I want to know some information about Li Yu in Li Houzhu.

Li Yu (937 ~ 978) is a person with five pronouns. Southern Tang dynasty monarch. The word is heavy, and the first name is from Jia. Xuzhou (now Jiangsu) people are called Huzhou (now Zhejiang) people. The sixth son of Li Jing, the master of the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1), he succeeded to the throne and was known as the queen in history. At the age of 38, Mr. Song flew across the river and besieged Jinling. The next year, the city was captured by Song, and he was captured to Bianjing, where he was appointed as a general and disobeyed orders. After being poisoned by Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi.

In the late Middle Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty became a vassal of the Song Dynasty. When Li Yu was in office, he always kowtowed to the Song Dynasty. When he 18 years old, he made a contribution and his government was exhausted. But he still didn't want to cheer up, flashy and extravagant, superstitious about Buddhism, and was finally destroyed by the Song Dynasty. He is an incompetent emperor in politics, but he has many artistic talents, such as calligraphy, painting, mastering temperament and poetry, and his achievements in ci are particularly high.

Li Yu's ci poetry can be divided into two periods, one before and the other after the eighth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (975). His early ci poems have shown his extraordinary talents and superb skills, but the themes are narrow, mainly reflecting the palace life and the love between men and women, such as Jade House Spring, Late Makeup and Early Snow, Xi, Xiao Yuelu, Su, Mutual Assistance, Morning Makeup, Bodhisattva Man and so on. There are also works about parting lovesickness, such as Qing Ping Le and Don't Come to Spring Half. Among them, lyrical scenery is integrated, healthier and more readable. In the later period, Li Yu became a prisoner from an emperor. The humiliating life, the deep pain of national subjugation, and the reminiscence of the past, "Lacrimosa" (Wang□ "Silent Record") made his achievements in Ci greatly exceed the previous period. "Forty Years of Home Country" reflects the turning point of his life experience and ci style. Yu Meiren's When is the Autumn Moon in Spring, The Waves on the Sand, The Rain outside the Curtain, Crying at Night, Flowers in the Woods Withering in Spring, and Lonely West Building are his later masterpieces, which mainly describe the scene of dreaming at the hedge and express his infinite nostalgia for his "old country" and "the past".

Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. The main results are as follows:

(1) expands the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, it began to have a broad vision and deep feelings, so it became a musician's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word." ("Words on Earth")

② It has high universality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. Famous sentences such as "The east wind blew in the small building last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "The flowing water has gone to spring, and it is on earth" ([Langtaosha]), "People hate water when they grow up" ([Wu Yeti]), and "They are born farther away from hatred like spring grass" ([Qingpingle]) are all profound.

③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature.

(4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Hao Dang by [Yulouchun], Blood Night Cry by [Langtaosha], Magnificent and Resentful Men and Women (see Tan Xian's Tang Fu Flower Thorn) and Yu Meiren are chic, and If a colt is born out of control (preface to Zhou Ji), as Nalan Xingde said, "Flower words are like ancient jade, which are valuable and valuable. (Miscellaneous Notes of Green Water Pavilion)

Li Yu is rich in poems, essays, words, books and paintings. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia.

A Romantic Talented Person Mistakes for a Master —— The Tragic Life of Li Yu, Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty

Today, there is a village called Sunzhuang, more than ten miles northwest of Kaifeng City, Henan Province. Therefore, according to an old legend, Li Yu was caught in the border, gave him a house and gave him poison. The so-called grandson is also a grandson, which is where Li Tang abdicated. Personnel have experienced many vicissitudes. Today's Sun Villa, small bridges and flowing water, hedgerow earth courtyard, and the secluded small building in the past have long since ceased to exist.

