Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Lucky day inquiry - What was the name of the ancient military parade?

What was the name of the ancient military parade?

It is said that in the history of Lu compiled by Confucius, the record of military parade can already be seen: in six years, that is, in 706 BC, "autumn and August are noon, and reading is great." "Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Six Years" wrote: "Autumn, big study, simple car and horse." "Six-year Biography of Huan Gong Ram" said: "Autumn and August are noon, and reading is great." Who is the "big reader"? A simple car is also a disciple. He Xiu, a scholar in the Han Dynasty, explained: "A simple military parade made it possible to be appointed and Xi." "Big reading" can be understood as a large-scale review of major combat equipment such as soldiers and chariots in the army.

The significance of the previous military parade is first to test and adjust the combat effectiveness of the troops. For example, Gu's On the Military System said, "If you read it a lot, will you win?" If you don't win the battle, you won't, and your land will be supplemented by new recruits. After studying for five years, I was relieved and climbed up. I don't need to be a man. "That is to say, through this kind of" reading ",those who are mentally and physically invincible among professional soldiers have been eliminated, and they have been enriched and reborn. Although it is a "big gathering and reading", it may not be very large at first. "Reading once every five years" is a traditional system.

It is said that Lu Huangong didn't march according to the custom, so Confucius gently criticized it in the history books. Some scholars also say that farming is the main economic form in China's traditional society, and military parades are held in the winter slack season. Under the military pressure of Qi, a powerful neighboring country, our "riding a horse all the time" violated the previous practice, so it was recorded in the history books.

Du Yu put forward such an opinion. Liang Chuan Huan Gong Six Years pointed out that he wanted to "worship martial arts" and there was a comment on "viewing women with a cover". Many commentators can't understand this. Some people regard it as "the classics are the same, and the biography is self-chiseled" ([Tang] "Chunqiu Collection Biography" (Volume 2)), and think that the statement of "Liang Biography" is out of thin air.

Xuan Weng, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, wrote in Volume III of A Detailed Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period: "Lu Junchu took pleasure in erotic ginger, so he wrote a book to ridicule it. You must have a foundation and follow it. " I think the biography of Liang must be well-founded and credible. The so-called "looking at women" should mean pleasing the beloved woman.

Zhang Shangying, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, directly criticized Lu Huangong's behavior as "pleasing women" in Volume II of "Stop Beam". This situation is probably similar to the story of Zhou Youwang holding a bonfire to praise and laugh, which turned the soldiers' hard work into an entertaining performance.

● Song Dynasty scholar Xuan Weng wrote in Volume III of A Detailed Biography of Chunqiu Collection: "When it was the beginning of eroticism and ginger, lujun liked it, so he wrote a book to ridicule it. You must have a foundation and follow it. "

● Song Dynasty scholar Zhao's "Self-Police Compilation" Volume 6 "On Jun Class" wrote: "Fan Zhongyan led Yan 'an, marched and selected generals, and practiced day and night. Also, please stop all the sharp roads and don't make a move. "

● Liu Caishao's "Tunxi Jushi Collection", Volume II "Le Bing Xing": "The high platform is bright, you come to see the general's military parade. The armor shines in the autumn water, and the array follows the vertical and horizontal. "

In ancient China, the role of military parade was to "worship martial arts", boost morale and carry forward the spirit of heroism. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty poet Xue Cuncheng's poem "Looking at the Southern Suburb to Fight" has a sentence "Military parade as a warning". Special attention has been paid to the role of military parade in strengthening the will to fight, unlike later generations, which are sometimes just used to show off their strength.

After entering the imperial era, the supreme ruler attached great importance to the significance of military parade. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a roughly defined system appeared. According to Book of Jin, Volume 21, Book of Rites, the traditional "soldiers learn weapons" and "the rate of Han is constant." In the 21st year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, that is, in 2 16 AD, officials under Cao Cao said that the "martial arts" at four o'clock in ancient times were all in the slack season. The Western Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty. In spring, summer and autumn, there is no "Wujiang" ceremony, but a large-scale "Wujiang" ceremony will be held in early October and winter.

