What was the exchange rate of Japanese yen to China Kuping Bank during the Sino-Japanese War?

Exchange rate: 1 Kuping silver =0. 18 = 1.64 yen.

In three years, the Qing Dynasty paid reparations to Japan by borrowing money. The specific amount paid to Japan was 200 million taels, Liao redemption fee was 30 million taels, garrison fee was 1.5 million taels, fixed color (exchange rate difference between Zuyin 0. 17 and 0. 18) and loss was18. * * * 25,969 taels (tattoo silver), amounting to 44.22 million pounds, of which 4 1.97 million pounds was paid to Japan (the difference between the two algorithms was 300,000 pounds). The Qing Dynasty signed loan contracts with Russia, France, Britain and Germany on 1895, 1896 and 1998, and borrowed 320 million Kuping silver with principal and interest of 740 million. From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 (1984) to the year of Gengzi (1900), the foreign debt principal and interest were repaid at an average of 20 million taels per year, which was about 1/4 of the income.

(8) Transfer of funds (compensation loans)

1895, land borrowed 400 million yuan (15.82 million yuan).

1896 No.65438 +0 British independent loan160,000.

1898 Second British independent loan160,000 ポンド

The 200 million taels or 230 million taels in circulation are too simple, but there is no evidence that the same calculation method has increased the "plunder" to 340 million taels. The result of about 42 million pounds is also in line with the Japanese calculation-Noue Kaoru: "The thought of 350 million yen pouring into China has produced a feeling of infinite wealth for both the government and the people." Japan received about 40 million pounds (original research on the history of war), 364.59 million yen (200 million yen in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895), 78.95 million yen to make up for the military deficit, 226.05 million yen to expand the army (including the army, navy and torpedo boats), 20 million yen for the royal family, 6.5438 million yen for education and 570,000 yen for official posts. It is obviously not enough to say that 72.6 million yen is used as the reserve for currency reform. But this point is repeatedly mentioned in the Japanese statement (but there are no specific figures), and there is almost no mention of military use. Probably because the indemnity was paid in gold pounds at that time, and gold pounds could be directly exchanged for gold, it played a role in the monetary reform from the silver standard to the gold standard? There is also a saying that the disaster preparedness fund is 6.5438+million yen. This is more credible.

1840: Opium War.

1853: the black ship was established. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing.

1856: The Second Opium War. The shogunate navy was established.

186 1 year: Cixi listened to politics.

1865: Jiangnan manufacturing bureau (shipyard) was established in Shanghai.

1866: Fukuzawa Yukichi founded Keio University. The resident warship training institute was changed to a training institute (naval school). Fujian Mawei opened the Naval Academy.

1867: Yokosuga iron works (shipyard) was completed and opened for business.

1868: The first year of Meiji came to a successful conclusion.

187 1 year: Japan-Qing friendship treaty.

1872: Japan has established an army and navy and implemented a conscription system. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished.

1874: Japanese troops sent to Taiwan Province province. Li Hongzhang built a modern navy with an annual budget of 4.2 million yuan.

1876: The 900-ton Qinghui built by Japan was launched. Haian, China is 2,800 tons, but construction was stopped because of high cost. Japan and North Korea signed the Jianghua Treaty, from which Japan completed its primitive accumulation from North Korea.

1877: Southwest War. The University of Tokyo was founded.

1880: Japan's education law and criminal law require the establishment of a national assembly. China buys Dingyuan and Zhenyuan.

1883: Both sides have purchased a large number of ships. Japanese Army University was founded.

1885: Japan implements the cabinet system. Zhenyuan and Dingyuan returned to China.

1888: Beiyang navy became an army.

1889: Japan formulates the constitution. The total military expenditure in that year accounted for nearly 30% of the budget. Guangxu was in power.

1890: the first Japanese parliament. Eight distances of Beiyang navy.

1894: Sino-Japanese War. Japanese military expenditure accounts for 69.3 1% of the budget.

The budget of Japanese government 1983- 1984 fiscal year is 84 million yen.

1895 1905 In February, Japan's parliament passed an arms budget plan with a total amount of over 500 million yen, which is expected to be completed in 1902.

According to records, during the Daoguang period (1820- 1850), the annual revenue of the Qing government was about 40 million Liang. The first opium war reparations accounted for about 37% of this amount. In the process of paying reparations, the Qing government used a lot of customs revenue on the one hand, and increased the collection of taxes, salaries and business donations on Diding on the other hand, resulting in a large number of funds that should have been used for its own development being taken away by the claimant countries. However, from a macro perspective, the Qing government was able to make ends meet during this period, and the impact of reparations on the financial economy was not significant.

This is because: First, the fiscal revenue and expenditure structure of the Qing government has changed. Before the Opium War, China had only one trading port, and its tariff revenue was very small. After the Opium War, with the increase of trading ports and the expansion of foreign trade, tariffs gradually became one of the biggest financial resources in China. At the end of Tongzhi, the annual income of the Qing government reached about 60 million Liang, an increase of 50% compared with the Daoguang period. In the early years of Guangxu, it increased to 80 million Liang, which was 1 times higher than that in Daoguang. These new incomes eased the compensation pressure of the Qing government to some extent. Second, the proportion of compensation in national fiscal expenditure is not too large. For example, the reparations for the First Opium War were paid off in four years, with an average annual repayment of 3.73 million taels, accounting for about 9% of the annual output. The reparations in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had an epoch-making influence in China's financial history.

According to statistics, from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the end of the twelfth lunar month, Japanese warships, ordnance, munitions and other things obtained from China were worth more than 7 1 10,000 yen, equivalent to 47,345,000 kuping silver. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Saburo, a Japanese journalist, wrote an article "Estimation of the Trophy of the Nissin Campaign", which is also of great reference value to our statistics. This budget covers the period from the Sino-Japanese War to the end of the Sino-Japanese War, including the spoils statistics of all campaigns. Subtract the part before the end of the twelfth month of the Sino-Japanese War, and you can get the figures after the first month of the second month. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japanese ships, weapons, ammunition and other munitions obtained from China were worth 89.822 million yuan, equivalent to 59.883 million kuping silver, which was of course incomplete and impossible. In addition to the above items, Japan also plundered a large number of gold and silver currencies through this war. There are many accounts about this at home and abroad. For example, Yao Xiguang's "A Brief History of Eastern Military Affairs" said: In the first world war in Pyongyang, "it will be stolen, and the salary of the sergeant will be stolen. Anyone who has 12 boxes of gold coins, 67 * * gold bricks, 6 1 gold ingots and 14 boxes of gold sands will be stolen. The Japanese official newspaper, edited by Cai Erkang and others, also said that the war "won 40 cases of gold and silver, each weighing about 300 Jin of British rights, and the North Korean money was countless", and noted: "British gold 1 pound has 42 China rights, and British rights have two China rights 12. In fact, these accounts are limited to the first world war in Pyongyang, and they are not very specific, so it is difficult to make more accurate calculations based on them. According to the previous war reports published by Japan at that time, the types and quantities of gold and silver coins obtained were listed in detail. According to statistics, the types of coins are very miscellaneous, and the units of calculation are different. Now, according to the Japanese calculation one by one, it is worth 30 million yen, equivalent to 20 million kuping silver. The above three items add up. * * * is1.19.8 billion yen, equivalent to 79.88 million kuping silver.