Who can be tired in the dust

Li Yu (937-978), whose first name was Jia Cong, was emphasized. The sixth son of Li Jing, the master of the Southern Tang Dynasty. According to the feudal tradition of the eldest son attacking the throne, he has absolutely no hope of being an emperor, and he himself has no such luxury. His goal is to become a charming scholar or an economic hermit master. Confucianism is naturally weak and sickly, and likes literature and hates martial arts. Among many factors of his personality, more inherited the demeanor of his father Li Jing. "The late master is young and ancient, because the text has the style of Han and Wei." He also knows temperament, good handwriting and good calligraphy. Nine times out of ten, learning Liu Gongquan from books. He once made a trembling pen, as firm as cold pine and frost bamboo, and people called him Jin Cuodao. And every time I often write big characters, I don't have to abandon my pen. I just roll my silk book, which is satisfactory from top to bottom and left and right. It's called a book. His paintings had better use bamboo with feathers. Older than frost, the smoke is pointed and exposed, like ancient wood, and it has its own refreshing charm. He has a rich collection of books and extensive reading. It is said that Song Taizu pacified Jiangnan and got more than 100,000 books from Jinling Pavilion, which were carefully arranged and compiled. This is very rare in the era of extreme turmoil in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. So, in all the books, what is he devoted to? Xu Xuan, an old minister, once said: "I try to be calm and close, saying,' Teenagers should learn composition; Mo Ruo studied for writing, discussed the virtues of the six countries, and traveled to the first king. If not, it is still ancient Confucianism. "The preface to the King James Miscellanies") shows that Confucian classics are his regular classes. But somehow, his thoughts were not bound by traditional Confucianism. Don't saints talk about "making statements, establishing virtues and making contributions"? He just wants to "speak out" and has little interest in the rule of virtue and martial arts. Didn't the sage say that "wealth is good for the world, and poverty is good for the world"? He has no intention of "reaching" and doesn't want to take any responsibility for the world. He just wants to be independent. The reasons for this are very complicated. On the one hand, he lived in the troubled times of feudal society, just like the upper-class literati in other countries with five sages, the foundation of traditional Confucianism has actually collapsed and shaken in their spirit. In the era of disintegration and the precariousness of the separatist regime, they lacked the spirit of political enterprising. Take good care of the scenery before it is too late. Pursuing worldly happiness is a common psychological feature of people. " Sneer at many dissenting Confucian's farsightedness, and quietly patrol Ji Man when he is suffering. ""who can be tired of dust, greedy dragons build a strong name. "Since the beginning of the emperor and Zhou Muwang, although heroes see the world and shine everywhere, what is there to envy? If you fall into the dust net, you can only ask for it. You don't have to work hard for fame. " Let the moon in your hand and shake the wind. "Pour a bowl longer and give it to the gardener deeper." Look! How comfortable and chic it is. "Since the glue library, heart hydrophobic fortune. Educated in the shadow of my father and brother, I travel happily in the sun and the moon. Thinking about chasing the nest, I stay away from the lofty righteousness of alignment. " This is Li Yu's description of her life and ideals as a teenager.

On the other hand, it is the suspicion of Li Yu's eldest brother Acer. Hong Ji in history is heavy and taciturn, resolute and decisive. Changzhou defeated Wu Yuebing in World War I and was besieged as a prince. He made outstanding achievements and participated in the administration of state affairs. However, some of his actions were repeatedly incorporated into Li Jing's will, and Ji Jing began to abolish legislation. Hongji secretly sent someone to poison his uncle Jing Sui. Does Hongji get along with his brothers? Not necessarily. Now Li Yu's two poems "Fisherman" vaguely reveal some news:

The waves are full of snow and the peaches and plums are silent. A pot of wine, a rod of nylon, how many people are there in the world?

A spring breeze, a boat, a cocoon and a light hook. Flowers are full of Zhu, wine is full of Europe, and you are comfortable in the waves.

According to legend, these two poems were inscribed by Wei Xian in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the painting "Fishing for the Olympics on the Spring River". The seclusion life of fishing and hunting praised in the ci has obvious subjective feelings of the author, which is a true portrayal of his suspicion of his eldest brother and his desire to avoid disasters. Yusheng looks strange, with wide forehead and cheeks, parallel teeth and heavy eyes. This appearance is also easy to attract Hongji's taboo. Aren't Dashun and Xiang Yu both heavy pupils? One is a saint and the other is a hero. How can Huang Can Lee be an idle person? No matter what Hongji thinks, Li Yu will try to avoid politics for herself. He called himself Zhong Yin, also known as Zhongshan Hermit, Zhongfeng Hermit and Lianfeng Lay Man, and made it clear that he had no intention of governing the country. In fact, he never thought what political career he would achieve in his life. He just wants to be a scholar, and his greatest wish is to realize his literary talent. That's all.

God's will goes against the flesh.