Nowadays, "Jin Ge is not suppressed, but Toz Xi Zhi". The war has not subsided, and the soldiers are used to the army. "There is no need to talk about martial arts at four o'clock, but beginning of autumn chose an auspicious day and rode in the car, calling it a military parade. Upper ceremony, lower Han system. " It is believed that the emperor's personal participation in the "riding in the Great Dynasty" conforms to the ancient ritual tradition and inherits the system of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xian of Han agreed to this suggestion. That winter, this formal "military parade" ceremony was held. "Wang Wei personally took the golden drum to advance and retreat." Cao Cao personally sounded the golden drum and used the audio signal to command the troops to advance and retreat.

In the last year of political life in the Han Dynasty, in the first year of Yankang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, in 220 AD, Cao Pi became Wang Wei. In the early autumn of this year, the military parade was held in the eastern suburb of Luoyang. All the ministers and ministers attended the ceremony. Cao Pi's "Royal Gai Hua, Golden Drum Festival". Shu Wei Wendy Ji, the second volume of the History of the Three Kingdoms, records that "in June of 1911, the troops were unified in the eastern suburbs and then went south." Pei Songzhi quoted Wei Shu: "Officials all look at the instrument, cover it, and regard the festival of the golden drum as well." On 19 day after the military parade, the army went south. Later, Sun Quan sent messengers to sacrifice, and Meng Da, the general of Shu Han, led the people to surrender. In October of the first year of Wei Taidi (227), a "military parade" ceremony was held. Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, visited Xuanwu Temple in September of the fourth year of Taishigong (268) and in the winter of the first year of Xiankun (275), the fourth year of Taikang (283) and the sixth year of Taikang (285), but he did not "advance and retreat freely" like Cao Cao.

There are many historical records of military parades in past dynasties. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 93, Biography of Li Jing, Volume 127, Biography of Zhang Hongjing, Volume 137, Biography of Guo Ziyi, Volume 220, Biography of Dongyi Korea all recorded the words "military parade". Military parade is sometimes used as a special form of mobilization before the war. For example, in the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Dai Zongji said that in the summer and April of the ninth year of Dali (774), "Yi You, Guo Ziyi and other great parade divisions were summoned to prepare for Tubo". History of the New Five Dynasties (Volume 12) Zhou Benji Sejong Chai Rong recorded that in March of the first year of Xiande (954), "Renchen, Erzezhou, paraded in the northern suburbs. Guisi and Liu Min fought on the plateau and lost. They caught up with Yuping and lost again. " On the second day of the military parade, there was a big battle and a total victory. A military parade can cheer up soldiers' spirits, stimulate their fighting spirit and help them prepare for war. Zhao, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, wrote in "Self-Police" Volume VI "Being a Gentleman and Being Virtue": "Fan Zhongyan led his troops to Yan 'an, marched and selected generals, and practiced day and night. Also, please restrain the spirit of raising troops and animals and don't make a move. Hearing this, Xia people warned each other that they had no intention of extending the state. Today, Lao Tzu Fan Xiao has tens of thousands of soldiers in his belly, which is not much bigger than Lao Tzu's Fan Qiang. Honorable people are called Laozi. A great fan is always a career, and the so-called "Lao Zi of a great fan" is Fan Yong. Here, "parade selection" and "reading" both mean training. However, the meaning of "being read" in the "military parade" is also closely related to the review.

Emperors' military parades are often on high places, which gives them a better view and shows their lofty authority. The History of the Old Five Dynasties (Volume IV) and Liang Shu's Ancestral Ancestors (Chapter IV) say that Zhu Wen, the great ancestor of the Back Liang Dynasty, "paraded at the Gaosengtai". According to "History of the Old Five Dynasties" and "Biography of Liang Shu Huo Cun", Zhu Wen was "lucky enough to give lectures at the military parade". It is said that at that time, due to "repeated conquests, the warriors sighed", that is, the artistic conception of "Song of Liu Banglie, Emperor Gaozu" was born, "The wind rises and clouds fly, Wei Jiahai returns to his hometown, and the warriors guard all directions". Volume 21 of "Records of the First Year of Jianyan" records that Zhang Jun is diligent and diligent, "going to the building for military parade, with clear armor and strong military spirit." "History of Ming Dynasty" Volume 27 "Tian Wenzhi III": "There are stars like the moon, which flow from the northwest to the parade platform and are divided into three sections, which fall with the sound." The so-called "parade platform" should be a high platform dedicated to military parade. In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor personally marched in the "Yuewu Building". According to the Qing Dynasty Canon, Ministry of War 165 Reading, in the forty-two years of Qianlong, Emperor Gao Zongchun made a military parade in Yuewu Building. The so-called "Yuewu Tower" is probably a high-rise building specially built for military parade.

