killed to eat new grain, soup is stewed with fresh fish, and new rice soup is prepared to entertain relatives and friends. Sacrifice ancestors on New Year's Eve (the night of the first day) and the morning of the first day (the morning of the first day), and don't eat meat. The offerings can't have other meat except fish. No meat, but no fish. The main product of ancestor worship is fish skin leek, because it is said that ancestors used nine kinds of vegetables and medicines made of fish and shrimp to drive away all diseases. Its practice is to put the washed fish belly into seasonings such as leek, pickled pepper, onion, ginger and garlic, and then stew or steam it.

Mao Jie, which is called "borrowing hair" in water language, is just a festival celebrated by the Shui people in Jiuqian area of Sandu County and some areas of Libo County adjacent to it. Like festivals, they are also celebrated in stages. The dates should be chosen in September and October of the transplanted water calendar (May and June of the lunar calendar), with Xinmao Day as an auspicious day. However, Mao Jie was divided into four batches. Because "Duanjie" and "Mao Jie" are actually Chinese New Year, the area where Duanjie is celebrated is not Mao Jie, and the area where Mao Jie is celebrated is not Mao Jie.

Suning enjoys the festival, which means "April ugly day in the water calendar" in water language, and is a folk festival of the Shui people. The time is April ugly day in the water calendar, that is, December ugly day in the lunar calendar. According to the legend of the Shui nationality, this day is the day when the "mother empress" sends her children to the world, so it is also called "Niangniang Festival". The main content of the festival is to offer sacrifices to the mother and empress.

In recognition of the festival, water means "the first month" and is also called "borrowing and recommending". It is a festival influenced by the Spring Festival of the Han nationality, which is actually the Spring Festival. Generally speaking, festivals are celebrated in areas other than Duanjie and Maojie.

"Xiajing Festival" means "water god" in the language of the Shui people, also known as "worship of water god", which is a concrete manifestation of the primitive religious worship of the Shui people. It is mainly celebrated in Jiuqian area of Sandu county and its adjacent areas. Xia Jing Festival is not celebrated every year, but every two, six and twelve years. The specific time was calculated by Mr. Shui Shu according to Shui Shu.