According to time and scale, the Great Wall can be divided into

The Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Wan Li, is an ancient military project in China. The Great Wall was built in the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Youwang's bonfire drama The Prince is the earliest allusions to the Great Wall. In 20 12, National Cultural Heritage Administration announced that the total length of the Great Wall in China was 21196.18km, which was distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, etc. Previously, National Cultural Heritage Administration released the survey data of the Ming Great Wall for the first time in 2009. The total length of the Ming Great Wall in China is 88,565,438+0.8km. It is one of the top ten wonders in the world.

ancient times

For more than 2,000 years, different names have been used for the construction and recording of the Great Wall in China.

Fangcheng: It was only used by Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Graben, long graben, urban graben and wall graben: these terms are basically common to each other, and they were almost used from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty.

"Sai", "Sai Yuan" and "Off-competition": There are many places where the word "Sai" is used in history books. Generally speaking, it has two meanings: one refers to the pass, and the other refers to the Great Wall.

Great Wall Barrier, Great Wall Pavilion Barrier and Great Wall Barrier: These titles are very common in history books.

Trench and boundary ditch: it is a form of Great Wall architecture, and boundary ditch is a special word for the Great Wall in Jin Dynasty.

Side wall: The Great Wall is called "side wall", mainly in the Ming Dynasty. In ancient China, the area between the Central Plains and ethnic minorities was often referred to as "the frontier land", while the Great Wall built in this area was called "the side wall" or "the side wall" in the Ming Dynasty. [ 1]

2 historical evolution editor

The origin of the Great Wall

The great wall of China

The Great Wall was built in the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Youwang's bonfire drama The Prince is the earliest allusions to the Great Wall. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period in the 7th century BC, in order to resist foreign invasion, the State of Chu first built the "Chu Fangcheng", which started the construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li recorded in the history of China. During the Warring States Period, the Great Wall was also built in Qi, Wei, Zhao, Qin, Yan, Zhongshan and other countries. Among them, Qin, Zhao and Yan are adjacent to Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people in the north. While building the Great Wall to jointly defend the vassals, they also built the "Anti-Hu Great Wall" in the north. Since then, almost all kings have strengthened and built the Great Wall. After the reunification of Qin, the Great Wall separating countries was abandoned, and the Great Wall on the northern border of Qin, Zhao and Yan was connected, expanded and repaired. For the first time, the Great Wall stretching from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east was formed, and the Great Wall of Wan Li surfaced. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for one twentieth of the country's total population at that time. The Han Dynasty continued to build the Great Wall to resist the invasion of Xiongnu in the north. From Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty to Xuan Di, a Great Wall with a total length of nearly 10,000 kilometers was built, starting from Dawaner Shicheng in the west and reaching the north bank of Yalu River in the east. At that time, there was no machinery, all the labor was done by manpower, and the working environment was very difficult, with mountains and cliffs. The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with a history of more than 2,000 years. Today's Wan Li Great Wall refers to the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty.

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "interior wall" starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, enters Hebei at Yanmenguan and Xing Ping in the east, then goes to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan, and then reaches Huairou No.4 Pass from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, generally showing a north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are as many as 24 "heavy cities" around Yanmenguan.

According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. China, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions all have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers.

Warring States period

Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. During the Warring States Period, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in China changed from a slave society to a feudal society, and the exchanges and integration with the cultures of Qin, Chu and Wu and Yue became increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia, mainly Huns, gradually became stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. There are Yiqu and Xiongnu in northern Qin; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. There is East Lake in the northern boundary of Yan State. Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the middle of the Warring States period, the fighting troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Nature can't stop the attack and plunder of Xiongnu and Donghu people. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.

Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.

The Great Wall at night

Zhao Wuling began to reform the military system in the nineteenth year (the first 307 years) and was riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling traveled west to the lakeside and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin surrendered his horse before returning home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.

Yan State is the weakest of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until Yan Zhaowang ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that he became angry.

Great Wall (19 sheets)

Only by recruiting talents from all over the world and carrying out reforms can Yan be strong. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but it was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "

To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to prevent the Xiongnu, Donghu and other ethnic groups from looting and killing.

South Great Wall

The Great Wall of the South, represented by Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan countries, gradually faded out of our memory with the passage of time.

1. Chu Great Wall

30 years ago, the Great Wall of Chu was built in Chu Huaiwang, and it was called "Fangcheng" at that time. Its location should be Biyang, Henan, to Yexian in the north, and to Zhushan County, Hubei Province through the northeast of Neixiang, in order to defend against the attacks of neighboring countries.

