Write four distinctive houses.

Mongolian yurt

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. Mongolian yurts are round, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 600 people; Small enough to hold 20 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. It is generally built in a place suitable for the growth of aquatic plants. Draw a circle according to the size of the yurt first, and then you can start building it according to the size of the circle. Although the yurt looks small in appearance, it has a large use area, good indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not afraid of wind and rain. It is very suitable for people who often move to pasture to live and use.

origin

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for students majoring in animal husbandry.

Mongolian yurts with nomadic characteristics (20 pieces)

Production and nomadic life. Mongolian yurts are round, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 600 people; Small enough to hold 20 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. It is generally built in a place suitable for the growth of aquatic plants. Draw a circle according to the size of the yurt first, and then you can start building it according to the size of the circle. Although the yurt looks small in appearance, it has a large use area, good indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not afraid of wind and rain. It is very suitable for people who often move to pasture to live and use. Mongolian yurt is the name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Treasure" means "home" and "home".

Traditional folk houses of Mongolian and other ethnic groups. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. It is a net made of wooden strips, and several pieces are connected to form a circle. The umbrella-shaped dome covers and is connected with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame for installing door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for easy use.

Mongolian yurt-traditional Chinese painting Tan Yijing's works

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Lighting, ventilation, smoke exhaust, night or rainy days covered with felt. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas were there yurts, which were called "Geer" by the Mongols. People have been using yurts since there were Mongols. Long time no see. But when did you start using it? Nobody knows the exact time. Mongolian yurts have become the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongolians are nomadic tribes, and they drive their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels to find new pastures all year round. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, carried by several humped camels, transported to the next station, and then pitched.

brief introduction

Mongolia

Mongolian yurt

In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of vaults: Yanjing's system, with Vitamin bone, just like southern thinking, can be rolled up, opened in front of the door, like umbrella bone, and opened at the top, which is called skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass is made of willow and the diameter is fixed with felt. Can't be rolled up and carried in the car. " With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. Ordinary Mongolian yurt

Mongolian cuisine (17)

The ceiling height is 10- 15 feet, the wall height is about 50 feet, and the door opens to the south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors. Mongolian yurts are divided into four, six, eight, 10 and 12 hanas according to the number of hanas. 12 Hana's yurt is rare on the grassland, covering an area of more than 600 square meters, and looks like a castle from a distance. In the past, dozens of such big yurts got together, which was very spectacular.

Mongolian yurts began to appear in the Xiongnu period and have been in use ever since. The yurt has a round appearance, a conical top and a cylindrical wall. The surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is about 160 cm high, and the cover is built with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into separable and inseparable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is carried by ox carts. Herdsmen such as Kazakhs and Tajiks also lived in yurts when they were nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind is howling, and the earth is dotted with many white tents, which are yurts.

Mongolian yurts are the daily residence of many Mongolians. Most Mongolians chase their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels all year round, looking for new pastures. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, transported to the foothold by several camels, and tents can be set up again.

Mongolian traditional houses. Popular in pastoral areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A smoky round sky. The door is small and faces south or southeast. It has the characteristics of simple manufacture, convenient transportation, cold resistance and suitability for grazing. It is often used to mean "home" and "house" in Mongolian. In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house".

After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet and hang picture frames and posters around it. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.

Mongolian yurt

The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to disassemble and move. When erected, "Hannah" will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembled, Hana will be folded back to reduce its size and can also be used as a cow board. A yurt only needs 40 humped camels or 10 two-wheeled ox carts, and it can be built in 20 hours.

culture

Mongolian yurt

The vast grassland is a big stage for Mongolian people to March on horseback and graze freely, and the Mongolian yurts are the most suitable for nomadic people to live in. As a unique cultural model of nomadic people, Mongolian yurts have gone through a long time with the Mongolian people.