History has tricked life into another tragedy. In the sixth year of Zhou Shizong Zhenguan (959), shortly after Prince Hongji poisoned Emperor Jinjing, he himself died. Li Yu's other brothers also died long ago. In the second time, the name of the prince of Wu was changed, and the official was placed in the East Palace by order of ministers. In the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1), Song Taizu was made a prince. In the same year, Li Jing died in Jinling. Li Yu, who is only 25 years old, was put on the political stage by history. At this time, the southern Tang regime was dying. As early as five years ago, Li suddenly went to court and proclaimed himself emperor, renamed as the monarch of Jiangnan, served Zhou Zhengshuo and presented himself to the counties in the north of the Yangtze River. Jiing retaliated by saying that Zhou was "a gentleman outside, a minister inside, and a father and son inside", and he paid tribute to gold, silver and silk. Later, the Song Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty. Fearing the majesty of a big country, Jiing kept paying tribute, with an annual fee of tens of thousands. According to "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", "The Southern Tang Dynasty used soldiers to attack the north of the Yangtze River from Huaishang. When I was a minister, I made great achievements in Zhou. I am old. The government's treasures are exhausted, money is in short supply and prices are soaring. Last year, it was rated as the top ten currencies and the second Qian Wen. " Domestic advantages and foreign invasion are tottering. The sense of urgency of national subjugation weighed heavily on Li Yu's mind. Want to cheer up, want to be strong? It is not easy! Judging from my father's bravery, I still can't let my country continue to exist. How can I save my lost day? The building is about to collapse. Li Yu not only has no courage and talent to save the crisis, but even this idea has never appeared. "Show courtesy and thrift, and watch from the inside." This is the basic national policy he has pursued since he became emperor for fifteen years. When he ascended the throne, he wrote to Song Taizu: "Since I am the heir, I dare to forget this burden. Only Chen Jianjie went to Fengtianchao. If you say that you are a little easy to get started, blame the gods for not respecting your ancestors. The life of a country depends on nine days. " He hopes to exchange his sincerity for tolerance: take the initiative to cut off surnamed tang and call it the Lord of Jiangnan, so please stop the imperial edict and belittle all systems; Song's envoy came to Tang, dressed in purple, and went to kiss him. Every year, a large amount of property is taken out from the state treasury to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty, which is called offering sacrifices to help with burial, teaching, buying banquets and celebrating festivals. He also wrote a book on the orders of the Song Dynasty, and invited Herry Liu, a master of the Southern Han Dynasty, to work for the Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Lu Duoxun of the Song Dynasty came to ask for the Jiangnan Tujing. Li Yu knew this was a prelude to the Southern Expedition of the Song Dynasty, but he still sent a copy. Song was so familiar with the distance and the number of registered permanent residence of the nineteen countries in the south of the Yangtze River as a reserve soldier. In the same year, Lin stayed, secretly calling himself the last master, and advised him to return to his native land while the Song conquest was exhausted. In order to excuse his late master from joining the army, Lin even said, "From the day of joining the army, please rebel and not send troops to benefit the country, and don't be a vassal. Your majesty did not plan it. " After all, he was timid and couldn't believe it. He listened to rumors and killed Lin Suan. That year, Pan You, a folk historian, felt that the national fortune was weak, so he used this person to fill the position, angrily remonstrate, and even sparse the characters. The late Lord was furious and thought that his good friend Li Ping had instructed him to kill Ping and save himself. The chapter on the right said, "Your Majesty should not be strong or weak. It is better to help Hedong with hundreds of soldiers. Because he leads an official to pilgrimage, it will also protect the country's good policies. " This is brilliant. In the Song Dynasty, Ji Li didn't dare to disobey a little and didn't want to go to Hajj. He saved luck. One day after his death in the Southern Tang Dynasty, it seemed that he, the heir, had fulfilled his obligations and lived up to his ancestors.

Li Yu is naive. "The world is a family. You can't allow others to sleep on the lying side." In the seventh year of Kaibao, Li Mu was sent as an envoy, who wrote to read a eulogy and told him that he would beg for it and should enter the DPRK as soon as possible, so he made a stern speech. Seeing that it is coming, I am greatly disappointed. He reported: "I am a great minister, and I am a disciple of Ji Quan. Unexpectedly, it is now dead. " So he repaired the castle, taught warships, and began to prepare for war. The following year, Song and wuyue joined forces around Jinling to avoid self-immolation, so they led relatives of officials to surrender naked.