2. Great Wall of Qi State

The Great Wall of Qi is extended by connecting mountains with dams. Located in the south of Qi, it starts from the northeast of Pingyin County, Shandong Province in the west and enters the sea in Dazhu Shandong, south of jiaozhou city. Its structure is mainly soil and stone.

3. Sun Yat-sen's Great Wall

South Great Wall

The Great Wall of Zhongshan was built to resist the invasion of Zhao and Jin in southwest China. It was built in Zhao Chenghou for six years (369 BC). Its location is in the area where Hebei and Shanxi meet today.

4. Wei Changcheng

Wei has two Great Walls: one is the Northwest Great Wall against Qin and Rong (Hexi Great Wall), and the other is the South Great Wall (Henan Great Wall). When Wei Huiwang was in power, it started from Xiangyuan Cave at the northern foot of Huashan Mountain in hua county, Shaanxi Province in the west, and went to Guyang, Inner Mongolia in the south, expanding the Luoshui levee in the west and building the Great Wall in Hexi. In his later years, Wei Huiwang built the South Great Wall to protect the girders of the capital, passing through Yuanyang County, Henan Province, and turning to Xinmi City in the southeast and west.

5. The Great Wall of Korea

The Great Wall was originally built by Zheng, but was destroyed by North Korea, and continues to be built and used.

To sum up, Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan built the Great Wall in the south to resist the attacks of other vassal states.

Han Dynasty

The Best Guancheng on the Great Wall: Jiayuguan

In the early Han Dynasty, Huns crossed the Great Wall built by Qin and Meng Tian in the Central Plains War, and the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was the boundary with Han. Due to the disrepair of the Great Wall and the scarcity of defenders in the north, the powerful Xiongnu continued to plunder the Great Wall and went deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shang Jun and Beidi counties. Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi were forced to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. Marry a princess to be E Shi (queen) for Khan and give him a lot of wealth. However, even this dilapidated Great Wall has played a role in military defense to a certain extent. If it weren't for the Xiongnu army, it would be impossible to enter the Great Wall and plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even with the Xiongnu army, they can't enter the Great Wall. Like Li Guang, Cheng Wu is also a famous Great Wall Guardian. He was very strict in running the army and was always on guard against the Huns' surprise attack, which also showed that the Great Wall of the Warring States period played a certain role. Later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, GongSunHe and Gong attacked the Huns, all of which were based on Zhao and Qin Changcheng. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period was still playing a military defense role, although its defense ability was much worse than that in the Warring States period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei, restored the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall that the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was abandoned and the military defense function ended.

Ming great wall

The restored Great Wall was built by the Ming Great Wall and Zhang's subordinate Qi Jiguang. Qin Changcheng is in ruins.

But the Great Wall built in Qi Jiguang includes Nanshanling Great Wall and Badaling Great Wall.

Jian (a whip method for Zhang) [2]

Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty ordered that the Great Wall should never be built. Up to now, few emperors have built the Great Wall on a large scale.

the Tang Dynasty

The sidewall of the Great Wall Mudanjiang in Tang Dynasty was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

In 2007, the State Council officially listed the third section of Mudanjiang side wall of China Great Wall Site as a part of China Great Wall Resources Survey Project, which means that Mudanjiang side wall, known as "Tang Great Wall", is the first project in Mudanjiang City and even Heilongjiang Province to be included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Mudanjiang side wall is a defense system built to defend the northern blackwater in Bohai period, and it is a military defense project with the same nature as China Great Wall. After investigation, the side wall of Mudanjiang is about 100 km long and consists of three sections. A 50-kilometer-long section of the city wall near Mudanjiang is located in the first line of Sandaoguan. It starts from Jiangxi village, the main peak of Xigou Beishan in the east, winds to the northwest and ends at the north slope of Xidazi. The second section of Mudanjiang side wall is 30 kilometers long, located in the east section of Ning 'an River. It starts from the right bank of Mudanjiang at the turning point of Ning 'an Town, turns to the southeast and continues to develop, ending at the east side of Ning 'an Seed Farm. The third section of Mudanjiang side wall, with a total length of 20 kilometers, is located in Jingbo Lake, starting from the lake on the other side of the city wall, crossing the lakeside mountain, passing through the 20 1 national highway, and developing to the southeast on the southeast mountain of Jiangshan Jiao Forest Farm.

It is reported that Mudanjiang sidewall was approved and announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 2006. Since 2008, Mudanjiang Cultural Relics Management Station has organized a professional team of cultural relics protection to conduct a more in-depth investigation on the third section of Mudanjiang side wall to further understand the specific length of Mudanjiang side wall.