Mongolian yurts have a process of development and evolution: ancient artificial caves, built with wood and stone along the cave walls, and capped with some cross bars. There should be an opening at the top of the cave for people to go in and out, smoke, ventilate, light and ventilate, and then it will be developed into the door and skylight of the yurt. At that time, this cave was called Ulvi, and the original meaning of Ur was "digging". In modern Mongolian, it has been specifically referred to the roof felt on the skylight of Mongolian yurts, and extended to "home" and "household". In the hunter-gatherer era, Mongols lived in shacks. This circular vault is supported by living trees and covered with birch bark, which is simple to make and easy to discard. With the transition from gathering to hunting, the range of primitive human activities has become wider and wider. At the same time, some herbivores were gradually domesticated into domestic animals, and embryos of animal husbandry appeared. This requires a room that is easy to move, so buildings like shacks came into being. During the transition from hunting age to nomadic age, its residence changed from shack to tent, which was covered with fur and supported by trees. Enter animal husbandry

Mongolian yurt

In society, scaffolding has become Hannah, and combined with the ceiling mentioned above into a skylight, there is the prototype of yurts. Felt tents also appeared. It looked like a canopy covered with wool rafters. According to the summary of Hulunbeier, "Ordinary Mongolians in Hulunbeier are confined to nomadism, living on aquatic plants, and their migration is impermanent, all of which stop at the vault. This kind of tent business can protect against snow, tigers and wolves. " The Manchu language of "vault" is called "Mongolian Bo", and the common pronunciation of "Bo" is "Bao". At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Liangsi, a Liao native, wrote a poem: "The north wind blows snow, the cock crows down, the candlelight is dark, and the night is cool." He sang Mongolian yurts.

Handel in ancient times. This is a Mongolian yurt used by ancient Mongolian nobles. Also known as "Wobaotuo", also known as "palace account". Compared with ordinary yurts, this kind of yurt has three characteristics:

First, it's huge. Ordinary yurts are about thirteen or four feet high and five or six feet wide. In ancient times, Handel was much taller. According to Guillaume de Rubru quis, "They made these tents very big, sometimes up to 30 feet wide. Once, the width between two tracks left by a car on the ground was twenty feet. The tent is placed on the car, with both sides protruding at least five feet from the wheels. There is such a situation that a car pulls the tent of twenty-two cows ... "This giant yurt pulled by twenty-two cows is a very expressive creation.

Secondly, the Handuo used by the ancient nobles was magnificent. Xu Huo recorded in "A Brief Account of the Black Tatar": "When you arrive in the grassland, you will set up a gold account. The system is a big felt tent on the grassland, with a wicker as a window in the middle, dragged by more than 1000 lines. The threshold and columns are all wrapped in gold, hence the name. " The Secret History of Mongolia says: "Wang Han has no idea to set up a gold account." The tent is made of fine wool cloth, and here is a gorgeous account made of fine wool cloth. This decorated palace account is also called "Golden Temple".

Third, the shape of the palace tent is slightly different from that of the yurt. The shelf of the palace tent was made by Wu Ni inserting into Harigas and erecting Hana. Shaped like a human neck. Guillaume de Rubru quis called Mongo Khan's palace a "hair room with a neck". The crystal guide says that "the account of the heavenly palace is called the palace account". The palace tent is gourd-shaped, and the gourd symbolizes the truth of Fulu; The bottom is peach-shaped, imitating the heavenly palace. Now Genghis Khan's tomb still has the shape of this palace account. The golden roof of the palace tent shines brightly, and the Mongolian yurts are covered with yellow silks and satins and covered with dark green tassels, which are extremely rich, showing the unique architectural art of the Mongolian nation.

manufacture

well-behaved

If you like the style of yurts,

Mongolian yurt

Or you want to design a yurt that excites you. In Inner Mongolia, there are many such manufacturers that can provide you with personalized yurts. For example, the well-known Xinyida Mongolian yurt factory in Inner Mongolia not only provides family yurts for Mongolian residents, but also provides performance yurts for CCTV. In today's pursuit of personalization, this may be a good choice.