After fifteen years of humiliation and embarrassment, how to achieve psychological self-balance? Indulge in temperament, indulge in debauchery As the head of a country, he not only has unparalleled material conditions, but also has nothing to worry about and can do whatever he wants. Let's read the little words he wrote during this period:

The red sun is three feet high, and the golden stove adds fragrance to the beast. Red brocade lichens wrinkle every step. Beautiful women dance like gold, but wine is not good for picking flowers and smelling. Don't listen to Xiao drums in the temple. ("Huanxisha")

Those who are sad because of spring, cry because of autumn, drink happily all night, flirt with the palace curtain, Li Yu writes them one by one, outlines them, and is affectionate and rhyme. His works are not so much romantic as looking for spiritual comfort in warm and fragrant nephrite and his self-consciousness which has been seriously distorted in political life.

Here, it is worth mentioning his love with Zhou Xiao and Zhou Xiao. After the big week, the fine print E Huang, the daughter of big Stuart Zhou Zong. Married at the age of nineteen. Yu ascended the throne and became queen. Zhou Zhou is free from vulgarity, good at singing and dancing, and has a comprehensive history. As for chess and games, she is wonderful and can be called a talented woman of the Five Dynasties. It is said that the "colorful feather" in the Tang Dynasty was out of tune and lost in the Five Dynasties. After a week, it is easy to be mistaken, so it is clear and audible. Today's "The Story of the Jade House in Spring" goes like this:

At the beginning of the evening makeup, there is snow, and the spring palace is filed. Stetzer blew off the water and pressed the clothes song again. Who smells better in the wind, drunk. When I come back, I will use a candle as a red flower until the horseshoe in jathyapple becomes clear.

The first part describes the grand occasion of spring temple singing and dancing, and the next part describes the interest of returning home on the moon. Both husband and wife are intoxicated in the kingdom of artistic creation.

Huang Lee and Zhou Zhou are very close. Only in the courtship with Zhou Zhou did he fully realize the existence of self-worth and truly taste the happiness and sweetness of human love. One week after his death, Li Yu's grief can be imagined. "Yesterday my new faint, yan also. The media didn't break their word and didn't go against their reports. Go back to your sister and invite you to the end. Salt will help you. He is United and a way to plan ahead. Hold your hand and grow old with your son. Anyway, I won't tell you in the end. Hey! " Besides writing lyrics, he also wrote 89 poems to express the same feelings. Even more than a week after his death, Li Yu still felt hurt and could not extricate himself, which was unique in the erotic history of ancient kings.

What has always been controversial is the relationship between Tully and his children. Lu You's Biography of Southern Tang Dynasty said: "Or, I fell ill after a sleep and entered the palace a few weeks later. When I saw it later, I was surprised and said,' When will you come? A few weeks later, I was still young and didn't know the suspect. I said,' It's been several days. If you are angry in the future, don't die of extroversion. After his release, the Lord mourned and covered his tracks. Ma Ling's Biography of Empresses in the Southern Tang Dynasty added: "Since Luo Hui died, he often stayed in the palace. The poem of Yuefu, the late master, is' under socks, fragrant steps, gold thread to carry shoes', which is widely circulated. After receiving it, it is just a gift. " We have no intention of delving into the relationship between them. It should be noted that Li Yu, as an emperor, has no need to pose when his wife dies. With Li Yu's straightforward temperament, he won't put on airs. Just because the Southern Tang Dynasty perished in Li Yu's time cannot be said that he was dissolute and heartless. We can't forgive their debauchery in private life, because heroic heroes in history have established their achievements. This is inevitable in feudal society. Li Yu's national subjugation was not because of romantic love, but because of political weakness and imbecility.

Once classified as a vassal.