2011165438+1October 6th, like Qin Changcheng, Mudanjiang sidewall, which enjoys the reputation of "Great Wall in Tang Dynasty", has been officially listed in the World Cultural Heritage List of China Great Wall.

uniform

It is the oldest existing Great Wall in China and the world, with many preserved passages or remains. Its original length is over 65,438+0,000 kilometers.

Regarding the Great Wall of Qi, the earliest date is 555 BC (twenty-seven years). In Zuo Zhuan, it is recorded: "The marquis of Jin cut Qi, and ... the marquis of Qi ruled Pingyin and cut the door to keep it." This is a fortification built by Qi in Pingyin, and this defensive gate has always been an important pass of the Great Wall of Qi.

Qi Changcheng

"Historical Records of the Chu Family Justice" quoted Miracle as saying, "Qi Xuanwang climbed mountains, built the Great Wall, reached the sea in the east, and reached Jeju in the west, more than a thousand miles away, ready to cut Chu." The construction record is clearer. It probably began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and was completed in Qi Weiwang and beyond. The Great Wall of Qi starts from Changqing District of Jinan in the west and ends in Huangdao Economic Development Zone of Qingdao in the east, spanning Shandong Peninsula.

The Great Wall of Qi and the Great Wall of Chu built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest Great Walls in China and the world. Among them, the Great Wall has a history of more than 2,500 years. The Great Wall of Qi was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which lasted more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 50 million meters. The Great Wall of Wan Li that we refer to today mostly refers to the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Jiayuguan, Gansu, China in the west and reaching Yalu River, Liaoning in the northeast of China in the east, with a total length of 6.35 million meters.

swallow

According to Records of the Historian Biography of Xiongnu, Yan also built the Great Wall, from Yang to Xiangping. The Yan Great Wall in Liaoning passes through beipiao city, Fuxin and Zhangwu counties and reaches Faku County in Shenyang. In 2008, four beacon towers during the Warring States and Han Dynasties were discovered in Gaokan Town, Shenyang, which was the earliest discovered site of the Great Wall of Yan.

early stage

In Yumen City, 2400 meters of the early Great Wall and four beacon towers were discovered.

Jin Dynasty Great Wall

The Great Wall was called "moat and fortress" in the history of Jin Dynasty. "Biography of Lu Deyu in the History of Jin Dynasty": "In the late Ming Dynasty, a moat was built in the north, a fortress was built, and the official was promoted to the third class, and Dali was righteous." The History of Zhang Jinzong records: "In March of the fifth year of Ming Dynasty (1 194), hundreds of officials were called to discuss the matter of digging trenches in the north" and "the battle of digging trenches in the north ended in May". Zhang Wangong's Biography of the History of Jin Dynasty "At the beginning of Ming Dynasty and Chang Dynasty, there was a discussion. From the southwest and northwest, it went straight to Taizhou along Huang Lin, built trenches and prepared soldiers, with 30,000 servants, but it was not done for many years. Yushitai said:' Spinning was razed to the ground by wind and sand, which is not conducive to resisting aggression, but in vain.' Because of the drought in the world, I asked what caused CCBA. Wan Gong said, "If you work hard for the people for a long time, you will be afraid of hurting peace. You should take it from the suggestion of Yushitai. " . After the prime minister, Shi Xiang returned and died, and the people were very bitter. In the sixth year of Ming Chang (1 195), Wan started a crusade against Xie (Tatar) and "chased Riza River (Jiye River). ....., surrender his ministers, and then respect the stone wall of Jiu Feng. "In the first year of Cheng 'an (1 196), he was still studying in Huang Lin. "Biography of the Prime Minister of the Golden History": "Because of the invitation, I built a barrier with a pawn and went to Beijing Road on the left side of the Yellow River, thinking that it was blocked. There are many similarities and differences between the speakers. Ask about the general plan. Xiang said: "Although the project cost one million yuan, after its success, the border defense was strengthened, the garrison was halved, and three million yuan was saved a year, which really helped the people not to suffer losses." A pro-governor looked at it, the army and the people served together, and raised hungry people as servants, and finished at the age of 50. So the roads in the northwest and southwest are also blocked as required. "

In the fifth year of Ming Chang (1 194), the construction of the Great Wall began, but it was stopped due to drought and opposition from Zhang Wangong and other ministers. In the first year of Cheng 'an (1 196), with the support of Wan, the whole line was completed, and it was completed in the third year of Cheng 'an (1 198).