Mongolian yurt is mainly composed of wooden frame, felt and rope. Adobe bricks are made without mud and water, and the raw materials are either wood or wool, which is a wonder in the history of architecture and a great contribution of nomadic people.

Jiamu

The wooden frame of the yurt includes Taonao, Wuni, Hana and threshold.

Taonao

There are two types of yurts: connecting type and inserting type. Need good wood, generally made of sandalwood or elm. The difference between the two kinds of cladding is that the crossbars of the composite cladding are separated, and the inserted rafters are not separated. There are three rings in the coupling sleeve, and many small sticks protrude from the outer ring to connect Wuni. This set of nao and Wu Ni are connected. Camels are very convenient to transport because they can be divided into two parts.

Unni

Unatong is translated as a rafter, which is the shoulder of a Mongolian yurt, connected to the top and Hana. Its length, size and thickness should be unified, and the requirements for wood should be consistent. The length should be determined by the number of sets of nao, and its number should also change with the number of sets of nao. Only in this way can the yurt be shoulder-length round. Black mud is a slender wooden stick, oval or round. The upper end should be inserted into or connected with the sleeve, and the head must be smooth and slightly bent, otherwise the felt bag will be prone to deflection and dumping. There is a rope buckle at the lower end to put Hannah together. The thickness is determined by Hana, and it is usually stuck in the fork at the end of Hana, and the upper end is just flush. Black mud is usually made of pine or red willow.

Hana

Hana sockets are equipped with nau and uni, and the size of felt bags is determined, at least four, and the number is determined by the size of nau. Hana has three magical features:

One is its flexibility. The height can be adjusted relatively, unlike the fixed size of peach brain and black mud. Generally speaking, it is customary to say that there are many heads and nails, not to mention a few feet and inches. Leather nails generally have ten leather nails, eleven leather nails and so on (referring to a Hannah). The more leather nails, the higher Hana stands, and the less likely it is to be stretched; The fewer leather nails, the lower Hana stands, and the greater the possibility of elongation. There are generally fourteen, fifteen and sixteen heads. Add a header, the grid will increase and the width of Hana will also increase. This function provides the possibility of expanding or contracting yurts. When making Hana, wickers with the same length and thickness are alternately arranged at equal distance to form many small parallelogram grids, and the intersections are nailed with leather nails (preferably camel skin). In this way, yurts can be large or small, high or short. If the yurt is to be built high, the mesh of Hana will be narrow and the diameter of the yurt will be small; If you want to build it short, Hana's mesh will be wide and the bag's diameter will be large. The rainy season should be set higher and the windy season should be set lower. Mongolians are nomadic all the year round, so they don't have to worry about the choice of yurt foundation. This kind of house is incomparable in any case. Because of this feature of Hana, it is very convenient to load, unload, carry and cover.

The second is huge support. Hana's ya-shaped branch mouth, which crosses outward, accepts Wuni's call above, and the one that touches the ground below is called leg, and both sides are juxtaposed with other Hana's calls. After Hana's head bears the gravity from Wuni evenly, it spreads evenly to Hana's legs through each grid. This is the secret that wicker with thick fingers can withstand two or three thousand kilograms of pressure.

Third, the appearance is beautiful. Hana's wood is made of red willow, which is light but not broken, perforated and not cracked, not deformed when it is wet, and has the same thickness, height and mesh number. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance.

Pay special attention to the radian of Hana. There are usually special tools. Your head should bend inward, your face should protrude outward, and your legs should curl inward. The upper part is no more upright than the lower part. This can stabilize Wuni, and the bag is round and convenient to tie with three ropes.

Felt door

After Hana stands up, resize the grid. The height of Hana is the height of the door frame. The door is framed. Therefore, the door of the yurt should not be too high, and people have to bend down to get in. Felt doors should be hung outside.