In the first month of the ninth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (976), Li Yu and his party were taken to the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan), and Yu Baiyi shamao was punished downstairs. In the song dynasty, he refused to surrender after repeated appeals, but rose up to resist, so he was disobedient. In the same year, Taizong died, and Taizong acceded to the throne, renamed Longxi Gong. As early as the fourth year of Kaibao, the Lixian Pavilion was built in the south of Bianjing, aiming at attracting danger. After giving Qian Chu. On the day of the audience, Mao gave Guan Yu some coins. In the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country (977), Emperor Taizong ordered a monthly salary increase of 3 million yuan. Jade was depressed, so she drank all night, and the Song Palace provided Sanshi wine every day. As a king, Emperor Song did not make things difficult for him. But they deprived him of his personal freedom and humiliated his personality and dignity in every way. "Notes": "Emperor Taizong was lucky enough to study in Chongwen Academy, and called Yu and Liu to stick bricks for general survey. Think of Sun:' Wen Qing is good at traveling in the south of the Yangtze River, and there are many old stories of Qing people in this short book. Are you going back to Korea to study? Yu Dun thanked in advance. "It's an insult to rob people's books and ask them if they study or not. This is a deliberate injury to people's self-esteem. In addition, Song's memoir "Leading a Dragon" also recorded Jiangnan. "A few weeks later, he returned to North Korea, sealed Mrs. Zheng, and followed the example of married women into the palace. Every few days after I went in, I drove away crying. As soon as I heard about it, I turned my head and left. "Ming Shen Defu's" Night Fire "also said:" Song people painted a picture of the small weeks after Xiling was lucky, and Taizong wore a hoe, looking pale and fat. After the worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial secretaries held them. After the worship, they frowned. Feng Haisu, a scholar of the Yuan Dynasty, wrote:' Li Huakai, who was left in the south of the Yangtze River, was also forcibly broken by the King. "Although it is a rumor of virginity, it is not necessarily groundless. If it is true, it will be a great shame and Li Yu's broken heart will be hit hard again. Shame, anger, hatred, regret, all kinds of emotions surging, he can no longer be silent:

Don't lean on the bar alone, it is infinite. It's easier to see when it's not. The running water is gone, the spring is gone, heaven and earth! ("Langtaosha")

Hua Lin thanked Chunhong and left in a hurry. Helpless, cold rain comes early and wind comes late. Cochineal tears are intoxicating and heavy. Naturally, people hate water when they grow up. ("Night Cry")

This hatred is so deep and so strong. He can't get rid of it. He keeps cutting and it's still messy. He sometimes drinks hard to temporarily anesthetize the painful nerves, but once the wine is over, sorrow and sorrow come together; Sometimes, he feels dreamy and greedy, but when he wakes up, he is lonely after all. "At noon, only Lacrimosa." He can only fill in a minor with pen and trembling heart sound, and cry when singing Long song.

However, his mood sometimes seems unusually calm. After the great changes in heaven and earth, he earnestly repented:

Over the past 40 years, my motherland has been covered with mountains and rivers for three thousand miles. The wind pavilion Long Ta even lonely people, Yushu Qiongzhi a cigarette. How many times have you known each other! Once classified as ministers, Shen Yao and Pan were killed. The most hurried day is to bid farewell to the temple, and the teaching workshop is still playing farewell songs and crying to Guan E. ("broken array")

My motherland was founded by my father and ancestors, with beautiful mountains and rivers. Where can I recognize swords and halberds? "Born in the palace, longer than a woman's hand." Will the naivety of life and the weakness of character ruin a country? However, this is exactly the case. If something happens, the country will be ruined and humiliated for ever. That kind of embarrassment is really hard to express. He felt guilty for his incompetence, regretted killing Pan You and Li Ping by mistake, felt uneasy that his country had fallen into his own hands, and felt sorry that he had not committed suicide earlier when the city was broken. Really, it's better to live than to die. Wash away the groggy, weak and incompetent with your own blood. Isn't the happy Liu Chan enjoying his youth? Yes, although others have survived, their souls have long since died. Sniffing at others, shameless, that is the real bad king. Li Yu does not belong to this category. He has a pen and is full of literary talent. He can use Yuefu songs to express his anger and value, to resist abuse and destruction, and to restore his distorted humanity and dignity. The tragic fate of life and the artist's aesthetic pursuit are perfectly integrated.

When is the spring flower and autumn moon? What do you know about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the bright moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward.

Song Taizong Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years, Qixi night, Li Yu's 42nd birthday. He ordered the former prostitute to have fun in the small building and sang the word "Yu Meiren" in tears. Hearing this, Taizong was furious and sent someone to send medicine to poison him. Li Yu's death has its tragic side.