The Great Wall (Mingchang Street) starts from the southeast of Qijiazi Village in Moqi, Inner Mongolia 1 km on the bank of Nenjiang River, passes through the north of Ertu Village in Zhalaite Banner, reaches Jirigen, passes through Haote Gacha and Aritan, reaches Lingjiayingzi in Linxi, turns west, passes through the north bank of Darinol, reaches Shanger Residence in Shangdu County, and ends at Baiyinxile in Siziwangqi, Wuchuan. The total length of the Great Wall (Mingchang Street) is about1650km. The Great Wall is equipped with auxiliary moats, beacon towers, border castles and garrison towns. (See the map of Golden Street and the Great Wall)

[3]

3 building structure editor

length

According to historical documents, the Great Wall was built over 5,000 kilometers in two dynasties: one was the Great Wall of Wan Li, which started from Lintao in the west and ended in Liaodong in the east; 2. The Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Hexi Corridor in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east, was built in the Han Dynasty and is above 1 Wan Li. These Great Wall sites are located in Beijing, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Xinjiang, Tianjin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions/kloc-0.

The Great Wall (38 photos)

Due to the long history, most of the Great Wall in the early dynasties was incomplete, and the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty was well preserved, so people generally refer to the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. The length of the Great Wall is also the length of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, from Jiayuguan in the west to Yalu River in the east.

National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly announced on April 8, 2009 that the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty starts from Hushan, Liaoning Province in the east and ends at Jiayuguan, Gansu Province in the west, and passes through Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) 156 counties from east to west, with a total length of 80. After passing through the trench of 359.7 kilometers, the natural natural barrier is 2232.5 kilometers.

National Cultural Heritage Administration 20/kloc-0 was announced at the Juyongguan Great Wall in Beijing on June 5th, February. After nearly five years' investigation, the total length of the Great Wall in China was 21196.18km, which was distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Shandong. This is the first time that China has scientifically and systematically measured the total length of the Great Wall. In 2009, National Cultural Heritage Administration released the survey data of the Ming Great Wall for the first time. The total length of the Ming Great Wall in China is 88,565,438+0.8km. This investigation and appraisal of the Great Wall not only identified the length of the Ming Great Wall, but also carried out the investigation of the resources of the Great Wall in Qin and Han Dynasties and other periods. [2]

Construction method

In the long history of China, many feudal dynasties built the Great Wall many times in order to consolidate their rule. How much wisdom and sweat thousands of working people in ancient Qian Qian contributed, making it a miracle of the world. Whether it is a dragon-like city wall, or a production process and a more scientific brick burning workshop. Therefore, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer precious building materials, so the inner and outer eaves of many places in the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty are built with giant bricks. Under the condition of manual construction and manual handling of building materials at that time, it was not only convenient to build the city wall with bricks with small weight and the same size, but also improved the construction rate and level. Secondly, the gates of many passes are long-span arches made of blue bricks. Although some of these blue bricks have been severely weathered, the whole gate is still magnificent, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration of the Guanta Tower, many stone carvings and brick carvings are extremely complicated and elaborate, reflecting the artistic talent of craftsmen at that time.

wall

The city wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Where the hillside is steep, buildings are relatively low.

Wan Li Great Wall (12 sheets)

Flat places are built higher; The key places are higher, and the general places are lower. The wall body is the main part of defending the enemy, with a relatively wide total thickness, a foundation width of 6.5 meters and an average floor width of 5.8 meters on the wall, so as to ensure that the two wagons run in parallel. The wall is composed of an outer eave wall and an inner eave wall, filled with soil and gravel. The cornice wall refers to the side of the skin wall facing the city. There are obvious points when building, which are generally 125% of the wall height. The separation of the wall can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall magnificent. The inner cornice wall refers to the inner side of the outer skin wall, which is generally constructed as a vertical wall without obvious points. As for the thickness of the outer cornice wall, it is generally based on the wall thickness at the "crib". The thickness here is generally one and a half bricks wide, and it gets thicker as it goes down. Bricklaying method is mainly flat masonry.

The structural content of the wall depends on the local climate conditions. Generally speaking, the Wan Li Great Wall has the following construction methods:

1. version of rammed earth wall;

2. Adobe masonry wall;

Step 3: blue bricks

The Great Wall (20 pieces)

Build a wall;

4. Masonry wall;

5. Mixed masonry;

6. Strip stone;

7. Clay connecting brick.

Bricks, stones and masonry are used to build city walls. When the slope of the terrain is small, bricklaying or masonry is parallel to the terrain, and when the local potential slope is large, the wall is built by horizontal descent method.