Pillar; pillar; mainstay

The yurt is supported by eight Hana pillars. The yurt is too big and its weight increases. A windy day will bend a part of Tao's brain. This is usually the case with connection sleeves. Eighty hana yurts need four pillars. In the yurt, there is a wooden frame surrounded by fire brackets, and holes are made in its four corners for inserting the column feet. At the other end of the column, it is supported on the tie wood on the nao group. Cylinders are round, square, hexahedron, octahedron and so on. The patterns on the pillars include dragons, phoenixes, water and clouds. Your majesty can usually use dragon patterns.

approve

It consists of top felt, ceiling, surrounding felt, outer cover, felt door, felt door head, felt wall root, felt curtain, etc.

Top felt

The top felt is the top decoration of Mongolian yurts, which has always been valued. The top felt is square, and the four corners should be taped, which can adjust the old and new air, the cold and warm inside the bag and the intensity of light. The size of the top felt is determined by the diagonal length of the square. When cutting, start from the middle of the crossbar and measure one by one on both sides. The four sides should be covered with twisted camel hair, and all kinds of patterns should be taken out at the four corners, or two horsehair and ponytail ropes should be sewn side by side at the four sides, and belts should be nailed at the four corners.

ceiling

The ceiling is the part of the yurt that covers Wuni. Each half is like a fan and usually consists of three or four layers of felt. The inner layer is called its bouguer or its daily bouguer. Take the distance from the center of Tao nao to Hanatou (half crossbar and Wuni) as the radius, draw the felt as the front of the ceiling, use the part drawn by half crossbar as the collar of the ceiling, and dig a circle equivalent to Tao nao in the middle to cut out the ceiling. Don't show your head when cutting the collar. The production of tarpaulin pays attention to auspicious days. When cutting, it is divided into two pieces, and the seams are not completely aligned, so the cutting must be staggered. Only in this way can we prevent the influx of rain, wind and dust. The felt inside must be wrapped at the intersection of Hana and Wuni's feet, so that the felt outside will not be so tight and the appearance of the yurt will remain unchanged.

After the ceiling is cut, the periphery of the outer layer should be trimmed and pressed. The front should be four fingers wide and the collar should be three fingers wide. Two connected straight lines should also be edged. This can fix the felt edge firmly and look beautiful.

Surrounding felt

The felt around Hana is called a blanket. An ordinary yurt has four blankets. There are three layers inside and outside, and the inner layer is called Hanabuch, which is rectangular.

The tailor was a little taller than Hannah when he wrapped the felt. The collar of the felt should be left with holes and belts. There are also ropes on the felt legs. The exposed part of the felt should be edged and flattened. The northeast carpet intersects with the east crossbar with a layered feeling. Felt with layering should be pressed on felt without layering. Felt lapels have no layering and hemming.

involve

The outer cover is called Huleturige in Mongolian, which is the part covering the ceiling. It is an ornament of Mongolian yurts and a symbol of rank.

When tailor Huleturige, his collar was just as big as the outer ring of Tao nao. Huleturige has four legs, which are flush with Wuni's. There are many belts tied on the front of the outer cover. Its collar and lapel should be rimmed. There are moire patterns, lotus flowers and auspicious patterns, and the embroidery is very beautiful. The origin of Huleturige is very early. It used to be owned by ordinary people, and later it became the patent of noble lamas.

Door, originally referred to as felt door, is made of three or four layers of felt. The length and width are measured according to the outside of the door frame. Accept two sides on all sides, there are all kinds of patterns. Ordinary doors are white, blue and red. Hanging on the door. The gap between the door head and the ceiling should be blocked with felt, with three tongues (three protruding felt strips), and it should also be wrapped and patterned.

waistband

The belt, rope, pressure rope, binding rope and falling rope of the yurt are used to keep the shape of the yurt, prevent Hana from exploding outward, and prevent the ceiling and felt from slipping and raising in the wind. In a word, keeping the yurt firm has a lot to do with prolonging life.