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The military parade of ancient emperors was sometimes extremely grand. The History of the Old Five Dynasties (Volume 6) and Liang Shu's Ancestral Family (Chapter 6) record that in October of the first year of Ganhua (9 13), "Emperor Yu Chengdong Jiaochang had a military parade, and all the soldiers were there, and all the northern expeditions were carried out. Qiu Yang always led hundreds of armored soldiers and horses, stretching for more than ten miles. The ferocity of the foot soldiers, the seriousness of the troops, the confusion of flags, the brilliance of Ge Jiazhi and the momentum of mountains and rivers are enough to move the world, and the emperor is very happy. " There are 65,438+thousand cavalry and infantry, and the breadth and depth of the army array have reached more than ten miles. The lineup and momentum of the military parade satisfied the emperor.

Military parade, sometimes in order to meet the needs of actual combat, there are exercises. Volume 40 of Zi Zhi Tong Jian records Song Taizong's two years of Daozhi (996). There is such a situation: "At the beginning of last year, the party awarded generals, and the military parade first worshipped the government hall, and the array was like an attack. Make a stronger crossbow. And when the thief was in war, thousands of crossbows were fired together, and the thief had no skills. " The military parade has also become a way of tactical exercises.

Zhao Bian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem in the martial arts parade in Qing Dynasty: "The martial arts are cool and bright, and the golden drums are bright. Under the account of 10,000 soldiers, the generals in the army are arrogant. " For the grandeur and solemnity of "big reading", the description is true. Interestingly, in the Song Dynasty, when the poet said that "fame and fortune are all lost, weakness leads to success, and good leads to weakness" (Volume 7 of "Comment on Interpretation"), the number of poems chanting "military parade" was relatively large. For example, Wen Tong's "Dan Yuan Ji" (Volume I) "What is the military parade with Langzhong's punishment": "The small camp is surrounded by gold pavilions and has big teeth. Tiger and leopard use the tower legend to plot, and the dragon and snake are in the array. " Liu Caishao's Tunxi Jushi Collection, Volume II, Le Bing Xing: "Gao Taiming, you come to see the general's military parade. The armor shines in the autumn water, and the array follows the vertical and horizontal. " They all vividly described the scenes of "tigers and leopards" and "dragons and snakes" gathering, "formation" and "vertical and horizontal" during the military parade.

Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty wrote several poems with the theme of "military parade". Such as: "I am proud of the ancient and heavy, worth nine autumn. The guns are sonorous, the clouds are light and the wind is light. The joint venture team wrote about the moon, which was straightforward. Even the legacy is still there, and Gancheng is still there. He also said, "I am an ancient man, and I care about the people and my arrogance. "Jin Ming learned to fight the old man, and Huang Yi moved forward in the same way. Group practice is for glory, which is beneficial to men. Never forget, never forget. " He also said, "Jianye opened his teeth and was stationed in the imperial army. In those days, he was deeply loyal and diligent. Be prepared for danger in times of peace and never forget the day of danger. Wuning should be regarded as a document. The eight-color flag is bright and dazzling, and people are empty. Fang Xing's trail is nothing more than that, and Da Lieqin got a lot of news. " "Honest officials" refer to Lian Po and Li Mu, the famous soldiers of Zhao in the Warring States Period. The so-called "guns are strong" seems to reflect the display of advanced weapons during the military parade. The "glory" seen in the poem, such as "uniting practice to win glory, winning glory in one round" and "eight-color flag to spread glory, and ten thousand people to flourish", may be a tortuous way to express the psychological motivation of many emperors who are keen on this activity. The idea of "learning to fight" in order not to forget the danger is worthy of recognition.