Beacon and smoke

There are a large number of beacon towers as information transmission systems in the Great Wall system. The high platform used to ignite fireworks and transmit important information in ancient times is an important military defense facility in ancient times and the oldest but effective way to transmit information.

The Great Wall of China [4]

This beacon tower was built to prevent the enemy from invading. In case of enemy situation, smoke during the day, light at night, and the platform is connected to transmit messages. According to historical documents, unearthed Han bamboo slips and field visits, there are a large number of beacon towers here, which extend far away from the Great Wall. According to the location and function of beacon towers, it can be divided into four groups: beacon towers located in the depths of the desert are the forefront of warning, and beacon towers set along both sides of the Great Wall transmit information along the route. A series of beacon towers from the Great Wall to the capital contacted the central government of the dynasty, and a number of beacon towers contacted local governments and garrison troops near the location of the Great Wall. According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, give a cigarette and fire a gun, which means that the enemy is about 100 people. Put two smoke bombs and two cannons to attack about 500 people; /kloc-more than 0/000 people held three cigarettes and fired three shots. Along the 50-kilometer Great Wall, * * * found more than 80 beacon towers, with an average distance of about 3 kilometers and the farthest distance of no more than 5 kilometers. "bonfire", two signals of ancient frontier warning, is called "bonfire" when smoking during the day and "flint" when making a fire at night.

Beacon towers were built earlier than the Great Wall, but since the appearance of the Great Wall, beacon towers along the Great Wall have been closely integrated with the Great Wall and become an important part of the Great Wall defense system, and some of them were even built on the Great Wall, especially in the Han Dynasty. The imperial court attached great importance to the construction of beacon towers. Beacon, also known as bonfire, is a measure of ancient military intelligence alarm, that is, when the enemy invades during the day, it burns smoke (bonfire), and when it invades at night, it ignites (bonfire) to alert all parties and superiors with visible smoke and lights. In Han Dynasty, beacon towers were called beacon towers and pavilions. In Tang and Song Dynasties, the word "beacon tower" was also extended to beacon towers. In the Ming dynasty, it was generally called a smoke pier or pier (the pier in the northwest of the Ming dynasty has the function of preventing the enemy, and the small one only has the function of watching, not lighting a bonfire). Beacon towers are generally about 10 Li apart, and in the Ming Dynasty, the distance was about 5 Li. When soldiers guarding Taiwan discovered the enemy's attack, they immediately lit a bonfire on the stage, and neighboring Taiwan followed suit after seeing it, so as to quickly convey the enemy's situation to the military central department.

Geological form

"Because of the terrain, this plug is very dangerous." This is an important experience in building the Great Wall, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang and later written by Sima Qian.

the Great Wall

In historical records, the Great Wall was built in accordance with this principle in every subsequent dynasty. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers in dangerous places is also an option. As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall in Liaodong Town in the Ming Dynasty had a kind of dangerous mountain wall and split mountain wall, which used steep cliffs to split the cliff slightly and became the Great Wall. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

major path

Badaling great wall

The Great Wall Pass includes Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Yumenguan, Jingxingguan, Niangziguan, Yanmenguan, Piantouguan, Pingxingguan, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Yulin, Huangyaguan, Waqiaoguan, Hushan Great Wall, Raven Pass, Niuzhuang City, fenshuiguan, Ningyuan City, Yangguan and Pingdingbao. Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangfangbaoguan, Shuikouguan, Zijingguan, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandaoguan, damao mountain, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkouguan, Baiyangyuguan, Qingshan Pass, tiemenguan, Panjiakou, Longjingguan, Hongshankou, Shangguan and Changyukou. Lupiguan, Hefanggou, Lianhuachiguan, Huanghua Chengguan, Qiaodaokou, Jiukonglou, Sihai Estuary, Juyansai Old Town, Gill Sai, Gaoquesai, Datong, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuo Pass, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ning Wuguan, Liminbaokou, Shengshengkou, Zhenhongbaokou, Pingping. Refuse to be a wall fort, refuse to be a door fort, Fuma Fort, Broken Road Fort, Security Fort, Luning Fort, Broken Tiger Fort, Residual Tiger Fort, Ma Bao Fort, Marble Fort, Shaojia Fort, Dahe Fort, Defeated Tiger Fort, Ying 'en Fort, Blocked Tiger Fort, General Huibao, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou Fort and Tiger Fort.