Surrounding rope

The rope is the rope that binds Hannah. It is made of horse hair and ponytail. Divide the inner rope and the outer rope. Twist the horse's mane and ponytail into six thin strands, three left strands and three right strands into a rope, and then sew two, four and six strands side by side into a flat one. The advantage of this kind of rope is that it can eat hard and does not stretch. The inner rope is a wool rope tied in the middle of naked Hannah when the yurt is erected. Asiana is under great pressure, and the quality of the inner rope must be particularly strong. Once the inner rope is broken or not fastened, Hana will be pulled out and the yurt will be in danger of collapse. The peripheral rope is tied outside the felt and divided into three sections: upper, middle and lower. Some ropes are very colorful. The outer rope can not only prevent Hannah from bulging out, but also prevent the felt from slipping off.

Pressing rope

Pressure rope, also called belt, is divided into internal pressure rope and external pressure rope. When erecting a tree, the rope tied around the naked uni is called a pressure rope. There are four or six inner pressure rope yurts, also made of horse hair and ponytail, which are relatively thin. These pressure ropes are as thick as the Wuni pressure ropes to prevent the sleeve from sinking or warping and keep the original shape of the top of the yurt.

External pressure rope can be divided into three types: ordinary eight pressure rope, mesh belt and cover belt. Ordinary pressure rope is thicker than internal pressure rope, and external pressure rope is used outside the felt. Four in the front and four in the back. Different from the common pressing rope, the mesh belt is sleeved on the ceiling and hangs around the bag like a tassel. In particular, the production of the hem of the ceiling is more exquisite, hanging down and sewing on the carpet. The outer cover belt is only suitable for yurts with outer covers. The felt bag with the outer cover does not need other external pressure ropes, and the outer cover itself plays the role of pressing the rope at the top of the bag. The outer cover is not so much a felt as a pressure rope. The feet of the outer cover and the straps nailed on the collar are more suitable for pressing the inner bundle of the ceiling, so that the strong wind cannot blow.

Rope binding and falling

Binding rope is a thin rope that binds the mouths of two adjacent Hannah chess pieces together to make them into a whole, which is made by rubbing the hair on the camel's knee with horse hair and ponytail. A falling rope is a rope pulled down from the highest point of the rope. Mongolians attach great importance to this kind of belt, which is made of the knee hair or mane tail of male camel and male horse. When the wind is strong, tighten the descending rope to prevent the strong wind from pouring in and blowing the felt house away.

Hayabusa

Hayabuqi is the part that rotates around the felt and compresses the bottom to seal it. Spring, summer and autumn are mainly made of Achnatherum splendens (dead branches), small reeds, wood, felt and other materials. In the warm season, the falcon is rolled into a round stick, folded away on windless days and surrounded when there is wind. Hayabuqi used in winter is made of several layers of blankets with patterns on them.

A wooden pole behind the yurt

There is always a bare wooden pole standing behind the ger, and people respect it very much. Outsiders are usually not allowed to approach. It is said that Su Wu of the Han Dynasty was sent to Xiongnu and exiled to the North Sea by Attila. Shortly after his arrival, Li Ling, the commander, was ordered to persuade Su Wu to surrender. Su Wu scolded him, and even hit the stick, which scared him to run away. Attila refused to support Su Wu and Su Wu reclaimed land to grow food. Whether herding sheep and mowing grass, farming or living and sleeping, nunchakus never left Su Wu's side. Over time, the streamers and balls on the nunchakus were worn off, and he still had them. When the local herdsmen saw him, they all admired him very much. After Su Wu was welcomed back to China by the Han Dynasty, the local people missed him, so they all set up a bare wooden pole behind the yurt as a symbol of Su Wu's holiday cane.

superiority

When the Mongols were looking for a room suitable for their own life, after thousands of years of exploration, they finally made a unique Mongolian yurt out of wood and felt. Mongolian yurts not only stand the test of nature, but also are very suitable for the production and lifestyle of nomadic people.

Suitable for the environment

Mongolians use sheep bellies to describe their felt bags, because this is the shape of Mongolian yurts in the 13th century. The top circle of the yurt is sharp, and the middle is wide and round. The following can be regarded as a "quasi-circular" formal feature, so that sandstorms and snow on the grassland, after being buffered by yurts, form a crescent-shaped gentle slope behind them at an appropriate distance. This is because the yurt has no water chestnut, which is smooth and streamlined. The top of the package is arched and has the strongest bearing capacity (such as the arch of a bridge) to form a solid whole. There's a strong wind. It's very strong. The sand above ran away, and the sand below piled up behind. Strong yurts can withstand the ten winds in winter and spring.

The yurt can also withstand the heavy rain on the grassland, which is due to its morphological structure. In the rainy season, the wooden support of the yurt should be relatively "steep" and covered with a top felt, so it is difficult for rain and snow to invade. The top of the bag is round, so the rain can only flow away from the felt at the top. However, the pressure of yurts will increase in rainy days, and it is very common for yurts to bear the pressure of 2000-3000 kg. The reason why Mongolian yurts can bear such great pressure is because Mongolians know mechanics very well and scaffolding is scientific, so they share the pressure.

Mongolia has been extremely cold since ancient times. However, Mongols have lived in yurts for generations and have never heard of freezing. First, there is fire in the bag, and the dung of cattle and sheep is the best fuel. Secondly, in winter, the felt bag is thickened outside, and a layer of felt is tied inside, which has better windproof performance. Third, you can also warm the kang in the bag. How can it be cold with a leather mattress?

Mongolian yurts are warm in winter and cool in summer. Because it is a sphere, it is white and has good reflective effect. Wind windows can also be opened on the back, and the edge of the felt can be lifted.

Adapt to nomadic life

Mongolian is a nomadic people, engaged in nomadic production, Mongolian yurts came into being, which brought great convenience to the free migration of thousands of miles.

1. Quickly build yurts: build yurts in any season and any place. As long as the ground is flat and the surrounding water plants are good. Because yurts are modular houses, and all parts are separated, a woman can build them. Go to a new place, unload it from the car or camel, and when the life is on fire and the tea is cooked, put up the yurt.

2. Easy to disassemble: It is several times easier to disassemble the yurt than to cover it. The rope and the belt are all live knocks, which are easy to untie. As soon as the belt is untied, the felt and the frame will automatically separate. Hana, Wuni and Taonao are all divided into blocks, which can be disassembled and folded after three times, five times and two times. In an emergency, one person can unload it quickly.

3. Convenient loading: the wood of the yurt-Hana, Wuni, Taonao and door-is separated. The felt on the top and the felt around the outside are single, and any one can be lifted by a woman and put in the car. Mongolian yurts are especially suitable for camel pack and car pack. For thousands of years, a fixed program has been formed, and it has been installed without thinking.

4. Relocation is light: Except for Taonao, scaffolding is made of light wood, which makes relocation light and easy. Mongolian yurts have served the nomadic economy since ancient times, and there is nothing extra except necessary daily necessities. If it's a rich family, just put your things in the car and it's convenient to go anywhere. The average family has two or three humped camels or two or three Lele cars.

Whether grazing or fighting, we all go with our families. Therefore, there is a idiom in Mongolian called "homeland"-Geritirige (family car).

Convenient construction

Mongols have been making their own yurts. There are many mountains in the Mongolian plateau, so don't worry about wood. Cut the wool roll felt and you'll have something to hang outside. Cut off the mane and tail of the camel and rub it into ropes and belts. The materials used are all adapted to local conditions and local materials.

All parts of the yurt can be disassembled. Any part that is broken or old can be replaced. The yurt can be extended and contracted. But traditionally, Mongolians don't like shrinking. My son is married and wants to build a new small bag. Expand the felt bag in order to have children in the future. When expanding the felt bag, just change the sleeves and add Wuni and Hana. Mongolian yurts are simple to make and easy to maintain, which makes them still in use today.

Eternal sundial

Mongols calculate the time by observing the sunrise and sunset for a long time and according to the shadow of the sun shining into the yurt. Mongols used sundials for a long time. According to scholars' research, from the Xiongnu era, yurts were built towards the place where the sun rose. The most standard yurt for calculating time should be four hanas (fourteen heads). Sixty UNIs (there are four UNIs on the door), and the door will open to the southeast. This is the original rule. According to the sunshine time, it is divided into the outer circle of pottery brain, black mud head, black mud middle, hanatou, hana middle, quilt table, main cushion, east cushion and bowl leg. According to this time division, one day's affairs can be arranged in an orderly manner. In short, people at home look at the sun shadow from the yurt, while people outside look at the sun shadow shining on themselves, and look at the moon and stars at night.

The calculation time of yurts starts from rabbit (wool) time (now six o'clock) and ends at chicken (especially) time (now eighteen o'clock). So the yurt itself is a sundial. People who live in yurts still live by watching the shadow of the sun.

Understand from the inside out

The yurt is made of felt, so it is easy to know what is going on outside. Especially in the middle of the night, what happened outside, herders know clearly. Nomadic tribes are engaged in animal husbandry economy, especially in the season when sheep don't enter the circle and wolves and eagles run rampant. In the era of war, this role of yurts is more obvious. Compared with the houses of agricultural nationalities, yurts are more suitable for animal husbandry economy and have incomparable advantages over other bedrooms.

Guangming palace

The yurt gives you a spacious and bright feeling. The yurt is a hemisphere, and the canopy of the yurt is open at the top, so the sun can shine in at sunrise and sunset, so it is always bright. The dome of the yurt is open on it, so it is easy for smoke to go out. Taonao is close to the door, and the air is easy to exchange. There will always be bright sunshine in the yurt, and it will always be filled with the healthy and fresh air of nature.

Secondly, after thousands of years of practice, the Mongols have made all the parts of the felt bag with exquisite craftsmanship, which makes it have a unique aesthetic feeling. Seen from a distance, it looks like a white pearl on the grassland. A closer look shows that the pattern on the felt bag is clearer and more beautiful. When making felt bags, Mongols should sew camel hair and ponytails on the edges of the top felt, ceiling and surrounding felt. The snow-white felt is set with a black border, which is clear in black and white and looks very beautiful. Three thick ropes are tightly tied to the felt, and six crossed ropes bind the yurt into a unique shape. In the place where the ceiling is connected with the felt, in order to prevent the wind from pouring in, the felt bag looks more beautiful by making an auspicious pattern with a thong and winding it around the top of the bag. In addition, the bottom of the yurt is made of felt with moire or wood engraved with flowers and plants. The yurt felt is also exquisite, surrounded by various patterns, with auspicious patterns and moire patterns in the middle. The felt door embroidered with yurts is also very beautiful. The felt on the crossbar of the door head or door frame should also be embroidered with various patterns to increase the aesthetic feeling, and the cover on the top of the bag is more beautiful. The outer cover is also called "the top felt with legs". Cover the felt with a cloth and dig out a piece as big as the sleeve. The yurt of the outer cover is also the lotus petals and the clouds in which direction. The shell is red and blue, just like red-violet and violet. A yurt with a cover is more colorful than a normal yurt.

The inside of the bag also has its own unique beauty. Wooden frames of yurts-Hana, Wuni, Taonao, doors, etc. Exquisite workmanship, wooden frame and felt match well. Secondly, the ground is covered with embroidered felt, the edges are inlaid with various colors of wool, and the middle is embroidered with moire and auspicious patterns, which looks very beautiful. The furniture in the third yurt, from the Buddhist shrine to the quilt table, box, closet and bowl rack, are colorful and lifelike figures of swords, horses, feather flowers and wild deer. Sitting in such a yurt can be said to be a kind of enjoyment.